Analysis of the International Competitiveness and Influencing Factors of China’s Service Trade

Xinying Liu,Yongni Chen,Xiaohui Wang The International Academy of Global Business and T 2020 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.16 No.2

Purpose - In world trade, the development of the service trade has been extremely rapid, and its development is even faster than that of the goods trade. In order to have a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the development status of China’s service trade, the article mainly analyzes the status quo of China’s service trade. By analyzing the status quo of China’s service trade’s international competitiveness, it finds problems in the development of China’s service trade, and proposes ideas to improve China’s service trade with measures of international competitiveness. Design/Methodology/Approach - The article first analyzes the status quo of China’s service trade development from a macro perspective, and then analyzes the level of China’s service trade international competitiveness from three aspects: international market share, trade competitive advantage index, and explicit comparative advantage index. At the same time, based on Porter’s “Diamond Model”, the article selects production factors, demand factors, support from related industries, and government factors as auxiliary factors for research on China’s service trade. Taking the trade competitiveness index as the dependent variable, the amount of employment in the tertiary industry, per capita GDP, the export value of the goods trade, foreign direct investment, and scientific and technological expenditures are used as independent variables to establish a model. This model is used to conduct quantitative analysis. Findings - The article found that the overall competitiveness of China’s service trade is relatively weak, with serious deficits and uneven structural development. Through quantitative analysis, it is understood that the international competitiveness of China’s service trade is negatively correlated with the amount of employment in the tertiary industry and GDP per capita, and is positively correlated with foreign direct investment, China’s trade exports, and science and technology expenditures. Research Implications - Affected by the pandemic, the structure of the global service trade has undergone great changes, bringing new opportunities to the development of the global service trade. By analyzing the status quo and problems of the international competitiveness of China’s service trade, relevant suggestions are put forward to better promote the development of China’s service trade and improve the international competitiveness of China’s service trade.

배출권 국제거래의 증진을 위한 조화로운 준거법의 추구

김인호 대한변호사협회 2016 人權과 正義 : 大韓辯護士協會誌 Vol.- No.459

온실가스 감축을 위한 국제적 노력의 하나로 배출권거래제가 시행되고 있다. 우리나라도 2015년부터 시장기능을 통하여 효율적으로 온실가스의 감축이라는 환경문제를 해결하는 제도로 평가되는 배출권거래제를 시행하고 있다. 배출권거래제가 국제적으로 확산됨에 따라 배출권의 국제거래를 통하여 배출권거래제의 순기능을 보다 넓은 시장에서 실현할 수 있게 되었다. 배출권의 국제거래가 이루어지면 국제사법 규칙을 통하여 외국적 요소가 있는 법률관계에 적용될 준거법을 결정하여야 한다. 우선 배출권이라는 새로운 거래 대상에 대한 성질결정과 배출권거래의 계약적 법률관계와 물권적 법률관계를 구분하여 이에 대한 준거법의 검토가 필요하다. 배출권의 국제거래에 대한 통일된 또는 적어도 조화로운 준거법의 모색을 통하여 배출권의 국제거래의 증진을 도모할 수 있을 것이다. 배출권을 동산으로 보아 계약적 법률관계에 대하여는 국제물품매매계약에 관한 국제연합협약의 적용을 통하여, 물권적 법률관계에 대하여는 동산물권의 준거법인 소재지법을 유추한 배출권등록지법의 적용을 통하여 통일적이고 조화로운 규율을 함으로써 배출권의 국제거래의 예측가능성을 높여 거래비용을 줄임으로써 그 증진에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 이와 같은 접근에 기초하여 배출권거래 및 배출권의 국제거래에 관하여 필요한 구체적 규정이 미비한 우리나라 배출권거래법제를 정비하는 것은 나아가 온실가스 감축이라는 국제적 문제를 해결함에 있어 국제사회에서 책임 있는 국가로서 배출권의 국제거래의 증진에 기여하는데 긍정적 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다. 또한 궁극적으로 배출권의 국제거래에 적용될 실질법의 국제적 통일이 필요하고 위의 모색은 이를 실현하는 기초가 될 것이다. 배출권의 국제거래의 효율적 증진을 위하여 배출권거래에 대한 국제사법적 규율이 보완되어 나가야 할 것이나 배출권의 국제거래가 확산될 것임은 분명하다. 배출권의 국제거래의 활성화는 보다 넓은 범위에서 시장기능을 통하여 비용효율적으로 온실가스 감축을 달성할 수 있게 하는데 기여할 것이다. 이 연구가 보편화되고 일상화된 배출권의 국제거래를 경험하는데 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다. Emissions trading schemes have evolved as a response to efforts at the global level to reduce the impact of climate change. In 2015 Korea has also introduced emissions trading scheme, which would lead to reduction of greenhouse gases by internalizing the pollution costs through market function. With the proliferation of emissions trading schemes their positive function would be materialized through international emissions trading in a wider ambit. In international emissions trading the applicable law would be determined by virtue of the rules of private international law. The first step in determining the appropriate private international law rules to apply is characterization with respect to emission allowances, contractual and proprietary elements of the transaction. The pursuit of unified or harmonized governing law for the international emissions trading would promote the development of international trade. Delimitation between matters of contract and those of property is essential in applying the correct choice of law rule. It would be possible to classify the emission allowances as personal property to fall under the governance of CISG for contractual matters and to be subject to the law of the place of registration as an analogy of the law of situs for proprietary matters. This unified or harmonized approach could enhance legal certainty, reduce transaction costs, and promote the international emissions trading. To refine Korean emissions trading scheme based upon this approach would play a positive role in fulfilling its responsibility to combat climate change in international community. Rather than grappling with conflict rule efforts should be channeled to unify or harmonize substantive law rules in the end. It is evident that emissions trading scheme will grow internationally. The international emissions trading would achieve cost-efficient reduction of greenhouse gases by employing cross-border market function. This research could be a contribution in promoting the international emissions trading.

지역무역협정(RTAs)의 확산과 지속가능한 발전

심영규 부산대학교 법학연구소 2010 법학연구 Vol.51 No.1

International society under the financial and economic crisis triggered by sus-prime mortgage crisis in the USA is seeking the reorganization and establishment of international economic order based on a new paradigm of international trade law system consisting of fairness, equity and sustainability in addition to existing principle of free trade. This is arguably the result of practical self-reflection that unconditional free trade with no exception which is obsessed with the notion of economic growth and market opening supremacy will finally bring about the growth lacking in sustainability. Accordingly, the legal notion of sustainable development currently receives the international society’s special attention, which is seeking a new international economic order after this crisis. Recently, international society, in order to not only cope with financial and economic crisis but also establish a new international economic order, has accelerated organization of regional economic community and integration of world economy through on the one hand RTA including FTA, but on the other hand multilateral trade negotiations such as the WTO ‘DDA negotiations.’ Although there are still pros and cons on the question of global spread of FTA, it cannot be denied that the expansion and reinforcement of regional economic community and integration of world economy through the RTA has become a trend in the international trade law system since the late twentieth century. Recently negotiated and concluded FTA and RTA have increasingly incorporated the notion of sustainable development consisting of consideration for future generations, sustainability, fairness, equity, etc. into them. Additionally, they have not only proposed sustainable development as a legal and political purpose but also positively accepted the environmental regulations to achieve its goal, and consequently they have become so-called the ‘environment-friendly trade-environment rules’ based on the notion of sustainable development. In this respect, it is expected that the FTA and RTA will be an important legal instrument to reconcile the principle of free trade with sustainable development. In this paper, the author, considering the above-mentioned situation, studied, examined and analyzed how the notion and purpose of sustainable development have been accepted in the FTA and RTA provisions and how this situation will contribute to reorganization and establishment of a new international economic order after the current financial and economic crisis. Through this discussion, the author expects this paper can contribute to reach a general consensus that future negotiations for FTA and RTA should be ‘environment-friendly trade-environment rules’ oriented.

An Empirical Analysis on the Effectiveness of Credit Risk Management in International Trade: Focusing on International Factoring

박근식,이희용,고용기 한국무역학회 2014 Journal of Korea trade Vol.18 No.3

Rapidly changing international trade environments entail various risks for small and medium-sized exporters. In particular, those risks associated with international trade payments, including credit risk, can directly impact an exporter's survival, indicating a crucial need for the effective management of such risks. However, most exporters prefer the letter of credit, which involves some serious problems, and thus requires effective and innovative international trade payment methods. This study provides a review of the literature on international factoring, which is selected mainly by exporters in developed countries, and investigates the relationship between international factoring and risk management. Based on a survey of 221 small and medium-sized exporters, the study employs risk awareness and expertise in int’l trade as determinants of the use of international factoring and provides an empirical analysis of the relationships between these determinants, adoption of international factoring, and export performance. According to the results, risk awareness and expertise in int’l trade had significant effects,not only on export performance, but also on the use of international factoring, indicating their pivotal roles in the adoption of international factoring. In addition, the adoption of international factoring fully mediated the relationships of risk awareness and expertise in int’l trade to export performance, implying that international factoring facilitated the effective credit risk management of international trade payments. Finally, the adoption of international factoring had a significant effect on export performance.

An Empirical Analysis on the Effectiveness of Credit Risk Management in International Trade: Focusing on International Factoring

Keun-Sik Park,Hee-Yong Lee,Yong-Ki Koh 한국무역학회 2014 Journal of Korea trade Vol.18 No.3

Rapidly changing international trade environments entail various risks for small and medium-sized exporters. In particular, those risks associated with international trade payments, including credit risk, can directly impact an exporter s survival, indicating a crucial need for the effective management of such risks. However, most exporters prefer the letter of credit, which involves some serious problems, and thus requires effective and innovative international trade payment methods. This study provides a review of the literature on international factoring, which is selected mainly by exporters in developed countries, and investigates the relationship between international factoring and risk management. Based on a survey of 221 small and medium-sized exporters, the study employs risk awareness and expertise in int’l trade as determinants of the use of international factoring and provides an empirical analysis of the relationships between these determinants, adoption of international factoring, and export performance. According to the results, risk awareness and expertise in int’l trade had significant effects, not only on export performance, but also on the use of international factoring, indicating their pivotal roles in the adoption of international factoring. In addition, the adoption of international factoring fully mediated the relationships of risk awareness and expertise in int’l trade to export performance, implying that international factoring facilitated the effective credit risk management of international trade payments. Finally, the adoption of international factoring had a significant effect on export performance.

국제사법에 있어서 통일규칙 제정의 필요성과 가능성 검토

박은영 동아대학교 법학연구소 2018 國際去來와 法 Vol.- No.23

The international society is making efforts to promote and enhance international trade. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is a good example. Each country also makes these efforts individually. These include the preferential trade agreement to alleviate trade barriers between the two countries or certain countries; or to abolish them altogether. A number of studies have taken them as a good example to stimulate international trade. However, most studies overlook the harmonization with the private international law other than the public international law. There is a possibility that various private rules may be applied to the areas of international public rules, which may interfere with international trade. Therefore, it is very important to harmonize international and international law. In contrast, discussions to promote international trade by establishing internationally unified standards of private international law are only rarely done. Attempting to harmonize the rules of private international law can help promote international commercial transactions. For example, in case that you do not recognize the benefits of a preferential trade agreement, you can exploit international private rules to fill that gap. This can be seen through the CISG. This Convention may be an important guideline in attempting to harmonize the rules of international private rules. In countries that have little or no preferential trade agreements or free trade agreements, it is highly likely to ratify these international private rules. Therefore, this study regarding international trade norms will be an opportunity to expand not only the public international law but also the private international law. 국제사회는 국제교역을 활성화하려는 노력을 하고 있다. 국제물품매매에관한 유엔협약(UN CISG, UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods)은 그러한 예이다. 또한 각 국가는 개별적으로도 이러한 노력을 기울이고 있다. 양국 또는 특정 국가 사이의 무역장벽을 완화하는 특혜무역협정이나 아예 철폐하는 특혜무역협정의 체결이 그 예이다. 많은 연구결과들이 국제교역을 활성화하기 위한 좋은 예시로 이들을 들고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 연구는 국제공법 이외의 국제사법과의 조화를 간과하고 있다. 국제공법의 영역에 다양한 국제사법이 적용됨으로써 오히려 국제교역을 저해할가능성도 있다. 따라서 국제공법과 국제사법의 조화를 이루는 것도 매우 중요하다. 그러나 국제사법의 통일 기준을 만들어 국제교역을 활성화시키고자 하는 논의는 아주 드물게 이루어지고 있을 뿐이다. 국제사법규정의 통일화를 시도하는 것은 국제상거래를 활성화시키는데도움이 될 수 있다. 예를 들어 특혜무역협정의 혜택을 보지 못하는 경우에는 국제사법을 이용하여 그 공백을 메울 수 있다. CISG를 통해 이를 살펴볼수 있다. 이 협약은 국제사법규정의 통일규범을 시도하는데 중요한 지침이될 수 있다. 특혜무역협정이나 자유무역협정을 거의 맺지 않았거나 맺기 어려운 국가의 경우 이러한 국제사법분야의 협약을 비준할 가능성이 크다. 따라서 이러한 연구를 통하여 국제통상규범의 연구가 국제공법 뿐만 아니라국제사법분야까지 확대할 수 있는 계기가 될 것이다.

지역무역협정(RTAs)의 확산과 지속가능한 발전 : RTAs 내 환경규정을 중심으로

심영규(Shim Young-Gyoo) 부산대학교 법학연구소 2010 법학연구 Vol.50 No.1

미국 내 '서브프라임 모기지’(sub-prime mortgage) 부실 사태 여파로 촉발된 세계금융 · 경제위기를 겪은 국제사회는 자유무역주의 기조를 유지하면서도 공정성, 형평성, 지속 가능성 등 국제통상법체제의 새로운 패러다임을 토대로 세계경제 질서의 재편과 확립을 모색하고 있다. 이는 이전의 성장지상주의 및 시장개방 중심의 무조건적이고 예외없는 무역자유화의 진전과 확산은 결국 지속가능성이 결여된 성장만을 가져올 수밖에 없다는 현실적인 반성의 결과라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 국제사회가 모색하고 있는 새로운 세계경제 질서의 재편 및 확립을 위한 세계경제의 통합과 자유화에 있어서는 그 어느때보다도 '지속가능한 발전’(sustainable development) 개념이 핵심적인 규범 목적과 가치로 주목받고 있다. 현재 국제사회는 세계금융 · 경제위기에 대처하고 새로운 세계경제 질서를 구축하기 위한 방안의 일환으로 한편으론 FTA를 중심으로 하는 RTA를 통해, 다른 한편으론 'DDA 협상’을 중심으로 하는 WTO 다자간 무역협상을 통해 지역경제공동체의 결성과 세계경제 통합에 박차를 가하고 있다. 특히 1995년 WTO체제 출범 이후 전세계적으로 더욱 가속화되고 있는 FTA의 확산 경향에 대해서는 여러 측면에서 여전히 찬반 양론이 분분함에도 불구하고, FTA의 체결 · 확대 · 강화를 통해 진행되고 있는 지역경제공동체의 확산 내지 세계경제의 통합 현상은 20세기 후반 이래 국제무역규범체제에 있어서 하나의 대세로 자리잡고 있음을 부인할 수 없게 되었다. 그런데 근래 FTA를 중심으로 하는 다수의 RTA는 미래세대에 대한 배려, 지속성, 공정성, 형평성 등을 핵심적인 가치로 하는 지속가능한 발전 개념을 내포하고 있는 경우가 점차 증가하고 있어 자유무역주의 기조의 확산 · 정착과 지속가능한 발전 간의 조화를 위한 중요한 규범적 도구가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대되고 있다. 이는 최근에 협상 · 체결되고 있는 RTA는 지속가능한 발전을 규범적 · 정책적 목적으로 제시하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 환경규정 등 지속가능한 발전을 실질적으로 달성하기 위한 실천적 규정들을 적극적으로 수용하는 등 지속가능한 발전을 기본 이념으로 하는, 소위 '환경친화적 무역-환경규범’(environment-friendly trade-environment rules)화되고 있기 때문이다. 따라서 본 논문은 향후 FTA 등 RTA를 통해 국제무역규범체제의 세계화 · 통일화가 더욱 빠르게 진전될 것을 고려하여 지속가능한 발전 개념과 목적이 RTA 내에서 어떻게 규범화되고 있으며, 새로운 세계경제질서의 재편 · 확립에 어떻게 기여할 수 있는지를 고찰 · 검토 · 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 지속가능한 발전의 규범적 개념과 성질, 요소 등에 대한 일반적 고찰을 시작으로(제2장), FTA 등 RTA 내에서 지속가능한 발전 개념이 도입 · 규범화되고 있는 동향을 파악하고(제3장), 이러한 환경친화적 RTA의 확산이 국제무역규범체제에 미치는 의미와 영향에 대해서 평가하고자 한다(제4장). 이러한 논의를 통하여 향후 FTA 및 RTA 체결을 위한 협상은 최대한 환경친화적 무역-환경 규범과 제도를 확산 · 정착시키는 방향으로 진행되는 것이 바람직하다는 일반적 합의를 도출하는데 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다. International society under the financial and economic crisis triggered by sus-prime mortgage crisis in the USA is seeking the reorganization and establishment of international economic order based on a new paradigm of international trade law system consisting of fairness, equity and sustainability in addition to existing principle of free trade. This is arguably the result of practical self-reflection that unconditional free trade with no exception which is obsessed with the notion of economic growth and market opening supremacy will finally bring about the growth lacking in sustainability. Accordingly, the legal notion of sustainable development currently receives the international society’s special attention, which is seeking a new international economic order after this crisis. Recently, international society, in order to not only cope with financial and economic crisis but also establish a new international economic order, has accelerated organization of regional economic community and integration of world economy through on the one hand RTA including FTA, but on the other hand multilateral trade negotiations such as the WTO 'DDA negotiations.’ Although there are still pros and cons on the question of global spread of FTA, it cannot be denied that the expansion and reinforcement of regional economic community and integration of world economy through the RTA has become a trend in the international trade law system since the late twentieth century. Recently negotiated and concluded FTA and RTA have increasingly incorporated the notion of sustainable development consisting of consideration for future generations, sustainability, fairness, equity, etc. into them. Additionally, they have not only proposed sustainable development as a legal and political purpose but also positively accepted the environmental regulations to achieve its goal, and consequently they have become so-called the 'environment-friendly trade-environment rules’ based on the notion of sustainable development. In this respect, it is expected that the FTA and RTA will be an important legal instrument to reconcile the principle of free trade with sustainable development. In this paper, the author, considering the above-mentioned situation, studied, examined and analyzed how the notion and purpose of sustainable development have been accepted in the FTA and RTA provisions and how this situation will contribute to reorganization and establishment of a new international economic order after the current financial and economic crisis. Through this discussion, the author expects this paper can contribute to reach a general consensus that future negotiations for FTA and RTA should be 'environment-friendly trade-environment rules’ oriented.

글로벌무역인력 양성을 위한 합리적인 무역학 교과과정 개편방향에 관한 연구

박광서(Park Kwang So),유광현(Yu Kwang Hyun) 한국무역상무학회 2008 貿易商務硏究 Vol.37 No.-

  In Korea, the major of international trade and business introduced in the 1960s to supply trade expert to trading companies, and the heyday of the trade major was in the 1980s. However the trade major fell into decay from the middle of 1990s. The purpose of trade education in university is to supply high qualified employees to societies and companies. The problem is that companies have difficuties for recruiting of trade expert, on the other hand university graduates have few job oppertunies. It has some discrepancies between education and field.<BR>  The object of this paper is to propose a direction of modification of the trade and international business curriculum for global trade expert. We research international trade and business departments" curriculums of GTEP universities. GTEP stands for global trade expert incubating program started from 2006 which have charge of MOCIE and KITA.<BR>  First, in the title of department, a lot of former researchers have taken up the position to return "Trade" or "International Trade". We think more important fact is not the title of department but the curriculum, so we insist on a harmony between the department title and curriculums. The focus of modification of curriculum is to educate global trade expert, so we need to know about global business environment and companies" needs also.<BR>  Second, We propose the directions for modification of curriculum are "convergence" and "specialty". Trade major is a mixed study in nature and trade major try to treat lots of subjects such as trade, business adminstration, economics, international law, international commerce, logistics and marketing etc to catch up changing global business circumstanses and companies" needs. So convergence of adjacent field is very important in study and training.<BR>  Specialty means selection and concentration strategy for global trade expert. It is difficult to learn every knowledge and skills for employer"s needs in 4 years and 140 credits. A students who has studied basic subject in trade, management, economics can choose 1 or 2 specailty subject such as trade and e-commerce, global marketing, logistics and transportation, commerce and policy, servive trade, foreign language and cross culture etc.<BR>  In concusion, the concept of convergence and specialty is not separation but harmony each other, so we propose to promote two concept together for modification of the trade and international business curriculum for training of global trade expert.

An Evauation of International Trade Digitalization through Blockchain Tecnology

Myong-Hee Kim,Su-Jeong Kim 한국글로벌무역학회 2021 Journal of Korean Business and Trade Vol.2021 No.1

Purpose – This paper aims to improve the solution of international trade payments and the stability of logistics and information and study the applicability and effectiveness of blockchain, which has been considered positive solution in terms of the fourth industrial revolution with the recent global trade. Research on the blockchain has been discussed mainly on the surface area phenomena, such as developing trade availability and technological innovation of digital processes upon the international trading practice. Design/Methodology/Approach – his paper will follow certain previous studies to find the optimal solution to international tradings, including blockchain activations, and examine how to figure out the various financial factors and trade environments. For the support of this idea, we identified that the limitations of this analysis results from the one-dimensional theory application of cryptocurrencies. The author will introduce some critical ideas among various approaches to analyze blockchain and address the applicability of each e-trade based on the adjustment level of the digital developing process in the international trade sectors. Findings – This study focuses on ① the position of the international trading model by analyzing the trading process of digitalization through logistics environment with blockchain technology and ② financial platforms and technical certification for export traffic control. Also, This paper will discuss ③ the advantages and disadvantages of the digital process on trading practices through SWOT analysis. Finally, ④ t he study w ill get i mplications of blockchain technology to international trade. Research Implications – The blockchain technique of capturing various factors in the trade process to pursue safety, speed, and convenience introduces the concept of overcoming some barriers to the international trade practice. The paper expands the limits of analysis of blockchain technology, which is at the heart of the digital solution, including cryptocurrencies, introducing it into the trade process through existing theory, analyzing its practices, and looking at its applicability in each trade field based on it.

Visualization, Economic Complexity Index, and Forecasting of South Korea International Trade Profile: A Time Series Approach

Qaiser Farooq Dar,Gulbadin Farooq Dar,Jin-Hee Ma,Young-Hyo Ahn 한국무역학회 2020 Journal of Korea trade Vol.24 No.1

Purpose – The recent growth of South Korean products in the international market is the benchmark for both developed as well as developing countries. According to the development index, the role of international trade is indeed crucial for the development of the national economy. However, the visualization of the international trade profile of the country is the prerequisite of governmental policy decision-makers and guidance for forecasting of foreign trade. Design/methodology – We have utilized data visualization techniques in order to visualize the import & export product space and trade partners of South Korea. Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) were used to identify the Korean international trade diversification, whereas the time series approach is used to forecast the economy and foreign trade variables. Findings – Our results show that Chine, U.S, Vietnam, Hong Kong, and Japan are the leading trade partners of Korea. Overall, the ECI of South Korea is growing significantly as compared to China, Hong Kong, and other developed countries of the world. The expected values of total import and export volume of South Korea are approximately US$535.21 and US$ 781.23B, with the balance of trade US$ 254.02B in 2025. It was also observed from our analysis that imports & exports are equally substantial to the GDP of Korea and have a significant correlation with GDP, GDP per capita, and ECI. Originality/value – To maintain the growth rate of international trade and efficient competitor for the trade partners, we have visualized the South Korea trade profile, which provides the information of significant export and import products as well as main trade partners and forecasting.