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Shang, Y.,Dai, C.,Lee, M.,Kwak, June M.,Nam, K. Oxford University Press 2016 Molecular plant Vol.9 No.3
Stomatal movements are critical in regulating gas exchange for photosynthesis and water balance between plant tissues and the atmosphere. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays key roles in regulating stomatal closure under various abiotic stresses. In this study, we revealed a novel role of BAK1 in guard cell ABA signaling. We found that the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling mutant bak1 lost more water than wild-type plants and showed ABA insensitivity in stomatal closure. ABA-induced OST1 expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were also impaired in bak1. Unlike direct treatment with H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>, overexpression of OST1 did not completely rescue the insensitivity of bak1 to ABA. We demonstrated that BAK1 forms a complex with OST1 near the plasma membrane and that the BAK1/OST1 complex is increased in response to ABA in planta. Brassinolide, the most active BR, exerted a negative effect on ABA-induced formation of the BAK1/OST1 complex and OST1 expression. Moreover, we found that BAK1 and ABI1 oppositely regulate OST1 phosphorylation in vitro, and that ABI1 interacts with BAK1 and inhibits the interaction of BAK1 and OST1. Taken together, our results suggest that BAK1 regulates ABA-induced stomatal closure in guard cells.
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Brassinosteroid reduces ABA accumulation leading to the inhibition of ABA-induced stomatal closure
Ha, Yun Mi,Shang, Yun,Yang, Dami,Nam, Kyoung Hee Elsevier 2018 Biochemical and biophysical research communication Vol.504 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Proper regulation of stomatal movement in response to various environmental stresses or developmental status is critical for the adaptation of many plant species to land. In plants, abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure is a well-adapted method of regulating water status. In addition to ABA, we previously showed that plant-specific steroidal hormone, brassinosteroid (BR), also induces stomatal closure; however, BR modulates ABA-induced stomatal closure negatively at high concentrations. In this study, we further investigated the cross-talk between ABA and BR in relation to stomatal movement. In contrast to previous reports that ABA-induced stomatal closure was inhibited by brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, we showed that BL-induced stomatal closure was enhanced by ABA, indicating that the sequence of ABA or BL treatments led to different results. We found that this phenomenon occurred because the guard cells still had the capacity to be closed further by ABA, as the degree of stomatal closure by BL was always less than that by ABA. We also found that BL-induced stomatal closure required Open Stomata 1 (OST1) activity and the induced expression of <I>OST1</I> was indifferent to the sequence of ABA and/or BL treatments. In addition, we examined the underlying mechanism by which inhibition of ABA-induced stomatal closure by BL occurred. We revealed that the downregulation of ABA-biosynthetic genes by BL resulted in a lower accumulation of ABA. These results suggested that the regulation of stomatal movement is finely controlled by the combined effects of plant hormones, ABA and BR.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> ABA strengthened BL-induced stomatal closure. </LI> <LI> Expression of <I>OST1</I> was induced by BL, and BL-induced stomatal closure required OST1. </LI> <LI> Inhibition of ABA-induced stomatal closure by BR was due to reduced ABA accumulation. </LI> </UL> </P>
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Akhtar Ali,윤대진 한국식물생명공학회 2020 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.14 No.2
Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role in plant adaptation to environmental stresses. ABA accumulates in response to water defi cit situation and increase in ABA level promotes stomatal closure and thereby reduces leaf transpiration rate. HOS15, a DDB1-CUL4 Associated protein, was previously shown to regulate several physiological functions including freezing stress, fl owering, leaf morphology, ABA-signaling and drought stress. In this review, we focused on the involvement of HOS15 in ABA-signaling. HOS15 interact with and negatively regulate OST1 which lead to fi ne tune ABA signaling deactivation. In fact, HOS15 is one of the major missing components in ABA-signaling core that inter-connect activation and de-activation of ABA-signaling.
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Testing Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition
이건수 한국현대영어영문학회 2008 현대영어영문학 Vol.52 No.2
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relative significance of the two brain-internal factors (L1 and Universal Grammar) in adult second language acquisition. Two specific research questions are whether Universal Grammar is available to learners and whether L2 input can activate universal principles as in first language acquisition. A series of two grammaticality judgment tests were carried out with adult EFL learners on the adjacency condition of wanna contraction and the three binding conditions. The results of both tests show that the subjects' interlanguage systems are overall constrained by the UG principles. With gradationally increasing error rates from group A (high-advanced) and B (low-advanced) to group C (high-intermediate), another generalization was that the lower the L2 competence, the more likely it is that the learner grammars are regulated by native language factor. As for the role of L2 input, the conclusion was that it is not the L2 input alone but its co-work with UG that leads to the subjects' subconscious knowledge of the two UG principles.
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