Shelter material and shape preferences of the sea cucumber, <i>Apostichopus japonicus</i>

Kwon, Inyeong,Lee, Kyounghoon,Kim, Taeho Elsevier 2019 Aquaculture Vol.508 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The purpose of this study was to determine the physical properties of shelter design that could enhance sea cucumber cultivation. The structural material (PVC, cement mortar, and porous cement mortar), hole shape (triangle, square, and circle), and hole size (0.0014, 0.0025, and 0.0079 m<SUP>2</SUP>) of shelters were analyzed to determine sea cucumber preferences. Ninety sea cucumbers were used (30 individuals per body size group) and the initial weights were 20.56 ± 4.97 g, 60.80 ± 6.05 g, and 115.80 ± 9.13 g for small, medium, and large sea cucumbers, respectively. Changes in behavioral characteristics in relation to body weight at 10, 15, and 20 °C were also analyzed. Additionally, movement characteristics on surfaces of varying degrees of roughness (a. PVC [0.68–0.9 mm], b. cement mortar [1.5–1.8 mm], and c. porous cement mortar [2.0–2.2 mm]) were determined using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and 2D velocity fields. By day, we observed that sea cucumbers were attached to the inside of circular holes (<I>P</I> < 0.05). Sea cucumbers were attached to shelters made of cement mortar (average 10) > porous cement mortar (average 8) > PVC (average 6), regardless of water temperature or body weight. The preference for sheltering was higher in the small- and medium-size sea cucumber groups than in the group of large-size sea cucumbers. Most sea cucumbers attached to the shelters were in the weight range 20–60 g. The average distances moved by the small, medium, and large sea cucumbers were 1.501, 1.475, and 1.310 m, respectively, and their movement speeds (×10<SUP>−3</SUP> m/s) were 0.181, 0.289, and 0.269, respectively, regardless of water temperature. The movement speed of the sea cucumbers was the fastest (0.373 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP> m/s) at 20 °C. The PIV measurements showed that different velocities and forces were generated when the sea cucumbers moved to shelter materials of varying degrees of surface roughness (force: PVC > porous cement mortar > cement mortar). The sea cucumbers produced the greatest amount of force when moving over smooth surfaces, such as PVC. The smaller the sea cucumber, the less they were affected by temperature change.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The effects of different shelter properties on the behavior of sea cucumbers were investigated. </LI> <LI> The movement distance and speed of sea cucumbers were measured using cameras, software, and particle image velocimetry. </LI> <LI> The shelter preference was higher for small and medium sea cucumbers than for large ones. </LI> <LI> Different forces were generated when the sea cucumbers moved over shelter materials of varying roughness. </LI> </UL> </P>

2종류의 건조기로 제조한 돌기해삼(Apostichopus japonicus)의 복원율과 지방산조성 비교

정우철 ( U-cheol Jeong ),( Feng Jin ),( Anisuzzaman Md ),최병대 ( Byeong-dae Choi ),정현철 ( Hyun-chol Jung ),이상로 ( Sang-ro Lee ),강석중 ( Seok-joong Kang ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2019 한국수산과학회지 Vol.52 No.3

Approximately 80% of the world’s sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicas are processed into dried sea cucumbers. The hot air-drying method is currently used in industry, but it has many problems, such as a short drying time, severe browning, high nutrition loss, and low recovery. In this study, the moisture absorption rate, dry recovery rate, and lipid nutrient composition of sea cucumber dried by heat pump decompression and with a hybrid dryer were investigated. The moisture absorption rates for hybrid-dried sea cucumbers at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h were 241.3%, 427.7%, 652.0%, 721.0%, and 742.2%, respectively. The moisture absorption rates for hot air-dried sea cucumbers were 155.8%, 240.0%, 390.3%, 655.5%, and 667.4%, respectively. Thus, moisture absorption was faster and greater with hybrid drying than with hot air drying. The dry recovery rate at 24 h was greater for hybrid-dried sea cucumber (70.7%) than for hot air-dried sea cucumber (59.8%). Saturated fatty acid contents of the hybrid- and hot air-dried sea cucumbers were 30.0% and 37.5%, respectively. Moreover, greater Σn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content was found in hybrid-dried sea cucumber (15.8%) than in hot air-dried sea cucumber (11.7%).

Effects of different algae in diet on growth and interleukin (IL)-10 production of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Anisuzzaman, Md,Jeong, U-Cheol,Jin, Feng,Choi, Jong-Kuk,Kamrunnahar, Kabery,Lee, Da-In,Yu, Hak Sun,Kang, Seok-Joong The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2017 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.20 No.10

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different algae in diet on growth, survival, and interleukin-10 productions of sea cucumber. At first, a 9-week feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and survival of the sea cucumber fed one of the six experimental diets containing ST (Sargassum thunbergii), UL (Ulva lactuca), UP (Undaria pinnatifida), LJ (Laminaria japonica), SS (Schizochytrium sp.), and NO (Nannochloropsis oculata) in a recirculating aquaculture system. The result showed that survival was not significantly different among the dietary treatments, and the specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumber fed the UL diet ($1.58%d^{-1}$) was significantly higher than that of sea cucumber fed the other diets (P < 0.05), except for the LJ and NO diets. Secondly, interleukin (IL)-10 gene expression was determined where mice splenocytes were stimulated with $10{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ of sea cucumber extracts for 2 h. The result showed that IL-10 gene expression levels were significantly increased in UL, LJ, and NO diets fed sea cucumber extracts compared to other experimental diets. The results suggest that dietary inclusion with Ulva lactuca, Laminaria japonica, and Nannochloropsis oculata algae may improve the growth of juvenile sea cucumber and could upregulate IL-10 gene expression in mice splenocytes. Such detailed information could be helpful in further development of more appropriate diets for sea cucumber culture.

Effects of different algae in diet on growth and interleukin (IL)-10 production of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

( Md Anisuzzaman ),( Jeong U-cheol ),( Jin Feng ),( Choi Jong-kuk ),( Kabery Kamrunnahar ),( Lee Da-in ),( Yu Hak Sun ),( Kang Seok-joong ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2017 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.20 No.4

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different algae in diet on growth, survival, and interleukin-10 productions of sea cucumber. At first, a 9-week feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and survival of the sea cucumber fed one of the six experimental diets containing ST (Sargassum thunbergii), UL (Ulva lactuca), UP (Undaria pinnatifida), LJ (Laminaria japonica), SS (Schizochytrium sp.), and NO (Nannochloropsis oculata) in a recirculating aquaculture system. The result showed that survival was not significantly different among the dietary treatments, and the specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumber fed the UL diet (1.58% d^-1) was significantly higher than that of sea cucumber fed the other diets (P < 0.05), except for the LJ and NO diets. Secondly, interleukin (IL)-10 gene expression was determined where mice splenocytes were stimulated with 10 μg ml^-1 of sea cucumber extracts for 2 h. The result showed that IL-10 gene expression levels were significantly increased in UL, LJ, and NO diets fed sea cucumber extracts compared to other experimental diets. The results suggest that dietary inclusion with Ulva lactuca, Laminaria japonica, and Nannochloropsis oculata algae may improve the growth of juvenile sea cucumber and could upregulate IL-10 gene expression in mice splenocytes. Such detailed information could be helpful in further development of more appropriate diets for sea cucumber culture.

Optimal growth conditions and economic analysis of sea cucumber releasing

이철,최상덕 한국수산과학회 2020 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.23 No.2

We tried to find the optimal growth conditions of sea cucumber and to analyze the economic effectiveness of the sea cucumber seedling release project in Korea. We first examined the optimal growth conditions of sea cucumber in the relating literatures. Then, we analyzed the economic effectiveness of the sea cucumber seedling release project of the Woncheon fishing village union of Gyeongnam Province in 2016–2018 by using the cost benefit analysis method. The net income of the release project of the Woncheon fishing village union was 69,850 Korean won. The benefit to cost ratio of the sea cucumber seedling release project of the Woncheon fishing village union was estimated to be 1.7, indicating that the project was economically feasible. In order to improve the economic feasibility of the sea cucumber release project, as we see in the case of the Woncheon fishing village union, it is necessary to manage the purchase of the sea cucumber seedling, to improve the recapture rate of sea cucumber, and to manage marketing of sea cucumber.

Optimal growth conditions and economic analysis of sea cucumber releasing

Lee, Cheol,Choi, Sang Duk The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2020 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.23 No.4

We tried to find the optimal growth conditions of sea cucumber and to analyze the economic effectiveness of the sea cucumber seedling release project in Korea. We first examined the optimal growth conditions of sea cucumber in the relating literatures. Then, we analyzed the economic effectiveness of the sea cucumber seedling release project of the Woncheon fishing village union of Gyeongnam Province in 2016-2018 by using the cost benefit analysis method. The net income of the release project of the Woncheon fishing village union was 69,850 Korean won. The benefit to cost ratio of the sea cucumber seedling release project of the Woncheon fishing village union was estimated to be 1.7, indicating that the project was economically feasible. In order to improve the economic feasibility of the sea cucumber release project, as we see in the case of the Woncheon fishing village union, it is necessary to manage the purchase of the sea cucumber seedling, to improve the recapture rate of sea cucumber, and to manage marketing of sea cucumber.

Whole-Body Microbiota of Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) from South Korea for Improved Seafood Management

( Tae-yoon Kim ),( Jin-jae Lee ),( Bong-soo Kim ),( Sang Ho Choi ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2017 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.27 No.10

Sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) is a popular seafood source in Asia, including South Korea, and its consumption has recently increased with recognition of its medicinal properties. However, because raw sea cucumber contains various microbes, its ingestion can cause foodborne illness. Therefore, analysis of the microbiota in the whole body of sea cucumber can extend our understanding of foodborne illness caused by microorganisms and help to better manage products. We collected 40 sea cucumbers from four different sites in August and November, which are known as the maximum production areas in Korea. The microbiota was analyzed by an Illumina MiSeq system, and bacterial amounts were quantified by real-time PCR. The diversity and bacterial amounts in sea cucumber were higher in August than in November. Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria were common dominant classes in all samples. However, the microbiota composition differed according to sampling time and site. Staphylococcus warneri and Propionibacterium acnes were commonly detected potential pathogens in August and November samples, respectively. The effect of experimental Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection on the indigenous microbiota of sea cucumber was analyzed at different temperatures, revealing clear alterations of Psychrobacter and Moraxella; thus, these shifts can be used as indicators for monitoring infection of sea cucumber. Although further studies are needed to clarify and understand the virulence and mechanisms of the identified pathogens of sea cucumber, our study provides a valuable reference for determining the potential of foodborne illness caused by sea cucumber ingestion and to develop monitoring strategies of products using microbiota information.

배합사료 내 펄 분말 첨가가 어린 해삼(Apostichopus japonicus)의 성장 및 체조성에 미치는 영향

김경덕 ( Kyoung Duck Kim ),배기민 ( Ki Min Bae ),한현섭 ( Hyon Sob Han ),김강웅 ( Kang Woong Kim ),이봉주 ( Bong Joo Lee ),김성삼 ( Sung Sam Kim ),박기영 ( Kie Young Park ),권오남 ( O Nam Kwon ) 한국수산과학회 2016 한국수산과학회지 Vol.49 No.1

This study investigated the effects of dietary inclusion of sea mud on growth and body composition of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. In experiment 1, three experimental diets containing sea mud at the level of 0, 30 and 60% were prepared. After feeding trial for 7 weeks, survival was not significantly different among groups. Final mean weight of sea cucumber fed the experimental diet without sea mud supplementation was significantly higher than that of sea cucumber fed the diet containing 30 and 60% sea mud. In experiment 2, three experimental dietscontaining sea mud at the levels of 0, 15 and 30% were prepared. After feeding trial for 19 weeks, survival was not significantly different among groups. Final mean weight of sea cucumber fed the diet without sea mud supplementation was not significantly different from that of 15%, but was significantly higher than that of sea cucumber fed the diet containing 30% sea mud. It was concluded that dietary inclusion of sea mud may inhibit growth of sea cucumber.

Influences of Dietary Lipid Source on the Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

서주영,최진,이상민 한국수산과학회 2010 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.13 No.2

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources on the growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile sea cucumber. For 12 weeks, three replicate groups of sea cucumber (average weight 1.4 g) were fed one of three diets, containing squid liver oil (SLO), soybean oil (SO), or linseed oil (LO) as a dietary lipid source, or a control diet (CON) without added lipids. Sea cucumber survival was not significantly different among dietary treatments (P>0.05). The highest weight gain was observed in sea cucumber fed the SLO diet, whereas the weight gain of sea cucumber fed the SO diet was the lowest among dietary treatments (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in the moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash contents of whole sea cucumber body among dietary treatments (P>0.05). Concentrations of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were significantly higher in sea cucumber fed the SLO diet than in those fed on the other diets. The highest 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 contents were observed in sea cucumber fed the SO and LO diets, respectively. The results of this study suggest that squid liver oil could be used as a good lipid source in formulated diets for juvenile sea cucumber.

Influences of Dietary Lipid Source on the Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Seo, Joo-Young,Choi, Jin,Lee, Sang-Min The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2010 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.13 No.2

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources on the growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile sea cucumber. For 12 weeks, three replicate groups of sea cucumber (average weight 1.4 g) were fed one of three diets, containing squid liver oil (SLO), soybean oil (SO), or linseed oil (LO) as a dietary lipid source, or a control diet (CON) without added lipids. Sea cucumber survival was not significantly different among dietary treatments (P>0.05). The highest weight gain was observed in sea cucumber fed the SLO diet, whereas the weight gain of sea cucumber fed the SO diet was the lowest among dietary treatments (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in the moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash contents of whole sea cucumber body among dietary treatments (P>0.05). Concentrations of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were significantly higher in sea cucumber fed the SLO diet than in those fed on the other diets. The highest 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 contents were observed in sea cucumber fed the SO and LO diets, respectively. The results of this study suggest that squid liver oil could be used as a good lipid source in formulated diets for juvenile sea cucumber.