Financial Literacy: A Case Study on a Senior High School in Calabarzon

Joram Obsioma The International Academy of Global Business and T 2018 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.14 No.1

This paper assessed the financial literacy of senior high school students in CALABARZON as well as some factors that can affect financial literacy. The Enhanced K to 12 basic educational program aims to produce graduates that are prepared for tertiary education, employment, and entrepreneurship. Thus, there is a need to ensure that senior high school students will get adequate education on financial literacy before finishing secondary education. Three out of the four fundamental financial concepts investigated to assess financial literacy were already taught in the Enhanced K to 12 curriculum. However, a majority of senior high school students were still found to have low financial literacy. Although most of the respondents had a good understanding of numeracy, several students were found to have a poor understanding of inflation and compound interest. Contrary to previous studies done outside the Philippines, the majority of the respondents were found to have a good understanding of risk diversification. The results of the study showed similar trends found with other previous financial literacy studies done in the country and internationally. The findings of this study may be found useful for curricular reforms for the secondary level of basic education.

Accounting Practices and International Accounting Standard (IAS)/Philippine Accounting Standard (PAS) 41 Compliance of Cattle Farms: Evidence from the Philippines

Hanna D,Miranda,Loida E,Mojica,Jeanette Angeline B,Madamba,Normito R,Zapata Jr The International Academy of Global Business and T 2017 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.13 No.1

IAS/PAS 41, a set of accounting standards which regulates the accounting treatment of agricultural activities, provides the accounting benchmark relative to agricultural activity and includes the transformation of biological assets to agricultural produce. In the Philippines, it was implemented in 2005, but many companies were not yet compliant then with the required accounting treatment. Given that there is a dearth of studies about IAS/PAS 41 compliance, this study was conducted to assess the accounting practices of cattle farms based on the provisions of IAS/PAS 41, including their IAS/PAS 41 compliance relative to past international studies, determine the factors that influence adoption of such accounting practices and capture cattle farmer perceptions on IAS/PAS 41. A descriptive research design was employed involving the conduct of a survey of 81 cattle farms, frequency analysis and an evaluation of compliance vis-à-vis an IAS 41 checklist. Study findings show diversity in the accounting practices of cattle farms depending on the size of operation, business organization and nature of business. Backyard farmers did not maintain records and, therefore, were not IAS/PAS 41 compliant but used the fair market value approach utilized by commercial farms in the valuation of cattle inventories.

Analysis of the International Competitiveness and Influencing Factors of China’s Service Trade

Xinying Liu,Yongni Chen,Xiaohui Wang The International Academy of Global Business and T 2020 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.16 No.2

Purpose - In world trade, the development of the service trade has been extremely rapid, and its development is even faster than that of the goods trade. In order to have a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the development status of China’s service trade, the article mainly analyzes the status quo of China’s service trade. By analyzing the status quo of China’s service trade’s international competitiveness, it finds problems in the development of China’s service trade, and proposes ideas to improve China’s service trade with measures of international competitiveness. Design/Methodology/Approach - The article first analyzes the status quo of China’s service trade development from a macro perspective, and then analyzes the level of China’s service trade international competitiveness from three aspects: international market share, trade competitive advantage index, and explicit comparative advantage index. At the same time, based on Porter’s “Diamond Model”, the article selects production factors, demand factors, support from related industries, and government factors as auxiliary factors for research on China’s service trade. Taking the trade competitiveness index as the dependent variable, the amount of employment in the tertiary industry, per capita GDP, the export value of the goods trade, foreign direct investment, and scientific and technological expenditures are used as independent variables to establish a model. This model is used to conduct quantitative analysis. Findings - The article found that the overall competitiveness of China’s service trade is relatively weak, with serious deficits and uneven structural development. Through quantitative analysis, it is understood that the international competitiveness of China’s service trade is negatively correlated with the amount of employment in the tertiary industry and GDP per capita, and is positively correlated with foreign direct investment, China’s trade exports, and science and technology expenditures. Research Implications - Affected by the pandemic, the structure of the global service trade has undergone great changes, bringing new opportunities to the development of the global service trade. By analyzing the status quo and problems of the international competitiveness of China’s service trade, relevant suggestions are put forward to better promote the development of China’s service trade and improve the international competitiveness of China’s service trade.

The Effect of Conspicuous Consumption on Consumer Purchase Intention: The Mediating Role of Perceived Value

Chenchen Zhang,Minho Kim,Xi Liu The International Academy of Global Business and T 2023 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.19 No.6

Purpose - The rapid recent growth of China’s economy and the emergence of a global consumer culture have increased conspicuous consumption among Chinese consumers. This research investigates how conspicuous consumption influences Chinese consumers’ purchase intentions toward global brands as mediated by perceived brand value. Design/Methodology/Approach - Data were collected through the conduct of a survey among Chinese consumers. The PROCESS Macro model was used to test the mediating effects of perceived functional, social, and emotional value. Findings - The study found that Chinese consumers with conspicuous consumption tendencies possess positive purchase intentions toward global brands. Study 1 indicated that consumers’ perceived social and emotional value mediates the relationship between conspicuous consumption and purchase intention for hedonic products. For utilitarian products, Study 2 showed that the relationship is mediated by consumers’ perceived functional and emotional value. Perceived emotional value plays a critical role in the relationship between conspicuous consumption and purchase intention for both product types. Research Implications - This study contributes to the scarce literature about the positive relationship between conspicuous consumption and global brands in emerging markets. Marketing strategies in emerging markets should concentrate on status-related consumption and market segmentation. These findings are expected to contribute to international marketing and global brand management, providing valuable insights into the purchasing motives of consumers for global brands.

Do a Firm’s Depth and Diversity of International Experience Increase Its Speed of Foreign Expansion? Evidence from South Korean Firms

Young-Soo Yang,Jae-Eun Lee The International Academy of Global Business and T 2023 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.19 No.6

Purpose - Based on the Uppsala model and organizational learning theory, this study empirically analyzes the effects of South Korean firm international experience depth and diversity on the speed of foreign expansion. Design/Methodology/Approach - The hypotheses were tested using GLS regression analysis and a panel data set of 424 Korean manufacturing firms listed on the KOSPI market from 1999-2007. Findings - First, the depth of firm international experience has a negative effect on the speed of foreign expansion. Second, the diversity of international experience has a positive influence on the speed of foreign expansion. Research Implications - First, depth of international experience has a negative impact on the speed of foreign expansion. This is contrary to Hypothesis 1, indicating that if a firm operates its business in a particular country for an extended duration, its level of commitment to that country could increase, hindering its swift expansion to another country. Second, diversity of international experience has a positive influence on speed of foreign expansion, which implies that, by being exposed to varied national environments, a firm’s diverse international experiences, represented by its official and unofficial management systems and operational experience tailored to its business in each country, reduces its perceived risk of uncertainty of internationalization, or increases its capability of effectively responding to the liability of foreignness, thus positively affecting the speed of foreign expansion.

The Effect of Self-Efficacy of Small Business Start-ups in Korea and China on Startup Performance: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Startup Intention and the Moderating Effect of Digital Transformation

Jin-Sup Jung(Jin-Sup Jung),Hui-Fang Liu(Hui-Fang Liu),Jun Han(Jun Han) The International Academy of Global Business and T 2022 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.18 No.6

Purpose - This study is aimed at small business start-ups in Korea and China, and examines the effect of “self-efficacy,” an individual factor that affects the start-up performance of small business owners on “startup intention” and “start-up performance”. In addition, we will also consider the mediating effect of start-up intention and the moderating effect of digital transformation. At present, due to the proliferation of digital technologies and the prolongation of COVID-19, it is difficult for small business start-ups to operate with their existing business models. Therefore, we have focused on “digital transformation” as one of the capabilities they need. We also wanted to know whether digital transformation has a positive moderating effect between start-up intention and start-up performance in small businesses of Korea and China. Design/Methodology/Approach - In existing research, various factors explaining the start-up performance in small business were reviewed. In this study, the self-efficacy of small business start-ups was set as the independent variable and the start-up performance as the dependent variable. In addition, the mediating effect of the start-up intention was examined. As mentioned above, we also tried to look at the moderating effect of digital transformation. After establishing a research model based on the existing research, a survey was conducted for small business start-ups in Korea and China for empirical test, and the results were analyzed. Findings - In the case of small business start-ups in both Koreas and China, most of the relationships among self-efficacy, start-up intention, and start-up performance showed the same results. On the other hand, in the case of the moderating effect of digital transformation, positive moderating effect was found in Korea. However, there was no moderating effect in China. Research Implications - In both samples from Korea and China, self-efficacy had a positive effect on startup performance through start-up intention. It is inferred that the difference in the moderating effect is due to various factors such as culture, institutions, and policies between Korea and China. Finally, academic, economic, and policy implications were suggested.

Antecedents and Consequences of Export Intermediaries’ Customer Orientation: Conceptualization and Propositional Development

Han-Mo Oh The International Academy of Global Business and T 2015 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.11 No.2

Export Intermediaries involve transactions with exporters and importers, both of which are these intermediaries’ customers. Therefore, dyadic perspectives implicit in conventional theories of customer orientation should be revised to apply to a triadic relationship framework in indirect export contexts. The present manuscript proposes that an export intermediary’s customer orientation consists of summated customer orientation (customer orientation toward both the exporter and importer sides) and asymmetrical customer orientation (customer orientation in favor of the exporter relative to the importer side), and examines the antecedents and outcomes of these orientations. It is posited that importer- (exporter-) side concentration increases summated customer orientation and asymmetrical customer orientation toward exporters (importers). It is also posited that these positive effects are weaker when importers and exporters interact directly versus indirectly and are stronger when the offering prices vary versus remaining stable during negotiations. Finally, it is posited that summated customer orientation increases export intermediaries’ performance by itself and in conjunction with customer concentration, but asymmetrical orientation enhances their performance only interaction with customer concentration.

Impact of International Experience and Innovation Capacity on the Export Performance of Vietnamese Agricultural SMEs

Binh Do,Bui Huu Duc,Hee Cheol Moon The International Academy of Global Business and T 2017 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.13 No.2

International experience and innovation capacity are factors often related to the internationalization processes of firms. The main objective of this research is to investigate the impact of international experience and innovation capacity on the export performance of Vietnamese agricultural SMEs in order to identify which factor is more significant. The Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capabilities approach were used as theoretical frameworks. The data were analyzed through partial least squares structural equation modelling. The results indicate that international experience has a greater impact on export performance than innovation capacity, showing that there is possibility of overemphasizing the role of innovation capacity in the export performance of Vietnamese agricultural SMEs.

A New Business Model for E-commerce

Taewon Kang The International Academy of Global Business and T 2016 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.12 No.1

Since the mid-1990s, due to the worldwide spread of the internet, the new frontier of E-commerce has evolved from narrowly defined E-commerce to M-commerce and T-commerce. T-commerce can be defined as follows: customers using Interactive DTV (iDTV) and telecontrollers to make inquiries, orders, or payments regarding certain products, or to conduct financial transactions such as banking and stock trading. This thesis constitutes an examination of T-commerce in the aspects of its business model, value chain and future development, and a proposed plan for financial institutions to utilize T-commerce.

International Trade on IPR, Economic Growth, and FDI in Indonesia’s Manufacturing Sector

Muhammad Fawaiq(Muhammad Fawaiq ) The International Academy of Global Business and T 2023 The International Academy of Global Business and T Vol.19 No.4

Purpose – Indonesia has always experienced a deficit in the balance of payments in the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) sector. However, it is hoped that the high value of Indonesian IPR imports will be beneficial in increasing the attractiveness of FDI, encouraging economic growth, and increasing IPR exports. The purpose of this research is to examine the causal relationship between IPR imports (MIPR), IPR exports (XIPR), incoming FDI in the manufacturing sector (FDI), and economic growth (GGDP) in the case of Indonesia. Design/Methodology/Approach – The data used in this research are time series data from the first quarter of 2004 to the fourth quarter of 2021. These data are analyzed using the VECM approach. Findings – The study results show that MIPR has dominated Indonesia’s total trade in this sector. The contribution of import value is 95 percent compared to exports, which are only 5 percent. The VECM estimation results show a one-way Granger causality relationship from the independent variables (FDI, GGDP, and XIPR) to MIPR as a dependent variable. In a short-term causality relationship, IPR imports encourage FDI inflows into Indonesia. Then, FDI in the manufacturing sector significantly impacts Indonesia’s IPR exports. Research Implications – Indonesia’s outflow of money to pay for the use of foreign IPR can encourage the entry of FDI in the manufacturing sector, resulting in a technology transfer that produces domestic IPR, which can be sold abroad.