이동형 전기기기의 감전재해 특성 및 그 대책

최상원 ( Sang-won Choi ) 한국안전학회 2017 한국안전학회지 Vol.32 No.2

According to the data of Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, electric shock accidents during recent 11 years exceeded more than 60% in architecture/other and construction work, the countermeasures for safety are required in the harsh environment of a construction site where moving electric machines and equipments are widely used. The establishment of countermeasure for insulation degradation and defect is required, in consideration of increasing trend for accidents caused by defective insulation among low voltage electrical installation each year. The aim of this study is to propose the policy about portable electrical tool standards and/or worker`s safety standards for preventing electric shock accidents on safety workings, and is to develop the technology and the safety device to prevent electric shock for accident prevention reduction through experiments. It obtained the followings through this study; statistical data analysis of late about 10 years of electric shock-related industrial accidents analysis and portable electric tools; safety device development of `device for testing continuous grounding and power shut-down` to prevent electric shock from portable electric tools. Furthermore, developed results and proposal in this study will help to prevent the electric shock accidents from portable electric tools and will be expected the utilization of policy formulation, educational data and field supplement of the safety device, and etc.

누설전류로 인한 전기화재 및 감전사고 예방기법

김동우(Dong-Woo Kim),임용배(Young-Bea Lim),이상익(Sang-Ick Lee),김재현(Jae-Hyun Kim),강대철(Dae-Chul Kang) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2013 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.27 No.6

Electrical leakage happens when faults in electrical apparatus or power lines occur. It causes electrical fires and electric shocks. In order to reduce accidents caused by electrical leakage current, it is important to detect faults effectively and shut off the power. In this paper, firstly we analyzed statistics of electrical fires and electric shocks caused by electrical leakage current. Secondly, standards of allowable leakage current and body impedance models were analyzed. Lastly, effective application methods for breaking electrical leakage current were suggested. The results will provide useful preventive measures of electrical fires and electric shocks caused by electrical leakage.

지상과 수중에서 전격에 의한 위험성 평가

김두현,강동규,이종호 한국안전학회 2004 한국안전학회지 Vol.19 No.2

This study presents a hazard assessment of the human body exposed to electric shock considering various parameters which affect severity of the electric shock. The present study has two research objectives; one is to analyze hazards of the human body by the electric shock both on the ground and m the water. The other is to understand the mechanism of the electric shock. In order to achieve these objectives the hazard of shock is estimated by comparing with physiological effects of electric current through the human body according to variation of shock parameters of shock circuits. The shock parameters adopted in this paper consist of body resistance, resistance of protective equipment, ground resistance, shock duration, depth of ground surface layer, reflection factor, permissible touch voltage, body current and body voltage. Besides, safety standard determining hazard degree of the human body is introduced. And hazard of the human body due to the electric shock is quantitatively assessed in consideration of data obtained by the method suggested herein, and final results are presented and discussed.

수중 전격 과도현상 해석을 위한 ATPDraw 시뮬레이션

정종욱,정진수,Jung, Jong-Wook,Jung, Jin-Soo 한국조명전기설비학회 2007 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.21 No.6

본 논문에서는 전자과도현상 해석 프로그램인 ATPDraw를 이용한 사례연구로써 인체에 전격이 가해지는 순간의 과도현상을 해석하였다. 사례연구를 위한 2가지 전격 모델은 최악의 환경을 조성하고자 수중에서 발생하는 것으로 가정하였으며, 첫째, 인체가 수중에서 전원설비의 노출 충전부에 접촉하였을 경우와 둘째, 인체의 수족이 수중에서 동시에 대지에 접촉하는 경우를 모델링하였다. 모델링 후 각 사례에 대해 인체의 각 부위에서의 계산된 전압, 전류를 비교하여 전격 순간의 과도현상을 해석하였다. 첫 번째 모델에 대한 해석 결과, 인체가 수중 노출충전부에 촉수시 순간적인 과도현상이 발생하며, 이때의 전압, 전류는 촉수 전후보다 현저히 증가되는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 이 현상은 지속시간이 매우 짧아 통전전류와 시간의 적이 안전한계 이내임을 감안할 때, 수용가의 상용전압에서의 전격의 영향은 그다지 크지 않을 것으로 사료된다. 두 번째 모델에서는 인체의 수족이 대지에 동시에 접촉했을 경우, 접촉 순간 인체에 유기되는 전압의 크기는 전반적으로 감소되었으나, 가슴 부위를 통과하는 전류량이 급증하였다. 그러나 그 크기가 작고 지속시간이 짧아 인체에 미치는 전격의 영향은 미미할 것으로 사료된다. 결국 두 경우 모두 전압의 크기, 인체 임피던스에 따라 전격의 영향이 좌우될 것으로 판단된다. This paper describes the analysis of transient phenomena on the point that a human body suffers an electrical shock. A couple of case studies were discussed by using an ATPDraw simulation tool. Two models for the case studies were constructed on the assumption that the electrical shock event takes place under water to simulate the severest condition ; the first model that the human body contacts with an energized part exposed to water ; the second model that both hands and feet simultaneously contact with the ground under water. After modeling, the transient phenomena for the models were analyzed by comparing the voltages and currents calculated at each part of the human body. As a result steep front kicks in voltage and current were observed as transient phenomena on the point that the human body contacts with the energized part exposed to water in the first model and the magnitudes of the kicks considerably increased. It was considered however, the effect of the kicks due to the commercial power source on the human body could be neglected because the product of the current through the body and the short duration is less than the safety limit. When both hands and feet simultaneously contact with the ground in the second model, the voltage generally decreased all over the body parts, while the current flowing through the chest abruptly increased. The duration of this current was very shot, as well, thus its effect on the electrical shock is considered insignificant. After all, it was confirmed through the simulation results that the electrical shock depends on the magnitude in voltage and the body impedance.

인체 통전전류 위상 분석을 통한 저항성 누설전류 감시의 유효성 분석

김재현(Jae-Hyun Kim),임용배(Young-Bea Lim),이상익(Sang-Ick Lee),김동우(Dong-Woo Kim) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2013 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.27 No.9

To analyze the effectiveness of the resistive leakage current monitoring as a technology preventing electrical accidents, in this paper, we have estimated the phase of the body impedance by using the body impedance model and the body impedance data from IEC. We also have analyzed the phase of the electric body current in the case of 60㎐/220V. From these results, we concluded that deliberate researches about the phase of the electrical body current and related regulations must be carried out before the resistive leakage current monitoring unit is used to protect electric shock. And we concluded that the resistive leakage current monitoring unit can be utilized to prevent electrical fires caused by electric leakage current without unwanted circuit break due to capacitve leakage current flowing from line filter capacitors to the earth.

A Study of the Vibration and Shock Isolation for HEV Battery Pack

김만달(Man-Dal Kim),장덕진(Duk-Jin Jang),이승준(Sung-Jun Lee),홍성욱(Seong-Wook Hong) Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2016 한국정밀공학회지 Vol.33 No.10

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are developed to be operated with two kinds of power source (Diesel Engine and Electric Motor with Rechargeable High Voltage Battery Pack). HEVs for military vehicle require high reliability to provide stable powers under serious environment such as vibration and shock. To ensure normal operation of battery pack under serious environment such as vibration and shock, the high voltage battery pack needs to have appropriate dynamic characteristics. This paper presents a design procedure for high voltage battery pack with such characteristics. An isolator design is proposed to reduce vibration and shock. Associated random vibration and shock response of the high voltage battery pack are simulated under conditions suggested by MIL specifications. Its dynamic characteristics and vibration and shock responses are validated with experiments.

Human Stimulation Threshold of Interferential Current Type Low Frequency Stimulator for Electric Shock Experience Education

전정채(Jeon, Jeong-Chay),김재현(Kim, Jae-Hyun),유재근(Yoo, Jae-Geun) 한국산학기술학회 2012 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.13 No.10

전기감전 사고를 예방하기 위해서는 주입식 교육 보다는 체험식 교육이 더욱 효과적이다. 그러나 전기감전 체험형 교육 시스템을 위해서는 감전을 체험할 수 있도록 인체에 대한 적절한 물리적 자극이 필요하다. 본 논문에서 는 간섭전류형자극기(Interferential Current Type Low Frequency Stimulator)를 감전사고 체험교육에 이용하기 위하여 인체에 대한 자극의 임계값을 실험하였다. 그리고 아동과 성인으로 구분된 연령별 자극 값을 산출하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 전기 감전 체험형 교육 시스템에 적용 가능할 것이다. To prevent electric shock accidents, an experience education is more effective than indoctrination education. But an electric shock experience education system required a proper physical stimulation on human body to experience electric shock. This paper experiment threshold values of a human body by using Interferential Current Type Low Frequency Stimulator in order to apply to an electric shock experience education system. And the proper stimulation values are calculated according to age (divided child and adult) and gender. Results of this study could be applied to an electric shock experience education system.

Comparison of internal parameters varied by environmental tests between high-power series/parallel battery packs with different shapes

Yoon, Chang-O,Lee, Pyeng-Yeon,Jang, Minho,Yoo, Kisoo,Kim, Jonghoon Elsevier 2019 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.71 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study elaborately analyzes the lithium-ion battery pack in series and parallel connection installed in space applications through environmental tests that typically composed of three tests: half-sine shock, sine vibration and random vibration. These tests are well conducted based on the internal certification standard and the space industry standard. Above all, from basic equivalent electrical circuit modeling of the high-power 18650-HE4 cell based series/parallel battery packs of 4S4P with rectangular and cube types, some internal parameters were minutely extracted and compared to check which environmental test adversely affects the battery pack’s electrochemical characteristics and its electrical performance. Moreover, maximum/minimum cell voltages and their differences measured in four series point and internal temperature measured in five points inside the two battery packs are compared. For reference, in order to analyze the impact of the battery pack clearly, this study further analyzed some single cells with various impacts through identical environmental test profiles. Above analyses and comparisons can help to get a solution for finding a suitable shape for space application with a parameter change rate according to the different shape of the battery pack. In particular, the necessity of a modified equivalent electrical circuit modeling of the battery pack varied by environmental tests can be sufficiently suggested. Accurate information on internal parameters of the cell and battery pack contributes to the high-fidelity state-of-charge (SOC) estimation and state-of-health (SOH) prediction in vibration and shock environments such as electric vehicle (EV), satellites and space-launch vehicles.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>This study analyzes the lithium ion battery pack installed in space applications through environmental testing. The parameters were extracted through electrical modeling to determine which environmental test adversely affects the battery pack. In addition, the objective is to find a shape suitable for space applications with a parameter change rate according to the shape of the battery pack. Environmental tests are typically composed of three tests: half-sine shock, sine vibration, and random vibration. The test is conducted based on the international certification standard and the space industry standard. To further analyze the impact of the battery pack, the high-power single-cell battery 18650-HE4 is analyzed for impact through the same environmental test profile. This paper proposes improved battery pack modeling according to environmental tests and extracts the internal parameters of the battery pack accordingly. The internal parameters of the cell contribute to the estimation of the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery pack in vibration and shock environments, such as electric-vehicle (EV) satellites and space-launch vehicles.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

인체 감전 및 지락 위험성 저감을 위한 직류 누전차단기 사양 선정에 관한 연구

임승택,이기연,채동주,오찬혁 대한전기학회 2024 전기학회논문지 Vol.73 No.2

With the increasing interest in green energy, there is a constant demand for renewable energy and DC power systems. DC systems are known to be an efficient system due to energy loss reduction and efficient control, and safer than AC systems in terms of electric shock. Therefore, research and demonstration projects are being carried out. However, those related to electrical safety and installation regulations are insufficient. As a result, the commercialization of related appliances and equipment is delayed. One of them, the lack of installation regulations for DC-RCDs, whose installation is almost mandatory under the Korea Electric Code(KEC), hinders the expansion of DC buildings and reduces the electrical safety of those who directly use electricity. In order to improve this situation, this paper, based on International Electronical Commission(IEC), analysed the risk of human electric shock due to the occurrence of DC leakage and ground fault, and proposed the minimum specification of DC leakage current protect devices for low-voltage electrical consumers according to the circumstances and to the technology that can be applied to existing equipment.

카본블랙을 이용한 인체감전용 전도성 도료의 개발

강계명,Kang, Kae-Myung 한국재료학회 2008 한국재료학회지 Vol.18 No.12

For development of a human body model for electric shock, electroconductive paints with carbon black as a filler material were developed. The characteristics of the volume resistivities of thin films fabricated using the electroconductive paints were investigated as a function of the particle sizes and content of carbon black. With a carbon black particle size over $80\;{\mu}m$, agglomeration of carbon black powders was observed. The volume resistivity of the particles increased as the porosity increased and as the amount of carbon black decreased due to the agglomeration of carbon black powders. With a particle size of $4\;{\mu}m$ and $20\;{\mu}m$, agglomeration of carbon black powders was not observed and their porosities were measured as 0.86% and 1.12% with volume resistivities of $20\;{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ and $80\;{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ respectively. A carbon black particle size of less than $20\;{\mu}m$ is considered to be suitable as a type of electric-shock electroconductive paint for a human body model.