농약 혼용에 따른 꿀벌유충 독성의 상승 및 상쇄 영향

백민경 ( Min Kyoung Paik ),임정택 ( Jeong Taek Im ),전경미 ( Kyongmi Chon ),박경훈 ( Kyung-hun Park ),최용수 ( Yong-soo Choi ),이명렬 ( Myeong-lyeol Lee ),배철한 ( Chul-han Bae ),김진호 ( Jin-ho Kim ),문병철 ( Byeong Chul Moon 한국환경농학회 2016 한국환경농학회지 Vol.35 No.4

BACKGROUND: Recently, the widespread distribution of pesticides in the hive has been of concern about pesticide exposure on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) health. Larval toxicity was adapted to assess the synergistic and antagonistic interaction of cumulative mortality to the honeybee larvae of the four most common pesticides detected in pollen. METHODS AND RESULTS: Acetamiprid(3.0 μl/L), chlorothalonil (803.0 μl/L), coumaphos (128.0 μl/L), and tau-fluvalinate (123.0 μl/L) were tested in combination; binary, ternary and four component mixture. Larvae were exposed to four pesticides mixed in diet at the average levels detected in pollen. As a result, synthetic toxicity was observed in the binary mixture of acetamiprid with coumaphos. The binary and ternary component mixtures of tested pesticides have mostly demonstrated additive effect in larval bees. The significant antagonistic effects were found in four parings of mixtures including chlorothalonil added to acetamiprid/tau-fluvalinate or acetamiprid/coumaphos/tau-fluvalinate, and tau-fluvalinate added to acetamiprid/chlorothalonil or acetamiprid/coumaphos/chlorothalonil. CONCLUSION: Interactions between combinations of four pesticides showed mostly additive or antagonistic effects in larval bees. Therefore, predicting the larval mortality of pesticides mixtures on the basis of the results of single pesticide may actually overestimate the risk. We suggest that pesticide mixture in pollen be evaluated by adding their toxicity together for complete data on interactions.

The Effects of Acebutolol and Carbamazepine on the Ouabain-Induced Arrhythmias in Rabbits

김원준,하정희,Kim, Won-Joon,Ha, Jeoung-Hee The Korean Society of Pharmacology 1987 대한약리학잡지 Vol.23 No.1

Adrenergic beta 1 수용체 봉쇄 약물인 acebutolol과 항 경련제로 사용되고 있는 carbamazepine은 실험적으로 ouabain유발 부정맥을 정상 심박동으로 환원시키는데 유효하다고 보고되었으나 그 상호 작용에 대해서는 밝혀진 바가 없다. 이에 본 실험에서는 가토에 ouabain 투여로 부정맥을 유발시킨 후 acebutolol과 carbamazepine을 단독 혹은 병용 투여하여 이 두 약물이 ouabain 유발 부정맥에 미치는 영향과 그 상호 작용을 규명하고자 하였다. 실험 결과 ouabain 유발 부정맥은 acebutolol 혹은 carbamazepine 단독 투여로 정상 심박동으로 환원되었으며 용량이 감소함에 따라 정상 심박동으로 회복하는데 요하는 시간이 연장되었다. 또 단독 투여시 항 부정맥 효과를 볼 수 없었던 용량을 병용 투여하였을 때 ouabain 유발 부정맥은 즉시 정상 심박동으로 환원되었으며 상기 용량의 두 약물을 병용하여 전처치함으로써 ouabain의 부정맥 유발 용량이 의의있게 증가되었다(P<0.01). 이상의 결과로 acebutolol과 carbamazepine은 ouabain 유발 부정맥을 용량 의존적으로 억제시키며 상협적인 상호작용(synergistic interaction)을 나타낸다고 사료된다. The effects of acebutolol and carbamazepine on ouabain-induced arrhythmias were investigated in rabbits. Ouabain produced ventricular arrhythmias which persisted for 7-8 min at the mean dose of $69{\pm}1.3\;{\mu}g/kg$. Ouabain arrhythmias were converted to normal sinus rhythm by administration of acebutolol or carbamazepine singly but lower dosages increased the recovery time. And then, ouabain arrhythmias were effectively converted to normal sinus rhythm and prevented by combined administration of carbamazepine and acebutolol. Each of the combined doses was ineffective when given singly. From the above results, it may be concluded that carbamazepine and acebutolol inhibited the ouabain-induced arrhythmias depending on the level of dosage and showed synergistic interaction.

가토의 ouabain 유발 부정맥에 미치는 acebuolol 및 carbamazepine의 영향

김원준(Won Joon Kim),하정희(Jeoung Hee Ha) 대한약리학회 1987 대한약리학잡지 Vol.23 No.1

The effects of acebutolol and carbamazepine on ouabain-induced arrhythmias were investigated in rabbits. Ouabain produced ventricular arrhythmias which persisted for 7-8 min at the mean dose of 69 ± 1.3μg/kg. Ouabain arrhythmias were converted to normal sinus rhythm by administration of acebutolol or carbamazepine singly but lower dosages increased the recovery time. And then, ouabain arrhythmias were effectively converted to normal sinus rhythm and prevented by combined administration of carbamazepine and acebutolol. Each of the combined doses was ineffective when given singly. From the above results, it may be concluded that carbamazepine and acebutolol inhibited the ouabain-induced arrhythmias depending on the level of dosage and showed synergistic interaction. Adrenergic beta 1 수용체 봉쇄 약물인 acebutolol과 항 경련제로 사용되고 있는 carbamazepine은 실험적으로 ouabain유발 부정맥을 정상 심박동으로 환원시키는데 유효하다고 보고되었으나 그 상호 작용에 대해서는 밝혀진 바가 없다. 이에 본 실험에서는 가토에 ouabain 투여로 부정맥을 유발시킨 후 acebutolol과 carbamazepine을 단독 혹은 병용 투여하여 이 두 약물이 ouabain 유발 부정맥에 미치는 영향과 그 상호 작용을 규명하고자 하였다. 실험 결과 ouabain 유발 부정맥은 acebutolol 혹은 carbamazepine 단독 투여로 정상 심박동으로 환원되었으며 용량이 감소함에 따라 정상 심박동으로 회복하는데 요하는 시간이 연장되었다. 또 단독 투여시 항 부정맥 효과를 볼 수 없었던 용량을 병용 투여하였을 때 ouabain 유발 부정맥은 즉시 정상 심박동으로 환원되었으며 상기 용량의 두 약물을 병용하여 전처치함으로써 ouabain의 부정맥 유발 용량이 의의있게 증가되었다(P<0.01). 이상의 결과로 acebutolol과 carbamazepine은 ouabain 유발 부정맥을 용량 의존적으로 억제시키며 상협적인 상호작용(synergistic interaction)을 나타낸다고 사료된다.

이온화 방사선 및 염화수은 처리에 따른 어류 간암세포의 생존능 평가

한민 ( Min Han ),현경만 ( Kyung Man Hyun ),모하마드닐리 ( Mohammad Nili ),황인영 ( In Young Hwang ),김진규 ( Jin Kyu Kim ) 한국환경생물학회 2009 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.27 No.2

All organisms are being exposed to harmful factors present in the environmental. The combined action of various factors is a distinguishing feature of modern life. An interaction between two chemicals is considered as synergistic when the effect produced is greater than the sum of the two single responses. The biological effects due to the combined action of ionizing radiation with the other factor are hard to estimate and predict in advance. In the current study, we investigated the synergistic effects between ionizing and HgCl2 using fish hepatoma cells (PLHC-1 cells). The results showed a dramatic decrease of cell viability after simultaneous treatment of PLHC-1 cells with ionizing radiation and HgCl2. Neiither of the two had any cytotoxic effect when treated alone. The cytotoxicity of ionizing radiation was enhanced in the presence of HgCl2. The synergistic effects were observed after exposure of the PLHC-1 cells to ionizing radiation combined with HgCl2. The synergistic interaction was due to an increase of irreversibly damaged cells after the combined exposure. Analysis of the extent of synergistic interaction enables to make quantitative estimation of irreversibly damaged cells after the combined exposure. The present study suggests that PLHC-1 cells can serve as rapid screening tools for detecting the toxicity of harmful factors.

Transformational Leadership and Organizational Innovation

Eka Listiani KARTONO,Innocentius BERNARTO,Niko SUDIBJO,Rudy PRAMONO 한국유통과학회 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.6

Many researchers have studied the relationship between transformational leadership influence and organizational innovation; however, they have only shown inconclusive results. With task-oriented synergistic cooperation goal-oriented synergistic interaction as a mediating variable, the goal objective of this study was to fill the research gap between transformational leadership influence and organizational innovation. Data was collected through online electronic questionnaires using Likert Scales. This study used a census method, where the sample was all general insurance companies in Indonesia; hence, it can represent the general insurance industry. It involved 72 respondents, representing 72 general insurance companies that were actively operating in Indonesia in 2021. This research results offered crucial implications about the organizational interaction in the emerging market of the insurance industry, such as Indonesia. The survey responses were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) in Partial Least Square. This study found that transformational leadership positively influences organizational innovation. Then, the goal-oriented synergistic interaction has positively mediated transformational leadership influence and organizational innovation. Finally, goal-oriented synergistic interaction has a positive effect on organizational innovation. This study proposes an interaction among employees under influence of transformational leaders to achieve both explorative and exploitative innovation. Hence, leader practitioners can use the findings of this study to create synergistic interaction among followers to attain organizational innovation.

Interaction of Supraspinally Administered Interferon-alpha with Opioid System in the Production of Antinociception

Lee, Jin-Koo,Park, Soo-Hyun,Sim, Yun-Beom,Jung, Jun-Sub,Suh, Hong-Won 대한약학회 2010 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.33 No.7

We examined the antinociceptive effect of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intrathecally (i.t.) administered of interferon-alpha (IFN-${\alpha}$) using the tail-flick analgesic test in mice. IFN-${\alpha}$ administered i.c.v. but not i.t. showed an antinociceptive effect in a dose-dependent manner (0.05 - 5 ${\mu}g$). To examine the possible interaction with brain opioid system, IFN-${\alpha}$ was co-treated with either ${\beta}$-endorphin or morphine. Combined i.c.v. treatment of IFN-${\alpha}$ (0.5 ${\mu}g$) with ${\beta}$-endorphin (0.125 ${\mu}g$) caused a synergistic antinociceptive effect. And also, the synergistic interaction maintained at least for 60 min after the co-treatment of IFN-${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$-endorphin. However, the combined treatment of i.t. IFN-${\alpha}$ with i.c.v. ${\beta}$-endorphin showed neither an additive nor a synergistic antinociceptive profile. The i.c.v. co-treatment of IFN-${\alpha}$ with morphine (0.2 ${\mu}g$) showed an additive antinociceptive effect only. The i.t. administered IFN-${\alpha}$ did not show any additive antinociceptive effect when morphine was administered i.c.v. simultaneously. Taken together, our results suggest that supraspinally co-administered IFN-${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$-endorphin may produce antinociception synergistically via interaction of IFN-${\alpha}$ with supraspinal ${\beta}$-endorphin sensitive opioid receptors.

Synergistic Interactions of Schizostatin Identified from Schizophyllum commune with Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides

Min Young Park,Byeong Jun Jeon,Ji Eun Kang,Beom Seok Kim 한국식물병리학회 2020 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.36 No.6

Botrytis cinerea, which causes gray mold disease in more than 200 plant species, is an economically important pathogen that is mainly controlled by synthetic fungicides. Synergistic fungicide mixtures can help reduce fungicide residues in the environment and mitigate the development of fungicide-resistant strains. In this study, we screened microbial culture extracts on Botrytis cinerea to identify an antifungal synergist for tebuconazole. Among the 4,006 microbial extracts screened in this study, the culture extract from Schizophyllum commune displayed the most enhanced activity with a sub-lethal dosage of tebuconazole, and the active ingredient was identified as schizostatin. In combination with 5 μg/ml tebuconazole, schizostatin (1 μg/ml) showed disease control efficacy against gray mold on tomato leaf similar to that achieved with 20 μg/ml tebuconazole treatment alone. Interestingly, schizostatin showed demethylation inhibitor (DMI)-specific synergistic interactions in the crossed-paper strip assay using commercial fungicides. In a checkerboard assay with schizostatin and DMIs, the fractional inhibitory concentration values were 0.0938-0.375. To assess the molecular mechanisms underlying this synergism, the transcription levels of the ergosterol biosynthetic genes were observed in response to DMIs, schizostatin, and their mixtures. Treatment with DMIs increased the erg11 (the target gene of DMI fungicides) expression level 15.4-56.6-fold. However, treatment with a mixture of schizostatin and DMIs evidently reverted erg11 transcription levels to the pre-DMI treatment levels. These results show the potential of schizostatin as a natural antifungal synergist that can reduce the dose of DMIs applied in the field without compromising the disease control efficacy of the fungicides

분체와 유화제의 상호 관계성에 기인한 저점도 W/O 및 W/S 에멀젼의 안정성 연구

인소현 ( So Hyun In ),조환일 ( Hwanil Cho ),강내규 ( Nae Gyu Kang ),한종섭 ( Jong Sup Han ),박선규 ( Sun Gyoo Park ),이천구 ( Cheon Koo Lee ) 대한화장품학회 2016 대한화장품학회지 Vol.42 No.1

유중 수형 에멀젼은 우수한 수분 증발 차단력 및 통기성 밀폐막 형성 등의 장점에도 불구하고 저점도 안정화가 쉽지 않아 다양한 화장품 제형 적용에 한계성을 지녀왔다. 본 연구에서는 유중 수형 에멀젼 형성에 있어 비이온성 유화제와 분체, 양이온성 유화제 간의 상호 관계가 제형의 안정성에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 비이온성 유화제와 분체 존재 하에 양이온 유화제의 농도가 증가함에 따라 초기에는 유화 안정성이 향상되다가 일정 농도 이상에서는 하락되고, 더욱 농도가 증가하면 전상이 일어나는 경향성이 관찰되었다. 이를 통해, 비이온성 유화제 1.0 ∼ 4.0 wt% 사용 조건에서 실리콘 계 마이크로 사이즈 분체 2.5 wt%와 양이온 유화제 0.1∼ 0.5 wt%를 사용할 경우 흐름성 있는 범위의 점도까지(2000 ∼ 5000 cps) 낮추면서도 분체의 분산성과 안정성을 효과적으로 높인 유중 수형 에멀젼의 제조가 가능함을 확인하였다. Water-in-oil emulsions including water-in-ester oil and water-in-silicone oil (W/O+S) have various advantages such as blocking moisture evaporation and forming air permeable membrane. However, their applications have been limited due to the poor stability under low viscosity condition. In this study, we investigated the effect of synergistic interaction between nonionic surfactant, micro-size particles and cationic surfactant on the stability of W/O+S formulation. The stability of W/O+S emulsions was changed as a function of cationic surfactant concentration where it increased at lower concentration and then started to decrease above a critical point. Finally, emulsion phase inversion occurred at a high concentration. The results suggest that W/O+S emulsions of low viscosity ranging from 2000 to 5000 cps can be stabilized under the conditions where a nonionic surfactant, micro-size particles and a cationic surfactant are used in the range of 1.0 ∼ 4.0 wt%, 2.5 wt% and 0.1 ∼ 0.5 wt%, respectively.

SYNERGISTIC INTERACTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AND MICROWAVES: PREDICTION AND OPTIMIZATION

Petin, Vladislav G.,Kim, Jin-Kyu,Kolganova, Olga I.,Zhavoronkov, Leonid P. The Korean Association for Radiation Protection 2011 방사선방어학회지 Vol.36 No.1

A simple mathematical model of simultaneous combined action of environmental agents has been proposed to describe the synergistic interaction of microwave and high ambient temperature treatment on animal heating. The model suggests that the synergism is caused by the additional effective damage arising from an interaction of sublesions induced by each agent. These sublesions are considered to be ineffective if each agent is taken individually. The additional damage results in a higher body temperature increment when compared with that expected for an independent action of each agent. The model was adjusted to describe the synergistic interaction, to determine its greatest value and the condition under which it can be achieved. The prediction of the model was shown to be consistent with experimental data on rabbit heating. The model appears to be appropriate and the conclusions are valid.

Microstructural properties of hardened cement paste blended with coal fly ash, sugar mill lime sludge and rice hull ash

Opiso, Einstine M.,Sato, Tsutomu,Otake, Tsubasa Techno-Press 2017 Advances in concrete construction Vol.5 No.3

The synergistic interactions of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) with ordinary portland cement (OPC) in multi-blended systems could enhance the mechanical and durability properties of concrete and increase the amount of cement that can be replaced. In this study, the characteristics of the hydration products as well as paste microstructure of blended cement containing 20% coal fly ash, 10% rice hull ash and 10% sugar mill lime sludge in quaternary blended system was investigated. Portlandite content, hydration products, compressive strength, pore size distribution and microstructural architecture of hydrated blended cement pastes were examined. The quaternary blended cement paste showed lower compressive strength, reduced amount of Portlandite phases, and higher porosity compared to plain hardened cement paste. The interaction of SCMs with OPC influenced the hydration products, resulting to the formation of ettringite and monocarboaluminate phases. The blended cement paste also showed extensive calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate silicate hydrates but unrefined compared to plain cement paste. In overall, the expected synergistic reaction was significantly hindered due to the low quality of supplementary cementitious materials used. Hence, pre-treatments of SCMs must be considered to enhance their reactivity as good quality SCMs can become limited in the future.