Calculating carbon mass balance from unsaturated soil columns treated with CaSO₄-minerals: Test of soil carbon sequestration

Han, Young-Soo,Tokunaga, Tetsu K. Elsevier 2014 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.117 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Renewed interest in managing C balance in soils is motivated by increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO<SUB>2</SUB> and consequent climate change. Here, experiments were conducted in soil columns to determine C mass balances with and without addition of CaSO<SUB>4</SUB>-minerals (anhydrite and gypsum), which were hypothesized to promote soil organic carbon (SOC) retention and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) precipitation as calcite under slightly alkaline conditions. Changes in C contents in three phases (gas, liquid and solid) were measured in unsaturated soil columns tested for one year and comprehensive C mass balances were determined. The tested soil columns had no C inputs, and only C utilization by microbial activity and C transformations were assumed in the C chemistry. The measurements showed that changes in C inventories occurred through two processes, SOC loss and SIC gain. However, the measured SOC losses in the treated columns were lower than their corresponding control columns, indicating that the amendments promoted SOC retention. The SOC losses resulted mostly from microbial respiration and loss of CO<SUB>2</SUB> to the atmosphere rather than from chemical leaching. Microbial oxidation of SOC appears to have been suppressed by increased Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> and SO<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>2</SUP> <SUP>−</SUP> from dissolution of CaSO<SUB>4</SUB> minerals. For the conditions tested, SIC accumulation per m<SUP>2</SUP> soil area under CaSO<SUB>4</SUB>-treatment ranged from 130 to 260gCm<SUP>−1</SUP> infiltrated water (20–120gCm<SUP>−1</SUP> infiltrated water as net C benefit). These results demonstrate the potential for increasing C sequestration in slightly alkaline soils via CaSO<SUB>4</SUB>-treatment.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Soil carbon mass balance was calculated in an unsaturated soil column. </LI> <LI> Soil amendment with CaSO<SUB>4</SUB>-minerals works for carbon sequestration. </LI> <LI> Main carbon sequestration resulted from organic carbon retention. </LI> <LI> Precipitated calcite can be considered as a carbon sink in this study. </LI> <LI> CaSO<SUB>4</SUB>-soil amendment is proved as a effective carbon sequestration method. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Cations of Soil Minerals and Carbon Stabilization of Three Land Use Types in Gambari Forest Reserve, Nigeria

Oladele Fisayo Falade,Samsideen Olabiyi Rufai 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2021 Journal of Forest Science Vol.37 No.2

Predicting carbon distribution of soil aggregates is difficult due to complexity in organo-mineral formation. This limits global warming mitigation through soil carbon sequestration. Therefore, knowledge of land use effect on carbon stabilization requires quantification of soil mineral cations. The study was conducted to quantify carbon and base cations on soil mineral fractions in Natural Forest, Plantation Forest and Farm Land. Five 0.09 ha were demarcated alternately along 500 m long transect with an interval of 50 m in Natural Forest (NF), Plantation Forest (PF) and Farm Land (FL). Soil samples were collected with soil cores at 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm depths in each plot. Soil core samples were oven-dried at 105°C and soil bulk densities were computed. Sample (100 g) of each soil core was separated into >2.0, 2.0-1.0, 1.0-0.5, 0.5-0.05 and <0.05 mm aggregates using dry sieve procedure and proportion determined. Carbon concentration of soil aggregates was determined using Loss-on-ignition method. Mineral fractions of soil depths were obtained using dispersion, sequential extraction and sedimentation methods of composite soil samples and sieved into <0.05 and >0.05 mm fractions. Cation exchange capacity of two mineral fractions was measured using spectrophotometry method. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and ANOVA at 0.05. Silt and sand particle size decreased while clay increased with increase in soil depth in NF and PF. Subsoil depth contained highest carbon stock in the PF. Carbon concentration increased with decrease in aggregate size in soil depths of NF and FL. Micro- (1-0.5, 0.5-0.05 and <0.05 mm) and macro-aggregates (>2.0 and 2-1.0 mm) were saturated with soil carbon in NF and FL, respectively. Cation exchange capacity of <0.05 mm was higher than >0.05 mm in soil depths of PF and FL. Fine silt (<0.05 mm) determine the cation exchange capacity in soil depths. Land use and mineral size influence the carbon and cation exchange capacity of Gambari Forest Reserve.

안정성동위원소 기술을 이용한 토양의 유기물 보유에 대한 대기 CO2 및 온도 상승의 효과 해석

윤석인 ( Seok In Yun ),이정은 ( Jeong Eun Lee ),서정화 ( Jung Hwa Seo ),노희명 ( Hee Myong Ro ) 한국환경농학회 2013 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2013 No.-

The role of soil organic matter in attenuating or accelerating climate change is one of the major concerns. Decomposition of soil organic matter can influence the global carbon balance due to possible feedback by warming to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. To predict the effect of global warming and elevated-air CO2 on soil organic matter, we studied the variation in contents and isotope composition with soil depth under elevated CO2 (ambient + 300 ppmv) and temperature (ambient + 5°C). The carbon isotope compositions (δ13C) under elevated CO2 condition were apparently higher than those under ambient CO2 condition, indicating that carbon isotope composition under elevated CO2 condition can be a possible integrator to trace carbon dynamics in soils. The higher carbon contents and the lower δ13C values in soils under elevated CO2 compared with ambient condition indicated that the influx of organic matter into soil was increased and its retention was also increased. However, soil organic matter decomposed fast under elevated temperature condition compared with ambient condition, which was reflected by the 13C enrichment with elevating temperature. Our results suggested that elevated CO2 and temperature would increase the influx of organic matter into soils but the organic matter would decompose faster with elevating temperature and that the carbon isotope signature of soil could be used as a reliable tool to interpret carbon dynamics in soils.

비산재와 제올라이트 처리에 의한 토양탄소 격리능 증대 가능성 평가

임상선 ( Sang-sun Lim ),이선일 ( Sun-il Lee ),이동석 ( Dong-suk Lee ),이광승 ( Kwang-seung Lee ),김미리 ( Mi-li Kim ),문단비 ( Dan-bi Moon ),최우정 ( Woo-jung Choi ) 한국농공학회 2010 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2010 No.-

Soil is the largest carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystem and agricultural soils have a great potential of carbon sequestration due to their lower carbon storage than carbon saturation point. A 15-days incubation experiment was conducted to assess enhancement of carbon sequestration potential of agricultural soils by Fly-ash (FA) and Zeolite (Z) application. Thirteen treatments were laid out: control (without FA or Z), F₂, F₅, F₁₀, F₁₅, F₂₅, F₅₀, Z₂, Z₅, Z₁₀, Z₁₅, Z₂₅ and Z₅₀ (the subscript indicates the % of FA or Z to soil weight). Glucose was added as a carbon source at 200 mg kg^-1 and CO₂ emission from the soils were determined. The cumulative CO₂-C emission during the 15-days incubation of the control was 325.2 mg C kg^-1, whereas application of FA (ranged from 255.7 to 359.4 mg C kg^-1) or Z (ranged from 241.6 to 298.4 mg C kg^-1) reduced CO₂ emission except for F₂₅ and F₅₀ treatments. The cumulative CO₂-C emission relative to the control corresponds to -21.4 to 10.5% for FA and to -25.7 to -8.3% for Z amended soils. As the effects of FA and Z application on soil environment are very complicated, it is not straightforward to interpret such pattern. In our study, the reduction of CO₂ emission by FA and Z applications could be ascribed primarily to CO₂ adsorption by CaO in FA (7.0%) and Z (2.5%) through the carbonation process and entrapment of CO₂ in micro-pores and channels in porous Z could also contribute to such reduction. These results suggest that application FA and Z has a potential to reduce CO₂ emission from soils; however, further studies are required to discover the mechanism of their effects.

Effect of Tillage and Green Manuring on Long- and Short-term Carbon Stability in Arable Soil

Ju-Mi Lim(임주미),Chang Oh Hong(홍창오) 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11

Green manuring (GM) and no-till (NT) are known as the practical soil managements to increase soil carbon sequestration. Stable soil organic carbon (SOC) content could be an important factor affecting long- and short-term carbon sequestration. However, the effect of GM and tillage practice on long- and short-term SOC stability in arable soil has not been clearly determined, so far. The objectives of this study was to determine the effect of tillage practice and GM on long- and short-term carbon stability in arable soil by evaluating net eco-system carbon budget (NECB) and aggregate size distribution. This study was conducted in upland soil supporting for maize with GM including fallow (F) and hairy vetch (HV) under different tillage practices including NT and conventional till (CT) for 3 years from 2018 through 2020. Hairy vetch (HV) was cultivated and maize were cultivated as green manure and subsequent crop during winter season (November- April) and summer season (May-October) for 3 years, respectively. Green manuring significantly affected NECB, but tillage practice did not. The value of NECB was highest with HV under CT, because the amount of carbon input to the soil was greatest. Tillage practice significantly affected aggregate size distribution, but GM did not. Small macro-aggregate (SM) increased with CT and decreased with NT whereas, large macro-aggregate (LM) and micro-aggregate (MI) decreased with CT and increased with NT. The ratio of fine intra particulate carbon (IPC) to coarse IPC in SM was higher with NT than CT. The SOC concentrations in all aggregate size were higher with HV than F. However, there was no significant difference of SOC concentrati on in all aggregate size between CT and NT. Even if the SOC concentration in all aggregate size was greater with HV than F, the high SOC concentrations in MI and s+c sizes benefits for long-term carbon sequestration. Therefore, we suggest that HV under CT may be optimum agricultural practice for short-term carbon sequestration in upland soil, whereas HV under NT for long-term carbon sequestration.

목초재배지 및 벼논 관리 변화에 따른 토양 탄소 및 미생물 활성도

유가영(Ga-Young Yoo),김현진(Hyun-Jin Kim),김예솔(Ye-Sol Kim),정민웅(Min-Hung Jung) 한국토양비료학회 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.3

본 연구는 논과 목초지에서 관리방법에 따른 토양탄소의 변화에 대해 알아보았다. 논에서는 총탄소 농도의 변화에 비하여 입자상 탄소농도의 변화가 IRG 처리에 따라 더 민감하게 반응하였으며, 이에 입자상 탄소농도는 관리방법 변화에 따른 조기지시자로 활용될 수 있음을 시사하였다. 반면, 초지에서는 입자상 탄소농도의 변화가 총탄소 농도 변화에 비해 오히려 더 민감하지 않게 반응하였는데, 이는 본 연구방법에 따라 분류한 입자상 탄소가 초지와 같은 생태계에서는 의미 있는 탄소부분이 아닐 수 있음을 시사한다. 토양탄소저장을 살펴보았을 때 논의 경우는 겨울동안 IRG 목초작물을 재배하는 관리를 3년 이상 지속한 서천 및 장흥에서 유의한 증가가 있었다. 토양탄소의 유의한 증가는 농도뿐만 아니라 용적밀도를 고려하여 동일 부피 토양을 비교한 경우 및 동일 질량 토양을 비교한 경우 모두 유의하게 관찰되었는데, 이는 IRG 재배에 따른 토양탄소 저장의 증가가 단순히 표토에 축적된 식물체 유기물에 의한 일시적 농도의 증가가 아닌 토심 0-15 cm 깊이의 토양탄소의 증가였음을 시사한다. 목초지에서는 목초지 조성이후 3년, 5년, 7년, 10년이 지남에 따라 표토 (0-5 cm)에서의 탄소농도 증가가 현저하였다. 반면 5-15 cm 깊이의 토양에서는 이러한 증가경향이 뚜렷하지 않거나 오히려 감소하기도 하였다. 이 결과 토양내 저장되어 있는 탄소량을 용적밀도를 고려하고 동일 질량을 비교한 경우에 시간에 따른 뚜렷한 증가경향이 흐릿해짐을 알 수 있었다. 이는 초지 조성시기가 오래됨에 따라 토양의 용적밀도가 높아짐으로 인해 용적밀도 증가에 따른 토양질량의 증가분을 보정하였을 때 나타나는 결과로써, 초지 조성연도가 오래될수록 저장된 탄소의 양이 선형적으로 증가할 것이라는 기존의 통념을 수정할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. IPCC (2006)에서 제안한 지침에 따르면, 토양탄소는 20년 동안 직선적인 증가를 한다는 가정을 하였는데, 본 연구의 결과에서 특정 관리방법 착수시점에서 초기 5-7년 동안 토양탄소는 빠르게 증가하고, 증가속도는 그 이후에 느려지고 있음을 보여준다. 이는 지속적 토양탄소 저장 증가를 위해서는 적절한 토양관리 및 유기물 관리를 해야 한다는 점을 의미하기도 한다. 한편, 토양 내 FDA 활성도에 비추어 본 미생물 활성도는 논의 경우는 IRG 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 유의하게 낮게 나타났으며 초지의 경우는 조성연도별 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이는 FDA 활성도가 토양의 관리방법별 차이에 따른 토양 질의 변화를 표현하기에는 민감하거나 변별력이 높은 지시자는 아님을 의미하며, 미생물 생체량이나 토양호흡량 등과 함께 측정하여 보조적인 자료로 활용하는 것이 좋다고 판단된다. This study investigated soil carbon storage and microbial activities influenced by different management practices in rice paddies and pastures. Soils under a single-crop farming of rice (CON) and rice-Italian ryegrass rotation farming (IRG) were compared in Jangheung, Jeollanam-do, Seocheon and Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do. Soils from pastures were analyzed to investigate the effect of duration period (P1, P2, P3) in Namwon, Jeollabuk-do and Seosan, Chungcheongnam-do. In rice paddy, total and particulate carbon (PC) concentrations in the IRG soils were significantly higher than those in the CON soils both in Jangheung and Seocheon where the IRG has been established for three years, whereas carbon concentrations were not significantly different in Cheonan where IRG planting history is only one year. In rice paddy soils, PC was suggested as an early indicator to monitor changes in soil carbon storage followed by adopting different management practices. In pasture, total and PC concentrations increased with duration period especially in the 0-5 cm soils. Contrary to the rice paddy soils, the magnitude of change in PC concentration is not as great as that in total carbon concentration, implying that there is a need to develop a new early indicator other than PC using different fractionation scheme. The soil carbon storage in pasture also increased with years since establishment and the increasing rate was significantly greater in the early stage (0-5 yrs) than the later one (〉5 yrs). Microbial activities measured from fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis analysis were significantly lower in the IRG soils than CON soils, whereas no difference was observed in the pastures of different ages. This shows that FDA activity is not a sensitive indicator to differentiate soil qualities influenced by management practices if it is used by itself.

염류 토양의 비옥도와 염농도 변화에 따른 토양 탄소 함량과 벼 수량

서보성 ( Bo-seong Seo ),박현진 ( Hyun-jin Park ),정영재 ( Young-jae Jung ),양혜인 ( Hye In Yang ),박세인 ( Se-in Park ),백누리 ( Nu-ri Baek ),곽진협 ( Jin-hyeob Kwak ),최우정 ( Woo-jung Choi ) 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2021 No.-

Salt-affected reclaimed tidelands (RTLs) in coastal areas of South Korea are commonly used for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation as excessive salts are removed through leaching by irrigation during rice growth. However, changes in soil properties and rice growth in RTLs by continuous rice cultivation are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated soil salinity indices (ECe, electrical conductivity of soil extracts; SAR, sodium adsorption ratio; ESP, exchangeable sodium percentage), fertility (mineral nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) concentrations), and carbon (C) content as well as rice biomass and yield in 72 paddy fields within 10 RTL areas, which have been cultivated for different time periods (13 - 35 years). Continuous rice cultivation decreased EC_e by 0.36 dS m^-1 per year, indicating desalinization, but ESP and SAR were not changed. Available P concentration increased but mineral N concentration did not change with rice cultivation years. There was also an indication of increased soil C concentration with rice cultivation. However, rice biomass and yield were not different among the RTLs. Instead, rice biomass and yield as well as soil C concentration were negatively correlated with ECe when all individual measurements from 72 sampling sites within the 10 RTLs were pooled, suggesting that salinity is a constraint for both rice production and soil C sequestration from rice residue at field scales. Interestingly, soil mineral N concentration was positively correlated with EC_e and negatively with rice biomass and yield. This result implies that heavy application of N fertilizer in highly saline soils may not benefit rice growth. Our results show that long-term rice cultivation with fertilization and irrigation decreases salinity while increasing P availability. However, soil C content and rice biomass and yield were more responsive to salinity status of each paddy field rather than cultivation years, highlighting the necessity of field-specific soil management for improved rice production and enhanced soil C sequestration.

Carbon Sequestration in the Plantations of Chittagong Hilly Areas of Bangladesh

( Danesh Miah ),( M. Farid Uddin ),( M. Kalimuddin Bhuiyan ),( Man Yong Shin ) 한국산림과학회 2004 한국산림과학회지 Vol.93 No.4

N/A The study was conducted in the plantations of 13 tree species of Chittagong hilly areas, Bangladesh, with the objective of quantifying carbon sequestration. It was revealed that there was a gross 191 ton/ha carbon stock in the studied plantations. The highest soil(including humus) carbon content(113 ton/ha) was found in the Jarul(Lagerstroemia speciosa) plantation and the lowest(83 ton/ha) was found in the Pine(Pinus caribaea) plantation. Most of the plantations were found to possess the litter carbon contents as 3 ton/ha except Mehegoni(Swietenia mahagoni), Pine(Pinus caribaea) and Dhakijam(Syzygium grande) plantation, which possessed only 2 ton/ha carbon. The results represented that 3.13 ton/ha/year for fuelwood collection and 1.24 ton/ha/year for litter collection by the surrounding people, carbon were lost from the plantations. The net increment of carbon in the plantations was 3.86 ton/ha/year. The study revealed a promising result of carbon sequestration by the plantation species in the Chittagong hilly areas, which shows a potential of plantation species to participate in the international carbon trading.

Erosion-induced changes in soil biogeochemical and microbiological properties in Swiss Alpine grasslands

Park, J.H.,Meusburger, K.,Jang, I.,Kang, H.,Alewell, C. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2014 Soil biology & biochemistry Vol.69 No.-

Soil erosion can alter the storage of carbon (C) and other biogeochemical properties in both eroding and depositional soils. Little is yet known about soil microbial responses to erosion-induced changes in the quantity and quality of organic matter in mountain grasslands. To examine biogeochemical and microbiological responses to soil erosion, we compared the concentrations and stable isotope ratios of C and N, and microbial properties in eroding upslope (oxic), and depositional downslope (oxic) and wetland soils among three grasslands in the Swiss Alps. Compared to the reference site (Moos), the eroding upslope soils (Laui and Bielen) tended to have lower N concentrations and δ<SUP>15</SUP>N. The depositional wetland soils had higher δ<SUP>13</SUP>C and lower δ<SUP>15</SUP>N and C and N concentrations compared to the reference wetland, reflecting the influence of dry, oxic soils from eroding slopes. The depositional wetland soils had lower water-extractable organic C (WEOC) concentrations and optical intensities (UV absorbance and humic- and protein-like fluorescence) compared to the reference wetland. The activity of soil enzymes was positively related to most of the measured parameters indicative of organic matter quantity (e.g., %C and %N) and quality (e.g., WEOC and protein-like fluorescence), exhibiting significantly lower values in the sheet erosion-affected wetland (Bielen) than at the other sites. 16S rRNA gene copy numbers in the wetland were smaller than in the upland soil at all sites and greatest at Laui among three sites, indicating a potential alteration of the microbial community by the deposited oxic soils and attached microbial cells. The results suggest that soils deposited from the eroding slopes can slow down organic matter decomposition in the depositional wetland soils through decreases in the availability of labile organic matter and enzyme activity. Further research is required to elucidate erosion-induced changes in the activity and abundance of wetland microbial communities.

Carbon Sequestration in the Plantations of Chittagong Hilly Areas of Bangladesh

Md. Danesh Miah,M. Kalimuddin Bhuiyan,신만용,M. Farid Uddin 한국산림과학회 2004 한국산림과학회지 Vol.93 No.4

The study was conducted in the plantations of 13 tree species of Chittagong hilly areas, Bangladesh, with the objective of quantifying carbon sequestration. It was revealed that there was a gross 191 ton/ha carbon stock in the studied plantations. The highest soil(including humus) carbon content(113 ton/ha) was found in the Jarul(Lagerstroemia speciosa) plantation and the lowest(83 ton/ha) was found in the Pine(Pinus caribaea) plantation. Most of the plantations were found to possess the litter carbon contents as 3 ton/ha except Mehegoni(Swietenia mahagoni), Pine(Pinus caribaea) and Dhakijam(Syzygium grande) plantation, which possessed only 2 ton/ha carbon. The results represented that 3.13 ton/ha/year for fuelwood collection and 1.24 ton/ha/year for litter collection by the surrounding people, carbon were lost from the plantations. The net increment of carbon in the plantations was 3.86 ton/ha/year. The study revealed a promising result of carbon sequestration by the plantation species in the Chittagong hilly areas, which shows a potential of plantation species to participate in the international carbon trading.