1990년대와 2000년대 낙동강하구에서 제비갈매기류(Sterna spp.)의 도래 현황의 변화

홍순복(Soon-Book Hong),이인섭(In-Sup Lee) 한국조류학회II 2012 한국조류학회지 Vol.19 No.4

본 연구는 1990년대 전반기(1989년 5월~1993년 4월)와 2000년대 중반기(2002년 5월~2008년 4월)에 낙동강 하구에 도래한 제비갈매기류(Sterna spp.)의 장기 모니터링 자료를 분석하여, 이들 조류의 도래 양상을 파악하고자 수행 하였다. 총 10년 간의 조사기간 동안 낙동강하구에서 관찰된 제비갈매기류는 모두 3종 32,505개체였으며, 구체적으로 쇠제비갈매기(Sterna albifrons) 23,930개체, 제비갈매기(Sterna hirundo longipennis) 8,574개체, 붉은발제비갈매기(Sterna hirundo minussensis) 1개체가 관찰되었다.1990년대 전반기(총 8,425개체)보다 2000년대 중반기(총 24,080개체)에 대략 3배 정도의 개체수가 증가하였는데, 쇠제비갈매기는 5,591개체에서 18,339개체로, 제비갈매기는 2,833개체에서 5,741개체로 증가하였으며, 붉은발제비갈매기는 단 1개체만이 1990년대 전반기에 관찰되었다. 두 기간의 월별 도래 현황을 비교하였을 때에, 5월(P<0.011), 8월(P<0.017) 그리고 9월(P<0.041)에 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 지역별 도래 현황을 보면 5개 지역의 평균 도래 개체수는 802.7±1488.8개체이었으며, 대마등(DMD)에서 141.0개체, 장자 · 신자도(JJ · SJD) 552.8개체, 사자 · 도요등(SJ · DYD) 3,150.2개체, 을숙도남단(LUD) 111.5개체, 을 숙도(USD) 57.8개체로서 지역별로 도래 개체수 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 사자 · 도요등(SJ · DYD)과 장자 · 신자도(JJ · SJD)에서 많은 개체가 관찰되었고 을숙도에서는 적은 개체가 관찰되었다. 본 연구를 통해 낙동강에 도래하는 제비갈매기류의 지역적 도래분포의 차이는 낙동강하구 새로운 사주의 형성과 주변 환경의 변화는 번식과 관련이 있으면서 지속적인 사주의 변화와 번식 상황 등은 도래 개체수에 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted tounderstand the variation of visitation aspect of terns (Sterna spp.) between1990s and 2000s at the Nakdong estuary, Korea. The dataset was collected through two long term monitoring; in the early 1990s (May 1989~April 1993) and the mid 2000s (May 200 2~April 2008). During th period, the observed terns at the Nakdong estuary was3 species and 32,505 individuals:8,754 common tern (S. h. longipennis), an 1 common terns (S. h. minussensis), and 23,930 little terns, respectively. Among the 3 species (and 32,505 individuals) of Sterna genus, 8,425 individuals were observed in the early 1990s, which were 2,833 common terns (S. h. longipennis), an 1 common tern (S. h. minussensis) and 5,591 little terns etc.In addition, 24,080 individuals were observed in the mid 2000s, which were 5,741 common tern (S. h. longipennis) and 18,339 little tern. The observed individuals were larger in the mid 2000s thanin the early 1990s, and also there was significant difference in the number of individuals betweenthe early 1990s and the mid 2000s. Theobserved individuals during these periods were significantlydifferent among May, August and September. The average number of observed individuals at five different regions was; 141.0 in Daemadeung, 552.8 in Jangja · Shinjado, 3,150.2 in Saja · Doyodeung, 111.5 in Lower Ulsukdo and 57.8 in Ulsukdo, respectively, and the total average of these 5 regions was 802.7. There was significant difference among the monitoring regions. Particularly, the observed individuals were larger in Jangja-Shinjadothan in other regions. It is thought that the formation of new sandbank and the change of the environment of around Nakdong estuary affect to the breeding of the birds, and the continuous change of the sandbanks and breeding state also affect the individual numbers of the brids arrived at the region.

북한에서 채집된 붉은쇠갈매기(Sterna dougallii)의 기록에 대한 재검토

최창용(Chang-Yong Choi),박종길(Jong-Geel Park) 한국조류학회II 2007 한국조류학회지 Vol.14 No.2

2000년 8월 30일 북한의 강원도 원산 앞바다에서 호주산 가락지(051-19855)가 부착된 붉은쇠갈매기(가칭: Sterna dougollii)가 채집되어 한반도 미기록종으로 최초 보고되었으나, 호주의 가락지 부착 기록에는 해당 개체가 제비갈매기(Sterna hirundo) 성조로 기재되어 있다. 채집 시기에 따른 두 종의 형태적 차이와 분포, 채집 개체의 기재 내용과 가락지 부착 사항 등을 검토한 결과 이 개체는 제비갈매기(Sterna hirundo)의 아종일 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단되므로, 한반도에서 붉은쇠갈매기(Sterna dougallii)의 최초 기록은 소장 표본에 대한 재검증을 통해 확인할 필요가 있다. 그러나 이번 사례는 호주와 한반도 사이에서 확인된 붉은쇠갈매기(Sterna dougallii) 또는 제비갈매기(Sterna hirundo)의 첫 가락지 회수 기록으로서 여전히 중요한 의미가 있다. On 30 August 2000, one tern carrying an Australian ring (051-19855) was collected in the coast of Wonsan, Gangwon Province, North Korea and identified as the Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii). This recovery was reported as the first record of the Roseate Tern in Korea, but the original banding record indicates that the ring was banded to the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) at southeast Australia. Reinspection on the description in the previous report on the recovery, distributions and morphological characters of two tern species, and the original banding record suggest that the collected tern is possibly a subspecies of Common Tern. Consequently, the first record of the Roseate Tern in Korea should be revised or reconfirmed through a re-examination on the stuffed specimen. However, it is still noteworthy that the collection is the first recovery of the Common Tern or Roseate Tern between Korea and Australia.

한국의 뿔제비갈매기(Thalasseus bernsteini) 도래 시기와 번식 현황

이윤경(Yunkyoung Lee),김우영(Wooyoung Kim),강지현(Jihyun Kang),유성연(Sung-Yeon Yoo),차현기(Hyoun-Gi Cha),이상연(Sang-Yeon Lee),노두리(Doory No) 한국조류학회 2021 한국조류학회지 Vol.28 No.2

뿔제비갈매기는 전세계 생존하는 개체수가 약 100마리로 추정되는 국제적인 멸종위기종(IUCN Redlist CR)이며, 2000년 이후, 알려진 번식지는 중국(대만) 해안의 4개 섬에 불과했다. 국내에 기록된 적이 없던 뿔제비갈매기는 2016년 4월 괭이갈매기 집단번식지인 육산도(칠산도의 부속섬)에서 최초로 발견되었다. 본 연구는 5년간(2016-2020) 뿔제비갈매기의 도래 패턴과 번식 현황을 파악하기 위해서 수행되었다. 육산도에서 확인된 뿔제비갈매기 개체수는 2016년 5마리에서 2020년 8마리로 점차 증가하였다. 이들은 대부분 짝을 이루어(때로는 단독으로) 비동시적으로 번식지에 도착했는데, 첫 번째 개체(또는 짝)의 도래일은 2018년에 3월 29일, 2019년에 3월 30일, 2020년에 3월 21일이었다. 뿔제비갈매기는 산란 전까지는 주로 밤 시간대에만 섬에서 머물렀고, 산란 하루 전날부터 낮에도 섬에서 관찰되었다. 뿔제비갈매기의 첫 번째 산란일은 2018년과 2019년 4월 18일, 2020년 4월 19었다. 도래한 개체들 중에서 매년 한 쌍(2019-2020)에서 두 쌍(2016-2018)만이 번식을 시도하였다. 우리는 5년간 재번식 둥지를 포함하여 총 11개의 산란한 둥지를 확인하였는데, 이 중에서 4개의 둥지에서 새끼가 이소하였고, 나머지 7개 둥지는 포란기간과 육추 초반에 실패하였다. 실패 원인은 번식 개체의 미숙한 행동(둥지를 안정적으로 만들지 못하고, 알을 잘 품지 못해 노출시킴)과 괭이갈매기와의 싸움 및 공격으로 확인되었다. 실패한 개체는 10일, 12일만에 재산란을 하였다. 뿔제비갈매기의 한배산란수는 1개, 포란기간은 26-28일이었다. 새끼는 부화한지 37-43일에 부모와 함께 비행을 하였다. 본 연구결과는 세계적으로 희귀한 뿔제비갈매기 번식에 대한 기초자료를 제공하며, 지속적인 연구 결과를 토대로 종과 서식지 보전 전략수립에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The Chinese Crested Tern (Thalasseus bernsteini) is a critically endangered species according to IUCN Red List, with an estimated global population of approximately 100 individuals. Since 2000, only four islands off the coast of China and Taiwan had been recognized as the breeding habitats of these terns. In April 2016, this species was recorded for the first time in Korea on the Yuksan Islet (one of the islets in the Chilsan Islands)-an important breeding ground for the Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris). Here, we studied the arrival pattern and breeding status of Chinese crested terns over for 5 years (2016-2020). The number of individuals gradually increased from five in 2016 to eight in 2020. The terns arrived at the breeding site in pairs (or sometimes alone) and asynchronously. The first individuals were identified on March 29, 2018; March 30, 2019; and March 21, 2020. The terns only stayed on the island during the night until laying eggs. The first eggs were recorded on April 18 in 2018 and 2019, and on April 19 in 2020. One pair during 2019-2020 and two pairs during 2016-2018 attempted breeding. During the 5 years, we identified 11 breeding nests, including the replacement eggs, but chicks successfully fledged from only four of these. In the remaining nest, breeding failed during the egg incubation period (n=6) or at the early stage of the chick-rearing period (n=1). The causes of failure were poor breeding behaviors (building poor-quality nests and exposing eggs during incubation), and harassment by Black-tailed Gulls. These terns laid a replacement egg 10 to 12 days after the failure. Clutch size was one (n=11), and the incubation period was 26-28 days. The chicks flew with the parents 37 to 43 days after hatching. Our findings offer fundamental data on the breeding of Chinese crested terns and are crucial to establish conservation strategies for this species and its habitat.

낙동강하구에서 쇠제비갈매기의 번식 상황의 변화

이인섭(In-Sup Lee),홍순복(Soon-Bok Hong) 한국생명과학회 2009 생명과학회지 Vol.19 No.11

본 연구는 1990년대 중?후반기(1995년, 1996년, 1998년)와 2000년대 중반기(2004년, 2005년)에 조사한 쇠제비갈매기의 번식에 관한 자료를 분석하여 낙동강 하구의 최남단에 위치하고 있는 신자도와 도요등에서의 쇠제비갈매기(Little Tern Sterna albifrons)의 번식 상황의 변화를 알아보고자 수행하였다. 신자도에서는 1995년에 쇠제비갈매기의 둥지 638개를 조사하였는데, 한배 산란 수는 평균 2.48개이었고, 1996년에는 총 106 둥지를 조사하였는데, 한배 산란 수는 2.35개이었으며, 2004년에는 총 94 둥지를 조사하였는데 한배 산란 수는 평균 2.16개이었다. 2005년에는 총 456 둥지를 조사하였는데 한배산란 수는 평균 2.53개 이었고, 4년간의 한배 산란 수에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.001). 도요등에서는 1998년에 총 263 둥지를 조사하였고 한배 산란 수는 평균 2.18개이 었고, 2004년에는 총 1,023 둥지를 조사하였는데 한배 산란수는 평균 2.33개이었으며, 2005년에는 총 1,123 둥지를 조사하였는데 한배 산란 수는 평균 2.52개 이었다. 3년간의 한배 산란수에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.001). 신자도에서의 쇠제비갈매기의 부화 성공률은 54.5%이었으며, D형 둥지와 A형 둥지에서 높았고 C형 둥지에서 낮았다. 부화 실패 요인으로서는 범람이 가장 큰 요인이었으며 특히 C형 둥지에서 그러하였다. 도요등에서의 부화 성공률은 73.2%이었으며, D형 둥지와 A형 둥지에서 높았고 C형 둥지에서 낮았다. 부화 실패요인으로서는 범람이 가장 큰 요인이었으며 특히 C형 둥지에서의 영향이 컸다. 낙동강 하구의 사주는 앞으로도 많은 변화가 예상되지만, 쇠제비갈매기 등의 번식지로서의 기능을 다하기 위해서는 포식자의 퇴치와 사주의 육화 방지와 모래가 있는 나대지를 유지하기 위하여 갈대제거 등 지속적인 관리가 절실히 요구된다. This study was conducted to determine the characteristics in breeding of the little tern Sterna albifrons in Shinja-do and Doyo-Deung in Nakdong estuary. The data was obtained in the middle and late 1990‘s and in the mid 2000's, which were analysed for the breeding information of the little tern. In Shinja-Do, a total of 638 nests were observed in 1995, and the average numbers of eggs laid per nest were 2.48. In 2004 and 2005, 94 and 456 nests were observed, and the average number of eggs laid per nest was 2.16 and 2.53, respectively. There was a significant difference between the average numbers of eggs laid per nest for the 3 respective years. In Doyo-Deung, a total of 269 nests were observed in 1998, and the average number of eggs laid per nest was 2.16. In 2004 and 2005, 1,023 and 1,123 nests were observed, and the average numbers of eggs laid per nest were 2.33 and 2.52, respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the average number of eggs laid per nest as well. Hatching success rate by nesting site in Shinja-Do was calculated in 1995. Type A nest (nest located on dry sand land) showed a 56.8% success rate, and type B nest (nest located on the land with dwarf grass), type C nest (nest located on moist land) and type D nest (nest located on the land with shells) showed 55.3%, 36.6% and 59.3% success rates, respectively. The average hatching success rate in Shinja-Do was 54.5%. The most crucial factor for hatching failure was flood, especially, for the type C nests. The hatching success rate by the nesting site in Doyo-Deung showed an average of 73.2%. It was high in type D nest (83.8%) and type A nest (75.9%), and low in type C nest (59.7%). Again, the most crucial factor for hatching failure was flood, especially, for the type C nests. Nakdong estuary has been through many changes over time, particularly in recent. Therefore, continuous efforts to keep it a breeding place for the little tern are urgently required, including overall management of land, protection of reef and sand, etc.

Effects of Human Disturbance on Nesting Little Terns(Sterna albifrons)

Jeong-Eun Lee,Eunyoung Jeong,Seok-Yee Kim,Ha-Cheol Sung 한국조류학회II 2012 한국조류학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Little Terns (Sterna albifrons) lay their eggs on open, sandy beaches where frequent human disturbance could decrease their nesting success. Understanding the effects of human disturbance on breeding birds is important in guiding conservation efforts in and creating management plans for natural areas. We examined the responses of Little Terns to 2 different experimental human activities: human approaches and human existence within the breeding habitats. No differences were observed in both the flight initiation distance of the birds and the length of time spent off the nests between 2 different human approaches, i.e., by 1 person vs. more than 3 people. However, when more than 3 people approached the nests, the nesting birds remained away from the nest for a longer period of time. In addition, the least tolerant distance was significantly greater for the standing observers than for the sitting observers within the breeding habitats. These results suggest that breeding Little Terns are disturbed by human activities and that buffer zones or setback areas (a minimum safe distance of nonintrusion by humans) need to be established to minimize the effects of human disturbance on breeding birds. 쇠제비갈매기(Sterna albifrons)는 넓고 모래 해변에 알을 낳고, 이는 인간의 빈번한 방해가 번식 성공을 감소시킬 수 있다. 번식 조류에 대한 인간 방해 효과를 이해하는 것은 자연 서식지의 관리 계획을 세우고 보호 노력에 대한 가이드 라인을 제공하는 데 중요하다. 우리는 두 가지(인간의 접근과 둥지 서식지 내 인간의 존재) 서로 다른 인간 활동에 대한 쇠제비갈매기의 반응을 조사했다. 인간의 접근 형태(1인과 3인 이상) 사이에 새의 최초 비행 거리와 둥지를 벗어난 시간에 있어서 어떤 차이도 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 3인 이상이 둥지에 접근할 때 포란하고 있는 새는 더 오랜 기간 둥지에 벗어나 있었다. 또한 최소접근허용거리는 번식지 내 앉아있는 관찰자보다 서 있는 관찰자에 대해 의미 있게 더 크게 나왔다. 이런 결과는 번식 중인 쇠제비갈매기가 인간 활동에 의해 방해를 받고 완충 지역과 인간 접근에 대한 최소안전거리를 세워 번식하고 있는 새에 대한 인간 방해를 최소화해야 한다는 것을 제안한다.

The First Record of the White Tern (Gygis alba) in South Korea

Min-Su Jeong,Han-Kyu Kim,Jin-Young Park,Woo-Shin Lee 한국조류학회II 2014 한국조류학회지 Vol.21 No.2

The White Tern (Gygis alba) is a pelagic tern species that has a wide distribution through tropical Pacific and Indian ocean. On August 4th, 2014, one specimen of exhausted White Tern was found in Gyesan-ri, Yeongdong-eup, Yeongdong-gun, Chungbuk province, South Korea (N 36°10’18”, E 127°46’38”) and it died a day after, while being kept for transportation to the wildlife rescue center. Based on the geographical distribution of subspecies and this specimen’s measurements, the bird found in Korea could be identified as G. a. candida, whose closest breeding colony is located at the northwest Pacific Ocean. A typhoon (NAKRI) passed through this area a day ago, suggesting that this oceanic bird flew off inland about 110 km away from the nearest coast by the typhoon, which is one of the common causes of avian vagrancy. This is the first record of this species in Korea.

고용을 위한 국내복귀기업의 조세문제

양인준(In-Joon Yang),오준석(Joon Seok Oh) 한국국제조세협회 2013 조세학술논집 Vol.29 No.1

A firm’s investment decisions are to be bifurcated by domestic investment and foreign investment. Globalization of business excels its popularity and makes it possible to the transition from domestic investment into foreign investment than ever before. Business decisions, by nature, have their idiosyncrasy of profit maximization or wealth maximization of shareholders. This implies that those decisions attain at the goal of sustainable prosperity of business, on an on-going basis, without sacrificing the efficiency of their operations. In line with the changes of business environments, from domestic bound to global spectrum, it is high time to do a double take on the location decisions or re-location decisions. In the paper, we tried to take a deeper look at the behavioral changes of business decisions from the perspective of taxation. More precisely speaking, the attributes of tax policy in a way to promote job increase by accommodating u-tern firms, established in the form of outbound FDI, into domestic re-location of manufacturing bases. Once we did a literature review as a step of prior research and found the japanese cases of u-tern policy, we set up a research structure to draw its attention on the international taxation arguments. In brief, we found that the double taxation argument of income tax can be solved in the process of u-term investment. Secondly, we raised the issue of tax incentives in a form of longer duration of tax credit periods strictly limited on the area of manufacturing industries. Thirdly, we found, as well as the need of tax incentive system on the u-tern firms, tax penalty system should be built up against the disguised u-tern firms to make the best use of tax incentives on the u-term firms.

한국미기록종 알류샨제비갈매기(Onychoprion aleuticus)의 국내 기록

강창완(Kang Chang Wan),김화정(Kim Hwa-Jung),김은미(Kim Eum Mi),강희만(Kang Hee Man) 한국조류학회II 2018 한국조류학회지 Vol.25 No.1

2012년 8월 31일과 2016년 9월 6일에 제주도 서귀포시 대정읍 가파리 마라도, 2016년 9월 8일 추자면 추자도 해상에서 알류샨제비갈매기(Onychoprion aleuticus) 3개체가 관찰되었다. 이번 관찰은 알류산제비 갈매기의 사진을 확보한 공식 기록으로 보고하고자 한다. Two Aleutian Terns (Onychoprion aleuticus) were observed near Marado, the southernmost island of Jeju on 31 August 2012 and 6 September 2016 and Chujado on 8 September 2016. This is the first confirmed report of the Aleutian Terns in the Republic of Korea based on photos.

KNLTER Network : Facilitating Global Data-Sharing

Taesang Huh,Sunil Ahn,Dukyun Nam,Hoe-Kyung Jung 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Database Theory and Appli Vol.9 No.9

Reliable data sharing and long-term data archiving and reuse are becoming very important in global cooperative research. Concomitantly, many types of global data-based research have been conducted on the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) network, with the objective of getting it to respond effectively to future changes in ecology, environment, and climate, by monitoring long-term ecological and environmental data. Korean National Long-Term Ecological Research (KNLTER), however, lacks a system for performing data collection, management, curation, and publication, and therefore global cooperative research through global data sharing is difficult in Korea. In this paper, we analyze one of the best practices link models, the TERN network, and the global data-sharing trend in the LTER area. Further, we propose a link model and necessary technologies for KNLTER and suggest a possible future direction for KNLTER.

오심과 구토를 호소하는 한 여자환자에 대한 단기정신치료 증례보고

이재광,Lee, Jae-Kwang 한국정신신체의학회 1995 정신신체의학 Vol.3 No.2

The author reported a case of short-term dynamic psychotherapy in which relatively good therapeutic results were obtained. And I reviewed several therapeutic factors thought to be important in shot-term dynamic psychotherapy from various literatures. In this case, the frequency of session was limited due to her current reality situations. She had suffered from some adjustmental problems and marital conflict before the onset of the illness. The author could grasp the cental theme of her problems early in treatment period and discussed over it including it's influence on current situation and early childhood with th patient. We also discussed about the relationship between the past and current reality so that she could realize her real problem. At the same time, therapeutic effect was enhanced by family therapy and temporary use of medication.