Formation of the Modern City of Busan: Focusing on the Space and Culture of the Japanese Settlement in Busan before 1910

홍순권 한국학중앙연구원 한국학중앙연구원 2008 Korea Journal Vol.48 No.3

The Japanese settlement in Busan began with the designation of Choryang as a Japanese residential area in 1876. With the increase in Japanese entries into Busan, Japan expanded the settlement in various ways both legally and illegally. Japan built a grided network of streets centered around Mt. Yongdu and overhauled the district. It was around 1901 that urban Busan was taking shape as a modern city. In addition, Japanese people started to reclaim the coastal areas to secure more city space from that time on. After the establishment of the Japanese Residency-General in 1906, Japan organized an association of Japanese residents in Busan to take charge of the city administration and attempted to expand its urban space by annexing illegally purchased land to its settlement. As a result, the Japanese settlement that was once just a small fishing village developed into a city with a population of 20,000 people in 1910. The Japanese-led urbanization of Busan was much imbued with Japanese characteristics in terms of both urban space and culture. The Japanese quarters formed the central part of the city, while Koreans were driven to the outskirts. The ethnic division of living quarters in Busan contributed to ethnic discrimination within the urban culture of Busan, after the Japanese annexation of Korea.

러일전쟁 직후 서울의 식민도시화 과정

김백영(Kim Baek-yung) 역사문화학회 2005 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.8 No.2

Seoul, a 500 year old historical city, experienced a rapid transformation from the traditional capital of Choseon Dynasty to a colonial city of Japanese Empire after Russo-Japanese War, resulting in the establishment of Keijofu(Keijo municipal office), the primate city in colonial Han penninsula, in 1914. Japanes-colonized Seoul, Keijo formed a peculiar gourd-shaped colonial dual city, which juxtaposed two opposing pairs: the contrast of the southern town and the northern town within the historical town (within walls) and that of the historical town and new town -Yongsan area- built around Japanese cantonment. I examine the historical process of the formation of Japanese-colonized Seoul from Russo-Japanese War(1904) to Japanese annexation of Korea(1910). focusing on the specificity of the politico-military dynamics. Seoul, as is well-known, was decided as a colonial capital due to its traditional role and status as a primary city in Choseon dynasty. But my point is that the politico-military dynamics after Russo-Japanese War are very important in shaping specific spacial features of colonial Seoul. Also the structural inertias of the historical city and resisting forces from both up and down had strong influence on the transformation of the urban space in all over the colonial period. While at this early phase, the colonial urbanization was led by military power bloc, forming the gourd shaped dual city, consisting of two heterogeneous elements which included historical city area surrounded by walls on one hand, and Yongsan colonial cantonment area the other. But in 1920s and afterwards, its became comprised of the political center, the northern town and the military center, the southern town, the last half was developed into a fan shaped city expansion with the development of Yeong-deung-po plant complexes and suburban housing. Such changes foretold the growth of mega-city in a postcolonial era.

인구지표를 통해 본 우리나라의 도시화 성격 :

김흥순(Kim Heung Soon) 한국지역개발학회 2011 韓國地域開發學會誌 Vol.23 No.2

This study reviews the long-term urbanization trend in Korea based on population statistics. The population data show that Joseon was a very static society whose urbanization had not been progressed over 100 years. Also, the society was ruled by a high primacy of Hanseong, the capital city. Korean peninsular had experienced the rapid urbanization in the second-half year of Japanese Colonial Period. The urbanization was achieved on a qualitative development accompanying industrialization. Since the independence, the country has experienced rapid urbanization, but its rate has not been higher than the one of the colonial period. In the colonial period, the Korean peninsular attained some regional balance. This study also discusses the characteristics of Korean urbanization under the Japanese Imperialist rule. Although many Korean researchers have indicated the pseudo-urbanization in that period, this study argues that there is little positive evidence to prove such distorted urbanization.

GIS를 활용한 일제강점기 일본인 토지 투자 과열 현상과 그 원인 분석: 경성부 원남동을 중심으로

유슬기 역사학연구소 2024 역사연구 Vol.- No.49

본 연구는 1912년 토지조사부, 1917년과 1927년 경성부관내지적목록에 기록된 지번별 토지정보와 1929년 지형명세도 상의 지번별 위치를 토대로 원남동에 나타난 일본인의 토지 투자 현상과 그 원인을 분석하였다. GIS를 활용하여 시기별 토지정보의 변동사항을 베이스맵 위에 나타내고, 원남동 주변의 주요 시설들–창경원, 조선총독부의원, 종묘와 원남동 내부를 관통하는 주요 도로인 이현대로와 부설이 예정된 제6호선 도로를 각각의 레이어로 생성해 중첩하여 토지정보와 위치 간 관계를 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 필지가 분할된 토지의 위치를 비롯하여, 일본인 소유자로 변동된 토지, 특히 이중에서도 가옥 임대업에 사용된 토지로 예상할 수 있는 일본인 부재지주 토지와 당시 도시개발 정보에 민첩한 일본인 관료의 소유지, 이윤 추구를 중시하는 일본인 기업가의 소유지를 대표적으로 살펴봄으로써, 일본인의 토지 수요가 주변의 시설 및 도로의 근대화 이슈와 연관성이 있음을 파악하였다. 본 연구는 미시적인 단위까지 세세하고 구체적으로 서술되지 못한 사료의 한계를 GIS 활용으로 보완함으로써 토지 투자와 주변 환경의 변화 간의 영향을 확인하였음에 의의가 있다. This study analyzed the phenomenon of Japanese land investment in Wonnam-dong(苑南洞) based on land information recorded by cadastral data in 1912, 1917, and 1927, as well as the location of cadastral units on the 1929 map. Using GIS, the study depicted changes in land information over time on a map, overlaying it with major facilities around Wonnam-dong and main roads such as IHyun-Road(梨峴大路) and the planned auxiliary Line 6 road. The analysis focused on lands, including those resulting from the subdivision of parcels and those that underwent changes in ownership to Japanese individuals. Specificaly, an examination was conducted on lands that were expectedto be used for leasing, representing actual non-residential Japanese-owned properties. This study delved into properties owned by Japanese government officials who were adept at obtaining urban developmentinformation at that time, as well as properties owned by Japanese entrepreneurs prioritizing profit-seeking endeavors. Through this representative exploration, the study discerned a correlation between the demand for Japanese land acquisition and contemporary issues and relevance to modern changes in major facilities and main roads. Consequently, it confirmed the impact of land investment on the surrounding environment and changes in the vicinity down to a microscopic level.

풍경 저편의 권력

채경훈(Chae, Kyeonghoon) 한국영화학회 2018 영화연구 Vol.0 No.77

일본 사회는 1955년부터 1973년까지 고도 경제성장기를 거치는 동안 급격한 도시화로 인해 전통문화의 소실, 전통적 개념의 공동체 해체, 농어촌 인구 감소와 지역 불균등 발전, 빈부의 격차 등 다양한 사회문제가 대두됐다. 이는 대중영화에도 그대로 반영되었고 한국전쟁 특수에 힘입어 일본사회가 고도경제성장기에 막 접어드려 하던 1954년에 ‘고질라’가 탄생했다. 이후 〈고질라〉 시리즈에 등장하는 대부분의 괴수들은 여지없이 도시를 파괴하며 도시화에 대한 반성의 측면을 드러내기도 했다. 고도경제성장기가 한창이었던 1960년대 도호에서는 24편의 ‘역전 시리즈’를 제작했다. 시리즈의 주요 무대는 대부분 고도 경제성장의 중심에 있었던 도시들이었으며 시대의 변화에 따른 신구갈등, 과거에 대한 향수, 새로운 세태에 대한 적응 등이 이야기의 중심을 이뤘다. 또한 하니 스스무의 〈그녀와 그〉, 우라야마키리오의 〈큐폴라가 있는 거리〉와 같은 작품들은 도시빈민과 같은 도시화의 어두운 면을 그려내며 인간성의 상실과 연대와 소통의 문제를 다뤘다. 1964년의 도쿄 올림픽과 1970년 오사카 만국박람회의 특수로 인해 도시화가 급속히 진행되고 영화 및 그 밖의 예술계에서는 도시에 대한 비판과 성찰을 본격적으로 다루기 시작했다. 제로지겐이나 하이레드센터와 같은 전위예술집단을 비롯해 전위 기록영화론을 주창했던 마쓰모토 도시오, 아방가르드 예술운동을 이끌었던 데시가하라 히로시와 같은 영화감독들은 도시를 초현실적인 공간으로 표현하며 도시인들의 소외된 삶과 그 이면에 놓여있는 권력의 작동기제를 폭로했다. 1968년 10월과 11월에 도쿄, 교토, 하코다테, 나고야, 일본의 주요 4개 도시에서 총기살인 사건이 일어났다. 범인은 나가야마 노리오라는 소년으로 고도 경제성장의 주역 중 하나인 금의 알 세대였다. 아다치 마사오와 마쓰다 마사오는 그에 대한 다큐멘터리를 찍기 위해 그의 행적을 쫓았고 그 과정에서 도쿄를 근원으로 하는 획일화된 도시 풍경을 발견했다. 오시마 나기사는 〈일본춘가고〉나 〈도쿄전쟁전후비화〉와 같은 작품을 통해 도쿄의 풍경 속에서 국가의 실체를 포착해 내며 실재하지 않는 국가를 상상하며 국가의 풍경에 갇혀 역사적 과오를 반복하는 인물을 그렸다. In 1954, when Japanese society was about to enter into a period of advanced economic growth since Japanese recovery due to the Korean War, the ‘Godzilla’ was born. The Japanese were fascinated by the way an ancient dinosaur contaminated with radioactivity trampled over the city of Tokyo. Since then, most of the monsters in the Godzilla series have destroyed the city. Their attachment to the monsters destroying cities was related to the unconsciousness of Japanese society about rapid urbanization. Various social issues such as the loss of traditional culture, the collapse of traditional communities, the decline in rural population, the regional inequality and the gap between the rich and the poor had emerged through the era of rapid economic growth from 1955 to 1973. Therefore, the cities had become important backgrounds of stories in art, literature, and movies. It was also a subject of reflection and consideration, and sometimes a field of visual experimentation. In the series of Eki-Mae(means ‘in front of train station’) produced in Toho Studio from 1958 to 1969, ‘Eki-Mae’, the symbolic space in the era of rapid economic growth was the important background of the stories. The themes of the stories were conflicts of old and new, the nostalgia of the past, and adjustment to new social surroundings. Film directors who were interested in social issues often covered the subject of urbanization and the changes in lifestyle. In She and He directed by Hani Susumu, he dealt with urbanization from different perspectives on the backdrop of the same place as Kigeki Eki-Mae Danchi(Comedy – The Housing Estate in Front of the Train Station) the second film in Eki-Mae series. He raised the question of loss of humanity in the film. By the 1960s, urbanization became even faster. In particular, during the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1970 Osaka World Expo, Japan was developed and reorganized around major cities such as Tokyo and Osaka. Due to the lack of urban workers, young local workers moved to the big cities through ‘the mass employment.’ They were called ‘the golden eggs’ and had become one of the driving force of advanced economic growth with cheap labor. Nagayama Norio who killed four people with a gun in four cities – Tokyo, Kyoto, Hakodate, and Nagoya – in October and November of 1968, also moved to Tokyo by the mass employment as a generation of the golden eggs and then changed his employment from city to city. The landscape film A.K.A Serial Killer, about Nagayama Norio, contained urban landscapes all over Japan in the late 1960s. Adachi Masao and Matsuda Masao discovered uniformized landscapes originating from Tokyo. Oshima Nagisa captured the reality of the nation in the landscapes of Tokyo through his works such as Sing a Song of Sex and The Man Who Left His Will on Film. Teshigahara Hiroshi dealt with the alienation problem of the modern people by a private detective who lost his memory in the landscapes of Tokyo in The Man Without a Map. Matsumoto Toshio has transformed the chaotic landscapes of Shinjuku into spaces that one can afford in Funeral Parade of Roses.

일제강점 후기 우리나라 도시화의 동인

김흥순(Kim, Heung-Soon) 한국지역개발학회 2011 韓國地域開發學會誌 Vol.23 No.5

Korean cities experienced rapid growth around 1940. This study positively identifies that Japanese population was the main cause of the urbanization. Hosts of Japanese engineers and businessmen came to the Korean cities in the late 1930s. They contributed to Korean industrialization and urbanization. Commerce was less activated than industry at that time. The railroad system played the role that supported industry and commerce. The southern region of the Korean peninsular, which was agriculturally specialized, was relatively depressed comparing with the Seoul metropolitan area and Hamgyeong Provinces where the industry was activated. The large-scale outflow of peasants that Korea experienced in the late 1930s seems to be a normal process in the course of capitalist development.

광복 전후 초량왜관(草梁倭館) 변화 연구

김지인(Kim, Ji In),김준(Kim, Jun),유재우(Yoo, Jae-Woo) 대한건축학회 2016 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.32 No.2

This paper focuses on the Choryang Waegwan area, which acted as a stage for Japanese trade and diplomacy during Japanese colonial rule. The research aims to, first of all, analyse Japanese living spaces in the Choryang Waegwan area; the Japanese concession in Busan and today’s downtown area incorporating Gwangbok-dong and Nampo-dong. This paper differs from previous research, which focused on important office buildings or public facilities, by representing everyday-life-space. As for this, we are referenced to the many olden maps which were made in Map of current land registration and the Busan Guidance, Busan Map (釜山案內圖, 1938). The paper explores the spatial structure and characteristics of the area objectively; not from the habitual perspective that sees this area as little more than a colonial city in the Joseon dynasty constructed by the Japanese. This allows for an examination of its significance to the field of urban planning. Some significance of this research is that it provides the basic data for the following research.

일본 에코시네마의 도시산보녀 : <아사코>에서 영화도시를 걷는 여인의 수행적 감수성

남승석 ( Nam¸ Seung Suk ) 부산대학교 영화연구소 2021 아시아영화연구 Vol.14 No.1

본 연구는 동일본대지진을 경험하고 그에 관한 트라우마적 기억을 가진 여인의 로맨스 서사에서 도시와 전원의 거리를 걷는 한 여성의 퍼포먼스를 통해서 어떻게 수행적 풍경이 구성되는지 고찰한다. 연구 대상은 하마구치 류스케의 <아사코>(2018)의 주인공 아사코(카라타 에리카)와 그녀가 걷는 주변의 환경들이다. <아사코>에서 일본의 동일본대지진 전후의 도시와 전원은 배우의 지각을 통해서 구성되는 하나의 이미지인 풍경으로 표현된다. 주요 연구 방법과 개념은 영화적 생태비평과 퍼포먼스 이론의 접점에서 일본 에코시네마와 도시산보녀의 수행적 감수성이다. 본 연구에서 도시의 거리를 걷는 여성과 관련된 논의는 근대의 도시에 기반을 둔 도시산보 개념을 포함시키면서도 21세기 가속화되는 도시 네트워크의 개념으로서의 도시산보로서 확장된 젠더적 개념을 중심으로 진행한다. 아사코는 동일본대지진 전후로 일본의 3개의 도시들인 도쿄, 오사카, 센다이를 가로질러 걷는다. 그녀는 도시와 자연의 경계로서의 장소를 걸어서 가로지르며 생태적 참여를 시도한다. 아사코가 걷는 풍경은 실재의 무대화를 통해서 한 여인의 자유에 대한 강박과 내면의 균열에 대한 시각적 형상화로 해석할 수 있다. 그래서 카라타 에리카는 극중 인물의 내면과 구체적인 주변 환경을 연결하는 배우의 몰입에 기반을 둔 수행적 감수성을 통해서 영화적 풍경을 구성한다. This article studies ecologically the performative sensitivity of a female urban-walker, so-called a flâneuse Asako (Erika Karata) in Ryûsuke Hamaguchi's Asako Ⅰ&Ⅱ (2018). Asako Ⅰ&Ⅱ is a kind of symbolic psychological film which captures inner anxiety and relationship cracking among the young protagonists of Japanese society who were hurt by the Great East Japan Earthquake and fell into distrust. The film reveals the young Japanese generation's structure of feeling who experienced the Great East Japan Earthquake throughout the performative behavior of Asako (Erika Karata). The research method is the ecological criticism of the performance landscape based on performance theory. In the film, Asako intentionally makes herself alienated from society, and then she walks the performative space and attempts ecological participation with ecological sensitivity. For example, she walks the streets of Tokyo, Osaka, ad Sendai, the three cities in Japan in Asako Ⅰ&Ⅱ. In this Japanese ecocinema, it is an actress Erika Karata's performative sensitivity that the representation of a place including herself in the aesthetic discourse can connect language and image with ethical obsession and the internal process of emotion. As the atmosphere provides a means to connect the inner and the outer surrounding environment, it constitutes the unfolding consciousness to the performative landscape between the ego she creates and nature itself.

The German Legacy in the urban Milieu of Seoul:

Chun, Jin-Sung(전진성) 한국독일사학회 2017 독일연구 Vol.- No.34

독일로부터 발원하여 지구 반대편의 동아시아에 이식된 토지구획정리 기법은 가장 본원적 공간인 토지의 사회적 위상과 의미를 변형시켰다는 점에서 역사적 의의를 지닌다. 무엇보다 근린제국주의라는 근대 동아시아의 특수한 조건 속에서 토지구획정리는 권위주의적인 프로이센 문화가 일제 식민지 조선에 강압되는 전형적인 사례를 보여줌으로써 근대성의 의미에 대 한 보편적인 성찰의 기회를 제공한다. 독일, 일본, 그리고 한국에서 토지구획정리의 작동방식과 기능은 서로 달랐지만 적어도 근본성격 면에서는 공통점도 지닌다. 공공 재정이 부족한 여건 속에서 파편화된 토지를 체계적으로 정리하여 근대적 도시성장을 촉진시키기 위해 토지의 공동 관리가 추진된다. 구획정리할 구역 내의 모든 토지소유자는 일정한 토지를 무상으로 제공하여 그 일부는 공공용지로 사용 하고 다른 일부는 매각을 통하여 재원을 조달하는데 사용한다. 이러한 공간형성의 방식은 사적 소유권의 일정한 침해라는 점에서 사회주의적이라 평가될 여지도 있지만, 실제적으로는 토지개발에 따른 지가의 상승을 통해 토지소유자들에게 감보된 토지 이상의 수익을 보장했기에 오히려 지극히 자본주의적인 개발기법으로 평가될 여지가 더 많다. 본래 독일에서는 민간의 자발성에 비중을 두었던 토지구획정리는 일본과 한국에 이식되어가는 과정에 점점 더 국익의 요소가 강화되었다. 무엇보다 식민통치의 도구에서 조국 근대화의 도구로 이어진 서울의 토지구획정리는도시공간의 근대성이 지니는 강압적 측면을 부각시킨다. 프랑크푸르트 시장 프란츠 아디케스, 도쿄 시장 고토 신페이, 그리고 대한민국 대통령 박정 희 간의 차이에도 불구하고 토지구획정리는 공간에 대한 인위적인 재편이라는 점에서 근대 권력기구의 폭력성을 드러냈고 전례 없는 사회적 갈등을야기했다. Land Readjustment is a land development technique to deal with worldwide urbanization and subsequent demand for urban lots. Started from the legislation by Frankfurt’s mayor Franz Adickes, this modern technique provided an effective means to reduce the inconveniences of land fragmentation and to construct urban infrastructures without expensive acquisition of land, and besides, to control profit allocation. As long as it was an effort for public management of urban space, the initiative of landowners and their cooperation were not always free from government intervention. Under the authoritarian regimes of Imperial Germany, Imperial Japan, and (post)colonial Korea. LR was invented, adopted and enforced, where the role of charismatic leaders such as Franz Adickes, Gotō Shinpei and Park Jǒng-Hee was always crucial. The ambivalence of LR between coercion from higher authorities and voluntary demands of urban proprietors, between municipal socialism and capitalist modernization is most clearly revealed in (post)colonial Seoul, but it is also a global legacy across the continent. In terms of its coercive and developmental rationality, the LR has been an arbiter of transnational urbanity/modernity.

The German Legacy in the urban Milieu of Seoul: The Introduction of Land Readjustment and its spatio-political Effects

전진성 한국독일사학회 2017 독일연구 Vol.- No.34

Land Readjustment is a land development technique to deal with worldwide urbanization and subsequent demand for urban lots. Started from the legislation by Frankfurt’s mayor Franz Adickes, this modern technique provided an effective means to reduce the inconveniences of land fragmentation and to construct urban infrastructures without expensive acquisition of land, and besides, to control profit allocation. As long as it was an effort for public management of urban space, the initiative of landowners and their cooperation were not always free from government intervention. Under the authoritarian regimes of Imperial Germany, Imperial Japan, and (post)colonial Korea. LR was invented, adopted and enforced, where the role of charismatic leaders such as Franz Adickes, Gotō Shinpei and Park Jǒng-Hee was always crucial. The ambivalence of LR between coercion from higher authorities and voluntary demands of urban proprietors, between municipal socialism and capitalist modernization is most clearly revealed in (post)colonial Seoul, but it is also a global legacy across the continent. In terms of its coercive and developmental rationality, the LR has been an arbiter of transnational urbanity/modernity.