꿀샘식물 아까시나무의 지위지수 도출 및 직경분포 변화

김소라,송정은,박천희,민수희,홍성희,윤준혁,손영모 한국산림과학회 2022 한국산림과학회지 Vol.111 No.2

We conducted this study to derive the site index, which is a criterion for the planting of Robinia pseudoacacia, a honey plant, and to investigate the diameter distribution change by derived site index. We applied the Chapman-Richards equation model to estimate the site index of the Robinia pseudoacacia stand. The site index was distributed within the range of 16-22 when the base age was 30 years. The fitness index of the site index estimation model was low, but we judged that there was no problem in the application because the residual distribution of the equation had not shifted to one side. We used the Weibull diameter distribution function to determine the diameter distribution of the Robinia pseudoacacia stand by site index. We used the mean diameter and the dominant tree height as independent variables to present the diameter distribution, and our analysis procedure was to estimate and recover the parameters of the Weibull diameter distribution function. We used the mean diameter and the dominant tree height of the Robinia pseudoacacia stand to show distribution by diameter class, and the fitness index for dbh distribution estimation was about 80.5%. As a result of schematizing the diameter distribution by site indices as a 30-year-old, we found that the higher the site index, the more the curve of the diameter distribution moved to the right. This suggests that if the plantation were to be established in a high site index stand, considering the suitable trees on the site, the growth of Robinia pseudoacacia would become active, and not only the production of wood but also the production of honey would increase. We therefore anticipate that the site index classification table and curve of this Robinia pseudoacacia stand will become the standard for decision making in the plantation and management of this tree. 본 연구는 꿀샘식물인 아까시나무의 적지적수 조림을 위해 판정기준인 지위지수를 도출하고, 도출된 지위지수별 경급별 분포 변화를 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 아까시나무 임분의 지위지수를 추정하기 위하여 적용한 모델은 Chapman-Richards식이었다. 도출된 식에 따르면, 우리나라 아까시나무의 지위지수는 기준임령이 30년 일 때 16~22 범위 내에 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 지위지수 추정 모델의 적합성은 약 37%정도로 낮았으나, 식의 잔차분포가 한쪽으 로 치우지지 않아(bias -0.0030) 활용에는 문제가 없는 것으로 판단된다. 아까시나무 생장에 따른 지위별 직경분포를 구명 하기 위해서는 Weibull 직경분포함수를 이용하였다. 직경의 분포를 나타내는 인자로 평균직경과 우세목 수고를 설명변수 로 하였으며, 이들은 Weibull 직경분포함수의 모수를 추정하고 복구하는 단계를 거쳤다. 최종적으로는 아까시나무 임분의 평균직경과 우세목 수고로서 직경급별 분포를 나타낼 수 있었으며, 분포 추정에 대한 설명력은 약 80.5%인 것으로 나타났 다. 지위지수별 직경분포를 30년생 기준으로 도식화한 결과, 지위지수가 높을수록 직경분포 곡선이 오른쪽으로 이동함을 알 수 있었다. 즉 적지적수를 고려하여 지위지수가 높은 곳에 조림한다면 아까시나무의 생장이 왕성해져 용재생산 뿐만아 니라 꿀 생산도 많아질 것임을 유추할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 아까시나무 지위지수분류표와 곡선이 꿀샘식물인 아까시나무 를 조성 및 관리함에 있어 의사결정의 기준이 되기를 기대한다.

소나무재선충병 방제를 위한 에마멕틴 벤조에이트의 나무주사 시기와 천공수에 따른 약효와 잔류량 비교

이상명(Sang Myeong Lee),정영학(Young Hak Jung),서상태(Sang-Tae Seo),김동수(Dong Soo Kim),이동운(DongWoon Lee) 한국농약과학회 2021 농약과학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Tree injection is widely used as an effective method for preventing pine wilt disease. However, the method leaves behind scars on the trees, inflicted by the hole drilling activity done to create a pathway for nematicide injection. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of treatment, according to the number of drilled holes, and to find a suitable method of effectively administering the nematicide to prevent pine wilt disease while minimizing injuries to trees. In addition, in order to determine the suitable time of tree injection, the effect of treatment according to the number of days after tree injection of emamectin benzoate (EM) was investigated. In both medium- and large-sized pine trees, the number of drilled holes did not show any difference in inhibiting the population density multiplication of pine wood nematode after tree injection, and there was no difference in the residual amount of EM. In the case of EM injected into pine trees in February, the inhibitory effect was shown in the lower part of the trunk from 7 days after injection, and eventually, in the entire trunk after 21 days after injection. In the case of pressurized tree injection in May, the effect of inhibiting the multiplication of pine wood nematode was shown in the entire trunk from 14 days after injection. There was no difference in efficacy or residual amount depending on the number of injection holes. It is therefore recommendable to use an injection bottle to drill a minimum number of holes in trees for injection. In the case of EB tree injection for the prevention of pine wood nematodes, treatment within at least 3 weeks before the occurrence of vectors is recommended.

항공 LiDAR 기반 Local Maxima를 이용한 산림지역 수목정보 추출 자동화

최인하 ( In-ha Choi ),남상관 ( Sang-kwan Nam ),김승엽 ( Seung-yub Kim ),이동국 ( Dong-gook Lee ) 대한원격탐사학회 2023 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.39 No.5

현재 국가산림자원조사(National Forest Inventory, NFI)는 인력에 의한 수목정보를 수집하고 있어 조사 범위와 시간의 한계가 따른다. 항공 Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) 및 항공 사진 등을 이용하여 넓은 지역의 수목 정보를 추출하기 위한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있으나 수목의 간격이 넓은 지역이거나 수목의 간격이 일정하게 배치된 지역을 대상으로 이루어지고 있어 우리나라 산림지역 특성을 반영하지 못하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 항공 LiDAR를 이용하여 수치표면모델(Digital Surface Model, DSM), 수치표고모델(Digital Elevation Model, DEM), 수목높이모델(Canopy Height Model, CHM) 영상을 생성한 후 local maxima 기법을 통해 수고를 추출하고 산정식을 통해 흉고직경(Diameter at Breast Height, DBH)을 산정하는 방법론을 제안하였다. 제안한 방법론을 통해 추출한 수목의 검출 정확도는 매목지구별 각 88.46%, 86.14%, 84.31%로 나타났으며, 수고 값을 기반으로 산정한 DBH의 평균제곱근오차(Root Mean Squared Error, RMSE)가 5 cm 내외로 나타나 제안한 방법론의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다. 향후 다양한 유형의 산림에 대한 표준화 연구를 진행한다면 수작업으로 이루어지는 국가산림자원조사의 자동화 적용 범위를 확대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Currently, the National Forest Inventory (NFI) collects tree information by human, so the range and time of the survey are limited. Research is actively being conducted to extract tree information from a large area using aerial Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) and aerial photographs, but it does not reflect the characteristics of forest areas in Korea because it is conducted in areas with wide tree spacing or evenly spaced trees. Therefore, this study proposed a methodology for generating Digital Surface Model (DSM), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and Canopy Height Model (CHM) images using aerial LiDAR, extracting the tree height through the local Maxima, and calculating the Diameter at Breath Height (DBH) through the DBH-tree height formula. The detection accuracy of trees extracted through the proposed methodology was 88.46%, 86.14%, and 84.31%, respectively, and the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of DBH calculated based on the tree height formula was around 5cm, confirming the possibility of using the proposed methodology. It is believed that if standardized research on various types of forests is conducted in the future, the scope of automation application of the manual national forest resource survey can be expanded.

흉고직경과 수고에 의한 소나무(Pinus densiflora S. et Z.)의 지상부와 지하부 생체량 추정

이도형 ( Do Hyung Lee ) 한국산림과학회 2004 한국산림과학회지 Vol.93 No.3

This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the root structure and the crown structure of Pinus densiflora S. et Z., and thereafter to obtain the regression equation for the estimation of relative root and needle biomass using the tree height and diameter of breast height(DBH) without measurement of root and needle biomass. The study sites was Gyeongsan, Ulzin and Kyeongju stands located in south eastern part of Korea. Five dominant or co-dominant trees of 25 to 45 year-old were selected in each site and tree height, diameter of breast height, tree age, weight of total needle and branch, cross section and sapwood area at breast height were measured for biomass of above ground part. And also for biomass of below ground part, the length of root, the number of root, the weight of root, the cross section area of root etc. by dividing the horizontal and vertical roots were measured. The significantly correlation was shown between the biomass of most of variables of above ground parts and those of below ground parts, and the biomass of above- and ground parts was not significantly correlated with the age of tree. The regression equation for the diameter of breast height to the total weight of root was Y=-9.39+2.80X and decision coefficient was 0.67 and also to the total weight of needle, regression equation was Y=-16.52+ 1.79X and decision coefficient was 0.86. The regression equation of the tree height to the weight of horizontal root was Y=-5.54+1.00X(r²=0.71) and to the total weight of needle, regression equation was Y=-23.00+3.41X(r²=0.83). The weight of total branches and needles, and the sapwood area at breast height of above ground parts showed highly positive relationship with below ground biomass. The results obtained from this study can be used to the estimating of biomass of below ground using variables of above ground such as DBH and tree height of the 25 to 45 year-old Pinus densiflora stands.

Study on the Growth Characteristics of Platanus Orientalis by Growth Density Control

Soo-Won Lee(이수원),Jeong-Ho Choi(최정호),Se-Kuel Yoo(유세걸) 한국산림바이오에너지학회 2008 산림바이오에너지 Vol.27 No.1

버즘나무의 1 ㎡당 생육 밀도에 따른 묘목의 생장은 49본구에서 묘고(tree height)와 근원직경이 우수한 생장량을 보인반면 생육밀도가 높은 처리구는 근원직경과 간장생장이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 생육밀도가 묘목의 생 장에 크게 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로 판단할 수 있으며, 엽록소함량에서도 생장이 우수한 49본구가 4.3 ㎎/gㆍw.t로 생장이 떨어지는 90본구의 2.9 mg/gㆍw.t에 비해 상대적으로 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 물질생산량은 생장 특성과 마찬가지로 49본구 처리구에서 전체 물질생산량이 통계적으로 유의적인 차이를 보이면서 3.12±0.80 g로 다른 처리구보다 높은 물질생산량을 보였다. 수목은 생육 환경조건에서 적절한 공간의 확보를 통하여 궁극적으로 높은 물질생산량을 보이면서 생리적으로 안정된 생장형태를 보였다. 이는 생육에 필요한 적정 공간의 장애가 실질적인 생장저하를 가져오며, 궁극적으로 물질대사의 최고 단계인 엽록소 특성이나 생장 또한 낮아지는 경향을 보여주었다. Unlike the seedling growth according to growth density per 1 ㎡ on Platanus orientalis demonstrated excellent increment in diameter at root collar and tree height from 49 trees/㎡, the treatment of higher growth density in diameter at root collar and tree height growth demonstrated decline tendency. This would be an important factor determining that a growth density largely affects on seedling growth and 49 trees/㎡ that has excellent growth in chlorophyll contents at 4.3 mg/gㆍwt displayed higher level of contents compare to 90 trees/㎡ at 2.9 ㎎/gㆍwt which decline in growth. Biomass, in the same manner to the growth feature also showed statistically significant difference in the 49 trees/㎡ treatment, showing higher biomass compare to other treated sections at 3.12±0.80 g. The tree showed a physiologically stable pattern of growth while demonstrating ultimately higher biomass through retaining appropriate space under the growth environment condition. We suggested that an obstacle in the appropriate space lower the actual growth and showed decrease tendency in growth and chlorophyll content feature which was the optimum stage of metabolism.

정기평균생장을 이용한 잣나무 임분의 흉고직경 생장예측모델 및 고사예측모델의 개발

김선영 ( Seon Young Kim ),설아라 ( A Ra Seol ),정주상 ( Joo Sang Chung ) 한국임학회 2011 한국산림과학회지 Vol.100 No.1

본 연구는 기존의 잣나무임분 거리독립 개체목 생장모델을 개선하기 위해 수행되었다. 직경생장함수 및 고사율함수의 매개변수들을 고정표본점의 정기평균생장량을 토대로 추정하고, 이 함수들의 특성을 기존의 총평균생장량을 토대로 추정한 모델과 비교하였다. 여기서 생장함수는 수관율함수, 잠재직경생장함수 및 임분을 구성하는 임목간 경쟁효과를 고려하기 위한 수정율함수를 의미한다. 고사율예측함수의 경우에는 고정표본점 자료의 한계로 인해 정기평균생장량 측정값을 구할 수 없어 대신 총평균생장량과의 관계식을 추정하여 대체하여 적용하였다. 연구결과 정기평균생장량을 토대로 하는 직경생장함수가 총평균생장량을 토대로 추정한 함수에 비해 개체목의 생장특성을 보다 현실적으로 반영하는 것을 보여주었다. 고사율함수의 경우, 총평균생장량을 적용하여 개발한 경우 고사율이 과대한 것으로 나타나는 문제가 있었으나 새로운 모델에서는 이 문제가 개선된 것으로 나타났다. The objective of this study was to improve the performance of the existing individual-tree/distant-independent stand growth model in predicting the growth of Pinus koraiensis forest stands. The parameters of diameter growth and mortality prediction models were estimated using periodic annual increment (PAI) of permanent plots and the performance of the models were compared with that of the existing ones using mean anuual increment (MAI). The diameter growth model includes crown ratio, potential diameter growth and modifier to compute for competitions of trees of a stand. In deriving the mortality prediction model, the parameters were estimated based on PAI which was also estimated as the function of MAI due to the lacking of permanent plot data. The results of this study showed that the newly-estimated functions based on PAI provide more realistic patterns in diameter growth of individual trees. The new approach using PAI in mortality model seems to overcome the over-estimate problem by the MAI-based model in estimating mortality of stand trees.

한국의 대차수(大茶樹)

박용구(Young-Goo Park) 한국차학회 2008 한국차학회지 Vol.14 No.2

Nine large Korean wild tea trees, Tongdosa, Whagea, Milyang, Gule Tojimyn, Bongsan, Duklang, Boriam, Whaumsa were measured the hight and collar diameter from 1995 to 2008. Among them the largest hight is 4.2m at Dosim tea plantation of Whagea, and the biggest collar diameter is 32.0cm at the Boseong Tea Museum. There are variance from 4.5cm to 32.0cm at collar diameter and from 0.5m to 4.2m at hight among trees. It is very difficult to measure the growth years because the plant growth is represented by growth environments for example soil quality, water conditions etc. It is simply can checked to be measured the ring of year on the wood disc. The stem of 5.0 cm branch of Dosim plantation at Whagae was measured the 32 year rings. Therefore the years of the 5.0 cm branch was estimated 34 years old by added 2 years of pith growth. On the basis of this data, the age of the largest tree in this place is estimated approximately 100 years. Out of these places, three places, Tongdosa, Whaumsa, and Boriam, have the long period of tea culture and history. With the tea cultural studies, the scientific studies are required continuously for an authentic evidence.

A Study on Maximizing Stem Volume Production of Major Planting Trees by Thinning Intensity

Yeongwan Seo,Jungkee Choi 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2021 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

This study was conducted to find the age for maximizing stem volume accumulation of major planting tree species, which are Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi, by thinning intensity. For each species, we have developed age-dbh model and dbh-height model by thinning intensity. Also, stand density model was developed by the relationship between quadratic mean diameter and the number of trees. It was assumed that thinning was carried out in 25 and 35 years and that 20% and 40% of the total trees are removed for light thinning and heavy thinning, respectively. The result showed that the difference in diameter growth was clearly caused by thinning intensity in the three species. The diameter difference among the thinning intensities increased more and more as the age increased, while the difference between the light and the heavy was not significant. The stem volume per unit area was non-thinning > light thinning> heavy thinning. Assuming that there was no difference in tree height by thinning intensity, it generally showed a similar trend except that the stem volume was lower than when there was a height difference in thinning intensity.

옻나무 근삽시 생장조절물질과 삽수의 길이 및 직경에 따른 신초발생과 묘소질

두홍수,권태호,양문식 한국자원식물학회 2001 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.14 No.1

옻나무의 근삽에 의한 묘목생산성을 높이기 위하여 BA, kinetin 및 zeatin 등의 생장조절물질과 삽수의 길이 및 직경 등을 공시하여 신초발생율과 묘소질을 조사하였다. 옻나무의 근삽처리 후 3∼5주 사이에 삽수로부터 신초가 발생하여 지상부로 출현하였다. 발생하는 신초의 수는 대부분이 1개였으나 2∼3개의 신초가 발생하기도 하였다. 한편 신초가 발생하지 않은 삽수들은 대부분 신초분화능이 포함된 피층부가 부패 한 것이 그 원인이었다. 생장조절물질 처리에 있어서 zeatin처리가 가장 양호한 신초발생율을 보였고 농도가 높을수록 신초발생율도 높았다. BA와 kinetin처리 역시 농도가 높을수록 신초발생율이 높았으나 zeatin처리에 비하여 낮았다. 생장조절물질 처리에 의한 묘소질은 처리간에 통계적인 유의성이 인정되지 않았지만 대조구보다는 양호하였다. 삽수의 길이 별 신초의 발생은 삽수의 길이가 길수록 일찍 시작되었고, 묘소질은 15 cm의 삽수가 가장 양호하였고 삽수의 길이가 작아질수록 묘소질이 불량하였다. 그러나 단위길이 당 유묘 생산량은 10 cm의 삽수가 가장 양호하였다. 삽수의 직경에 따른 신초의 발생율은 삽식 10주 후에 0.3∼0.5 cm의 삽수가 76%로써 가장 양호하였고 묘소질은 통계적인 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. Effects of growth regulators, scion length and scion diameter on shooting and seedling characteristics were investigated to increase seedling products by root cuttings of lacquer tree. Shoots developed and emerged above-ground from the root scion at 3∼5 weeks after cut plating, most of that was a shoot but some of that were 2∼3 shoots. Otherwise, non-shooting was the reason that cortical layer was decayed. Soaking in zeatin was the most effective on shooting of root cuttings and high concentration was effective. Also soaking on high contents of BA or kinetin was effective on shooting but was lower totally than soaking on zeatin. Seedling characteristics among 3 growth regulators and 3 concentrations were not any difference in statistical significant, but were move excellent than control. As root scion was tall, shoots were developed at early. 15cm length scion was the most excellent to use seedlings but 3cm length scion was wickedness. 10cm scion, however, was highest to product of seedlings than any others. 0.3∼0.5 cm length scion was showed 76% shooting rate at 10 weeks after cut planting, but seedling characteristics were not any difference among the kind of 3 diameters.

The Growth of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f) in Different Aged Plantations in Bago Yoma Range, Myanmar

( Zar Chi Hlaing ),( Victor K Teplyakov ) 한국임학회 2012 한국임학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2012 No.-

Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f) is one of the most important valuable hardwood species that is being planted extensively in many countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Due to shrinking of the natural forest including the natural teak forests, teak plantations are being established with a view to enhance the natural stock of teak and to build up a wood capital for the future. This study was carried out in two places in Bago Yoma Range - Bago (East Bago Yoma) and Paukkaung (West Bago Yoma) to investigate the growth of teak plantations in order to provide information on establishment and management of commercial teak plantations. There were three aged classes (10, 15 and 20 years old) of plantations in both sites. We established 12 sample plots in each site (totally 24 sample plots in both sites). The diameter breast height (DBH) and height for all stands in each plot were measured, and totally 223 trees from the sample plots in Bago site and 216 trees in Paukkaung site were selected randomly for taking the core samples to measure the tree-ring width. Soil samples were also taken at the 0-50 cm depth by using 3 sample points method in each sample plot. We found that the average DBH growth rate of plantations was 1.23 (± 0.62) cmyr-1 in Bago site and 1.40 (± 0.95) cmy-1 in Paukkaung site, and mean annual increment (MAI) was 3.7 m3ha-1yr-1 and 4.8m3ha-1yr-1, respectively. This study concludes that both study sites are suitable for thee stablishment of teak plantations consider in gecological conditions : weather, soil properties and topography. The results of this study provide factual status of teak plantations to assist foresters, forest managers and decision makers in reviewing plantation forestry and also the tree-ring analysis contributes to network of teak dendrochronologies in Myanmar.