Effects of rainfall on the mountainous areas within earthquake zone in Pohang, 2017

Youn-Tae Lee,Kun-Woo Chun,Suk-Woo Kim,Su-Jin Jang 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2019 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.09

An earthquake of 5.8 magnitude occurred in Gyeongju on September 2016, and a 5.4 earthquake which is the second largest earthquake ever recorded also occurred in Pohang on November 2017. As the magnitude and frequency of earthquakes increase in Korea, unprecedented seismic damages, land creeping and liquefaction have been observed, and the perception that Korea is a safe zone for earthquake is changing. Recent characteristics of earthquake in Korea are shallow crustal earthquakes, which are difficult to predict and have a large vibration in comparison with seismic scale. We do not have a lot of experience in earthquake, so it is urgent to prepare countermeasures against earthquake-induced sediment disaster. In this study, we measured by the three point method on the slope of mountain where cracks and erosion occurred or possible occurred due to the earthquake occurred in Pohang, 2017. As a result of investigating surface fluctuation focusing on the cracks and stepped area occurring at the earthquake site, only a small erosion, sedimentation and area change were observed in most plots, but no significant correlation was found with a rainfall factor. However, if the above study continues and the data is accumulated, it is possible to identify the rainfall factors affecting the damage area by earthquake, and it can be useful to prepare the non-structural measures such as the landslide warning criteria in earthquake-prone area.

Relationship between Occurrence of Earthquake and Variable Precursor of Earthquake in Groundwater

( Yong Cheon Lee ),( Jun Sik Park ),( Chan Ho Jeong ),( Yu Jin Lee ),( Hyeon Woo Jang ),( Young Suk Kim ),( Song Min Oh ),( Sun Hee Chae ) 대한지질공학회 2019 대한지질공학회 학술발표회논문집 Vol.2019 No.2

In order to study the earthquake precursor in the Korean peninsula, long-term variations of chemical composition, radon-222, and water level were measured at depths (-60 m, -100 m) in the groundwater monitoring wells of the Daejeon and the Cheongwon area. The pH and electrical conductivity of groundwater in the monitoring wells showed some relationship with the Pohang earthquake. The HCO3- and Cl- concentration of groundwater in the Daejeon and Mg2+, Cl- and NO3- in the Cheongwon showed some relation with the Pohang earthquake. However, it is not distinct to find the relationship between their variation and earthquake. The radon-222 concentration in Daejeon was observed a significant increase from a minimum of 162 Bq/L prior to the earthquake to 573 Bq/L right after the earthquake, that indicating a strong correlation with earthquakes. In the case of groundwater levels, it can not find some correlation between earthquakes and a contineous decreasing trend in the monitoring wells of Daejeon and Cheongwon area. However, the water level of a national groundwater observation well within 10 kilometers of Pohang epicenter was recorded as an abrupt drop right before the earthquake. Conclusively, although the location of monitoring wells is more than 180 kilometers apart from the epicenter of the Pohang earthquake, the radon gas in groundwater can be considered as a reliable candidate among earthquake precursors. The pH, electrical conductivity, HCO3- and Clamong hydrochemical showed some correlation with earthquake should be monitored during a longer term to recognize distinctly as a precursor of the earthquake.

그리스 코린트 만(灣)의 1995년 에기오(Aigio) 지진과 지진 전조현상- 가스 방출 메커니즘 -

변정심 한국서양고대역사문화학회 2018 서양고대사연구 Vol.53 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to find out the connection between the 1995 Aigio earthquake and its precursors. To perform this study, in the first place the aspects of the earthquake occurrence as well as its damages and features were investigated. And then, the precursors, which happened before and after the earthquake, were analyzed. The cause of precursors was explained through gas emission mechanism. This study is intended to be used to predict earthquake phenomenon. On June 15, 1995, a magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck off the northern coast of the Corinthian Gulf in western Greece. The town of Aigio, 14 km south of the epicenter on the southern coast of the Gulf, was hardest hit. In terms of deaths, this is the worst earthquake Greece since 1980. This earthquake caused 26 deaths in the town of Aigio and surrounding villages and an estimated $600 million in damages. The 1995 Aigio earthquake presented a wide range of macroscopic precursors similar to those reported prior to earthquakes in other parts of the world. Credible witnesses reported a loud sound of wind just before the shock, earthquake lights, gas emission from the sea, and the bizarre behavior of animals. And substantial uplift of the land may have occurred a few hours before the Aigion earthquake. Many precursory phenomena of this kind might be understood as symptoms of gas venting from the ground before an earthquake. According to this hypothesis, the ascending gas can inflate any vulnerable faults thereby reducing the static friction across such a fault and triggering an earthquake. Of course, outgassing is not the only trigger of earthquakes. And not all earthquakes will exhibit outgassing precursors. However there remains a substantial correlation between gas emission and earthquakes. This may provide a basis for practical earthquake prediction in certain regions, such as the active extension zone in the western Gulf of Corinth, where the conditions appear to be most favorable. 본 논문은 그리스 코린트 만(灣)의 1995년 에기오 지진과 지진 전조현상의 연관성을 밝히고자 한다. ‘가스 방출’ 메커니즘을 통하여 지진 전조현상의 원인을 설명하고, 지진 예측의 방안으로 제시하였다. 1995년 6월 15일 새벽 3시 15분 규모 6.1(ML)의 지진이 발생하여 에기오의 5층 아파트와 발리미티카의 4층 호텔 건물이 붕괴되어 26명이 사망하였고, 600만 달러의 재산피해가 발생하였다. 진원깊이 약 26 km의 천발지진이었고 진앙과 거리가 14km로 근접하였으며 지진이 주민들이 잠들어 있던 새벽 시간에 발생한 관계로 인명손실이 커졌다. 1995년 에기오 지진은 고대부터 현재까지 코린트 만(灣)에서 발생한 역사 지진을 이해하고 재구성하는데 중요한 연구 사례가 되었다. 1995년 에기오 지진은 인명・재산 피해가 큰 지진이었고, 지진을 예측하고 지진 피해 규모에 영향을 주는 요인을 복합적으로 고려하게 되는 계기가 되었다. 첫째, 지진 피해를 줄이기 위하여 건물의 내진 설계 뿐 아니라 도시 건설 계획시 지반 조사와 구조물 설계에 반영할 필요성을 인식하게 되었다. 둘째, 지진 발생 전 목격된 다양한 전조 현상들을 체계적으로 분류하고 그 원인을 분석하려는 노력이 이뤄지게 되었다. 셋째, 지진 전조현상과 지진 재난 발생과의 연관성을 밝히려는 계기가 되었는데, 바로 ‘가스 방출’ 메커니즘 모델을 통한 설명이다. 1995년 에기오 지진은 세계 여러 지역들에서 지진 발생 전 관측・보고된 광범위하고 다양한 전조현상과 유사한 사례들을 제공하였다. 지진 발생 전후로 지역 주민들이 바람 소리・동물 이상행동・ 지진광・해수 이상・해안 융기 등 전조현상을 목격하였다. 이것은 지구 내부에서 높은 압력으로 발생한 가스가 지표면으로 방출되는 현상의 피상적인 징후를 나타낼 수 있다. ‘가스 방출’ 메커니즘에 의하면 암석이 오랜 기간 응력을 받아 변형되고 마침내 그 변형을 지탱할 수 없는 한계에 이르면 가장 약한 부분이나 변형이 가장 큰 부분이 단층면을 따라 순간적으로 깨지면서 응력이 방출되고 이때 깨진 부분에서 지진이 발생한다. 깊숙한 곳에서 상승하는 가스는 연약한 단층을 팽창시킬 수 있고 단층을 통과하여 정지 마찰(靜止摩擦)을 유도하고 지진을 야기할 수 있다. 그러나 ‘가스 방출’이라는 지역적인 현상이 모두 지진을 야기하지는 않는다. 또한 모든 지진들에서 ‘가스 방출’과 같은 전조현상들이 나타나지도 않는다. 하지만 ‘가스 방출’과 지진 사이에는 실질적인 상관관계가 있다. 이 ‘가스 방출’ 메커니즘은 코린트 만(灣)의 서쪽 활성 단층의 신장 지대에서는 실제 지진 예측에 관한 근거를 제공할 수 있는 모델로 유용할 것이다.

On TEC anomalies as precursor before MW 8.6 Sumatra earthquake and MW 6.7 Mexico earthquake on April 11, 2012

Jinyun Guo,Wang Li,Xin Liu,Jianbo Wang,Xiaotao Chang,Chunmei Zhao 한국지질과학협의회 2015 Geosciences Journal Vol.19 No.4

To investigate the coupling relationship between earthquake and ionosphere perturbation, we process the global total electron contents (TECs) estimated from GPS data of IGS stations by CODE and analyze TEC anomalies before MW 8.6 Sumatra earthquake and MW 6.7 Mexico earthquake on April 11, 2012. The sliding interquartile method with the sliding window of 27 days is used to process data of SSN, F10.7 solar flux, Dst and Kp to eliminate the effects of solar activity and the geomagnetic activity. The results show that there are positive and negative TEC anomalies over epicenter on the 11th day and the 3rd day prior to the Sumatran earthquake respectively. But the decrement and increment of TEC anomalies over epicenter occurred on the 11th day and the 3rd day prior to the Mexico earthquake. The global TEC anomalies are analyzed on the 11th day and the 3rd day before these two great earthquakes, respectively. The magnitudes of TEC anomaly occurred on the 3rd day before earthquakes are larger than that occurred on the 11th day before earthquakes. This indicates the magnitude of anomaly may be related to the number of days prior to earthquake. But the magnitude of TEC anomaly near Sumatran is lower than that near Mexico, and the duration of anomalies occurred on 11th day is longer than those on 3rd day prior to earthquake, which are different from previous results. The TEC anomaly of Sumatran earthquake mainly occurs in the afternoon and night local time, but the TEC anomaly of Mexico earthquake mainly occurs in the morning local time. The TEC anomaly peak regions before these two earthquakes appeared on the south of epicenters instead of the vertical projection of the epicenter. Corresponding ionospheric anomalies are also observed in the magnetically conjugated regions. These can be guidance for the ionosphere monitoring in earthquake study.

일본의 지진피해구제제도에 관한 연구 : 지진보험제도를 중심으로

최철호(Choi, Chol-Ho) 한국토지공법학회 2021 土地公法硏究 Vol.93 No.-

2017년 11월 15일을 전후하여 경상북도 포항시 일원에서 약 11회의 지진이 발생하여 이에 따라 다양한 인적 물적 정신적 시설적 피해가 발생하였다. 본 논문은 포항지진피해에 대한 실질적인 피해구제에 대한 법제도와 정책이 미비하다는 점, 포항지진이 인근의 ‘지열 발전소에 의하여 촉발된 지진’이라는 연구결과도 발표되면서 지열발전을 이유로 한 국가배 상청구소송이 제기된 것을 계기로 지진으로 인한 실효성있는 피해구제제도를 일본의 예를 검토하여 시사점을 얻고자 하고 있다. 논문에서는 지진으로 인한 피해 특히 경제적 피해에 대해서 실질적인 구제를 받기 위하여 관련 법령이나 판례 등에서 규정하는 구제 제도 외에 일본에서 시행중인 지진보험제도를 검토하여 우리나라에 실효성있는 지진보험제도를 도입하기 위한 제언을 하고 있다. 또한 지열에 의한 지진 등 지진의 유형에 따른 구제기준 및 지진의 여파로 인한 2차 피해 즉 해일(쓰나미)에 의한 피해구제기준을 정립하는 것이 필요하다는 점도 제시하고 있다. 아무래도 우리나라 보다는 지진발생과 피해가 훨씬 많기 때문에 지진보험제도도 일본이 잘 정비되어 있기 때문에 논문에서 검토한 일본의 지진보 험제도의 구체적인 기준 등을 시사점으로 참고하여 우리나라의 지진보험제도의 입법적, 정책적 개선을 제언하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 일본의 지진피해의 대표적인 사례와 법제도, 정책 등을 개관하고 이어서 일본 지진보험의 구체적인 내용을 표로 소개하는 것을 중심으로 서술하면서 시사 점을 도출하는 것을 결론으로 제시하고 있다. Around November 15, 2017, about 11 earthquakes occurred in Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, causing various human, physical, mental and facility damages. This paper aims to gain implications by reviewing Japan s example of an effective damage relief system caused by the earthquake, as the Pohang earthquake was reported as an earthquake triggered by a geothermal power plant. In the paper, in order to receive substantial relief from earthquake damage, especially economic damage, the earthquake insurance system in Japan is reviewed in addition to the relevant laws and precedents to introduce an effective earthquake insurance system in Korea. It also suggests that it is necessary to establish relief standards for types of earthquakes such as earthquakes caused by geothermal heat and secondary damage caused by earthquakes, or damage relief standards caused by tsunamis. Since the earthquake insurance system is much more earthquake-prone and damaged than Korea, Japan is well-organized, so the specific standards of Japan s earthquake insurance system reviewed in the paper suggest legislative and policy improvement of Korea. Therefore, this paper provides a conclusion to draw implications by overviewing representative cases, legal systems, and policies of earthquake damage in Japan, followed by introducing specific details of earthquake insurance in a table.

The Development Guidelines for Anti-Earthquake DISASTER Training

Park Ki bum J-INSTITUTE 2018 International Journal of Human & Disaster Vol.3 No.1

Purpose; The purpose of this study proposes training steps in preparation of multiple earthquakes disasters and how to plan training situation scenarios reflecting regional characteristics in response to frequent occurrence of earthquakes in Korea these days. There was a series of earthquakes with the subsequent aftershocks of mag-nitude 5.0 in Kyung-ju and Pohang in Korea in 2016 and2017, which resulted in a lot of damages. The earthquake disaster is what Korea has ever never experienced and we are defenseless for response training by the govern-ment institutions and public entities as well as the technologies for preparing disaster However, in the wake of the earthquake in 2016, the importance of training for earthquake has been appreciated and a host of multiple earthquake disaster drills has been conducted in the Safety Korea Training under the control of the Ministry of Public Administration and Security. However, due to lack of understanding on earthquake disasters and lack of experiences of earthquake disaster drills, the drills still remains unpractical. In particular, more jobs are required to establish scenarios explaining from preparation to training. This study presents the 10 steps of PDCA CYCLE for multiple earthquake disaster training. In preparing the drills, the study suggests training for the response situation and making improvements to update the manual for better next drills over time. Earthquake disaster is getting worse through the complicated and continuous situations over time. Considering these earthquake dis-aster characteristics, characteristics such as weather, time, and season are important variables in determining the response directions. In order for efficient drills reflecting local characteristics, a training situation scenario is needed to take the characteristics of the earthquake disaster, the current status of the region, the characteristics of the characteristics of the facilities into account so as to create a complex disaster situation in response to an earthquake. In this study, we propose a method to set weather, time, and seasonal characteristics and to esti-mate the damage situation reflecting the surrounding facilities and the affected area in order to create a situa-tion scenario that can cope with over time accordingly. The situation scenario is presented as an example of the Ulsan metropolitan city located on the tip of Southeast Korea. All the examples are based on the damage situa-tions and responding situations are provided in accordance with the Site Action Manual and the Earthquake Disaster Manuals kept by each organization. It is believed that the 10 steps for PDCA CYCLE training and the damaged situation scenario proposed in this study will be conducive to the trainers in charge of preparing for the complex earthquake disasters and simulation scenarios.

중국의 지진 및 지진해일에 관한 법제 연구

양효령 ( Hyo Ryang Yang ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2011 고려법학 Vol.0 No.60

China has been enforcing a certain series of administrative measures to prevent and reducing earthquake-induced hazards which are ``observation, forecast, and emergency service``. And it is carrying out all related tasks before and after the occurrence of an earthquake through certain procedures on the four steps of ``forecasting of seismic observations, preventing earthquake-induced hazards, taking urgent measures against earthquake-induced hazards, and operating rescue services for calamities`` in order to make the measures go into effect. Chinese government have had the groundworks to solve problems that are caused by earthquakes since the nation`s founding. There was an organization of the committee of the seismic tremor in Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1953. August 2nd in 1971, the state council made an announcement on the official document of the 56th issue in order to enable supervision of observation·forecast·research·collective management of severe earthquakes, and it expanded and restructured the pre-existing ``Central Earthquake-related Affairs Office`` into the ``National Earthquake Bureau`` to handle tasks related to earthquakes all over the country. Lately Chinese government issued an outline of a project on ``National midlong-term advancement of science and technology (2006- 2020)``, which is selecting the ``observation and precaution`` measures as a part of the national policy with overriding priority when it comes to serious natural disasters including earthquakes. It made the measures for prevention and reduction of earthquake-induced hazards important for the national development and disaster prevention services, which consequentially enabled priority aids from the government. China is establishing its own legal system through putting experiences earned while carrying out a series of measures relating the ``prevention and reduction of earthquake-induced hazards`` into the laws of the central government and the regulations and legislations of the local government. It mainly regulates on the subjects of ``earthquake- related safety assessment management. management of the area of defense and emphasized prediction of earthquakes, a seismological observatory and promoting a observational environment, et cetera``. Especially, the structure of the ``Chinese law of prevention and reduction of earthquake-induced hazards`` is mainly consist of ``Policy planning, seismological observation and forecasting, prevention and urgent measures against earthquake-induced hazards, transitional emergency aid and reconstruction``, which shows it is legislated for assembling with the basic directions of the policy in order to prevent and reduce the earthquake-induced hazards. This clearly states the country`s main policy and the legislative system have a strong correlation that it arranges legal basis for executive actions in order to guarantee both effectiveness of the law and the security of enforcing a policy at the same time. Legislations related to earthquakes in the country is more close to the public law dealing with the national administration than the private law, compared to the other laws. It has tight connection with its country`s social, political, and economical matters and people`s living and surviving than aiming for interests of private man, there will be a need for a balanced legislation system between the public law and the private law.

현행 지진대책법상 지진 대응체계를 위한 법적 제고방안 연구

이재삼(Lee jae sam) 인하대학교 법학연구소 2018 法學硏究 Vol.21 No.2

지진은 사람의 생명과 재산에 매우 위험하고 긴급하게 발생하는 자연재해이다. 이와 같이 지진의 위험성과 긴급성으로 볼때 지진에 대한 사전대비는 매우 중요하다. 주지하는 바와 같이 현행 지진대책법상 제기되는 문제점으로서 첫째, 지진에 관한 법률이 분산 규정됨으로 인하여 법체계의 혼란과 일관성이 저해되고 있다. 둘째, 지진 담당기관들이 각 기관별로 업무와 기능을 달리하고 있어서 행정상 비효율성이 제기되고 있다. 셋째, 건축물의 내진설계에 있어서는 기본적이고 원칙적인 기준이 없고 구조물의 특성을 고려하지 않고 있다는 것이다. 넷째, 지진교육이 매우 미흡하다는 것이다. 이와 같은 지진대책법상 문제점에 대하여 그 개선방안으로 첫째, 지진에 관련된 법규를 통합적으로 규정함으로써 지진 법규의 쉽고 용이한 해석과 적용이 되도록 해야 한다. 둘째, 지진발생시 관련 행정기관들의 조직체계의 연동성이 매우 중요하므로 각 기관간 신속한 지휘체계의 확립을 위해서 상시적이고 전문적인 지진기구와 지진전문가 구성이 필요하다. 셋째, 지진발생 시 강진에 견딜 수 있는 건축물의 내진설계와 내진보강이 강화 되어야 할 것이다. 넷째, 지진대책법상 지진에 대한 교육을 세부적으로 규정하여야 한다. 즉 지진교육에 대하여는 연중 실시하여야 하며 지진발생 시 대응 절차와 기준, 행동요령 그리고 피해발생시 상담 및 구제 절차 등 체질화 교육이 바람직하다. 요컨대, 지진과 관련하여 현행 지진대책법상 위 개선방안에 대한 구체적인 대안으로서 우선적으로 지진 관련 법규의 통합에 대하여는 지진대책법을 근간으로 하여 지진경보법률과 재난안전관리법의 통합이 필요하다. 그리고 지진 관련 행정의 효율성을 제고하기 위하여 상시적이고 전문적인 지진 관련 재난콘트롤타워를 설치하는 것을 제안한다. 또 현행 지진대책법 제14조에서의 건축물의 내진강화와 보완강화 규정을 의무규정으로 강화해야 한다. 아울러 동법 제11조의 지진교육의 강화하기 위하여는 구체적으로 연중 교육과 수시교육 등을 강화하는 것이 바람직하다. 결국 위의 사항의 구체적인 실현을 위해서는 현행 지진대책법의 개정이나 입법적 보완이 시급하다 하겠다. Earthquakes are natural disasters that outbreak unexpectedly and adversely affect to the property and lives of people. In view of the risks and emergency of earthquakes, it is important to establish and execute proactive and preventive measures against earthquakes. This paper aims to examine issues that have been raised in related to current Seismic Countermeasure Act; first, the current seismic related regulations are not consolidated, but stipulated in different Acts, which cause inconsistency and confusion of the legal system, second, the various earthquake agencies are in charge of different tasks and roles, and thus inefficiency of administrative procedures are being raised, third, in terms of seismic design of buildings, no basic and principle standard are stipulated and the characteristics of structures are not incorporated into the current Act. Fourth, earthquake education and training are not completely taken into account. Having considered all these issues above, this paper would propose the followings to resolve the currently raised issues of Seismic Countermeasure Act; first, seismic regulations are required to be consolidated into one Act to facilitate interpretation and implementation of the regulation in an easy and clear manner, second, seismic organizations with regular and qualified seismic experts are required to be established to build up rapid command system among the different agencies since the coordination among different divisions and structure within related administrative agencies is highly critical in the event of an earthquake, third, seismic design and seismic strengthening of buildings should be reinforced so that building will be able to withstand against earthquakes, fourth, the Seismic Countermeasure Act is required to specify education and training regarding countermeasures against earthquakes in detail. In other words, earthquake education is required to conduct throughout the year and education plan should contain the followings; countermeasures in case of an earthquake, standards, required emergency actions, and consultation and remedy procedures. In sum, this paper would like to present specific proposals for the updates and revision of Seismic Countermeasure Act as followings; first, regarding the consolidation of earthquakes related laws, it deems necessary to integrate Earthquake Early Warning System Act and Framework Acton the Management of Disasters and Safety. In addition, we propose Disaster Control Tower being in place with regular qualified earthquake experts in order to improve the efficiency of the earthquake related administration. Furthermore, current provision of seismic reinforcement and supplement and reinforcement of building in Article 14 of the Seismic Countermeasure Act should be stipulated as mandatory. Also, it is advised tore inforce the execution of annual and regular education and training in order to promote and strengthen the earthquake education of Article11 of the same Act. To sum up, it deems necessary to revise or supplement legislatively of current Seismic Countermeasure Act in order to implement the measures as stated in above proposals.

연구논문 : 지진에 관한 초등학교 4학년 학생의 선개념

김수정 ( Soo Jeong Kim ),김형범 ( Hyoung Bum Kim ),정진우 ( Jin Woo Jeong ) 경북대학교 과학교육연구소 2013 科學敎育硏究誌 Vol.37 No.3

이 연구의 목적은 초등학교 4학년 학생들이 정규 수업을 받기 전 지진에 대한 선개념을 조사함으로써 교사들의 교수·학습 전략에 도움을 주고자 함에 있다. 이 연구를 위해 경기도 성남시에 거주하는 초등학교 4학년 학생 31명에게 지진에 대한 개념을 면담을 통해 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 초등학교 4학년 학생들은 지진의 정의에 관해서는 64.9%의 학생이 과학적 개념을 가지고 있었다. 지진이 발생할 때 땅 위에서 일어나는 현상에 관한 응답결과는 59.2%의 학생이 땅이 흔들리거나 갈라지거나, 건물이 흔들리거나 무너지는 것으로 응답하였으며, 지진이 일어날 때의 대처법에 관해서는 대부분의 학생들이 대처법을 2가지 이상씩 응답하였다. 그러나 이에 비해 지진 발생의 원인에 관한 질문에는 ‘모르겠다’라는 응답이 35.3%가 나왔고, 1명의 학생을 제외하고 과학적인 개념을 응답한 학생이 없었다. 지진이 발생할 때, 땅 아래에서 일어나는 일에 관한 질문에 26.3%의 학생이 ‘모르겠다’라고 응답을 했다. 지진이 자주 일어나는 지역에 관해서는 섬이라고 응답한 학생이 22.2%로 나타났고, ‘모르겠다’라고 응답한 학생이 16.7% 로 나타났다. 그 이유에 관해서는 ‘모르겠다’라는 응답이 39.9%로 가장 많았고, 과학적인 개념을 응답한 학생은 없었다. 결과적으로, 초등학교 4학년 학생들은 지진의 정의에 관해서는 과학적 개념을 가지고 있으며, 지진이 일어날 때의 지표면에서 일어나는 현상, 대처법에 관해서는 학교교육 이전에 외부환경과의 상호작용으로 그와 관련된 많은 경험을 가지고 있는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 지진이 발생하는 원인, 지진이 일어날 때 땅 아래에서 일어나는 현상, 지진이 자주 일어나는 지역과 그 원인에 관해서는 외부환경과의 상호작용이 비교적 적은 것으로 보여진다. 이 연구를 바탕으로 앞으로 학습자의 선개념을 탐구하고 이를 토대로 교육과정을 재구성하는 연구가 계속해서 진행되어야 할 것이다. 또한 교육과정 개발 과정에서 학습자의 사고 체계를 어떻게 반영할 수 있는지에 관한 연구도 아울러 이루어져야 할 것이다. The purpose of this study is to aid the teaching strategy for the teacher by investigating the preconception of the earthquake for 4th grade students in elementary school before learn the curriculum. For this, 31 grade students who lived in Seongnam in Gyeonggi province were interviewed with the questionnaire. The following is the findings. On the definition of an earthquake, 64.9% of the students had scientific conception. On the question of ‘what happens on the ground when there is an earthquake’, 59.2% of the students responded shaking or cracking of the earth, ground, things or building. On the question of ‘what a person should do when there is an earthquake’, most of the students responded by more than two answers. In contrast, on the causes of an earthquake, there were the largest percentage (35.3%) students who answered they didn`t know. Except for one student, there were no students had talked about scientific conception. On the question of ‘what happens below when there is an earthquake’, 26.3% of the students responded they didn`t know. On the place where an earthquake occurs rather frequently, 22.2% of the students mentioned an island. On the reason, 39.9% of the students responded they didn`t know and there were no students with scientific answers. This study showed 4th grade students had scientific conception on the definition of an earthquake, and they had many experience interaction with external environment on ``what happens on the ground when there is an earthquake``, ``the place where an earthquake occur rather frequently``. However the students had relatively small experience on the causes of an earthquake, on ``what happens below the ground when there is an earthquake``, and earthquake-prone areas. Based on this study, additional research must be conducted on science in which the students` preconceptions is investigated to connect back to curriculum development. In addition, consideration must be given on how to integrate the thinking processes of students during the curriculum development process.

지진 전조인자로서 지하수내 라돈 및 화학성분의 상관성 연구

정찬호 ( Chan Ho Jeong ),박준식 ( Jun Sik Park ),이용천 ( Yong Cheon Lee ),이유진 ( Yu Jin Lee ),양재하 ( Jae Ha Yang ),김영석 ( Young Suk Kim ),오송민 ( Song Min Ou ) 대한지질공학회 2018 지질공학 Vol.28 No.2

한반도 지진에 대한 전조인자 연구를 위해 대전, 청원지역 지하수 관측정에서 심도별(-60 m, -100 m)로 화학성분과 라돈, 수위변화를 주기적으로 측정하였다. 관측정 특정심도 지하수의 pH와 전기전도도 값이 포항지진 발생에 따라 큰 폭으로 증가하는 등 비교적 뚜렷한 상관성을 보였다. 주요화학 성분 중에는 대전관측정에서는 HCO₃^-, Cl^-의 농도가 지진과의 연관성 있는 변동을 보이며, 청원지역 관측정에서는 Mg²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^-의 농도가 변화를 보였다. 그러나 지하수의 주요 화학성분의 변화는 지진발생과의 상관성이 명확하지는 않다. 대전관측정 지하수내 라돈 함량은 지진 발생 전 최저 162 Bq/L에서 지진발생 직후 573 Bq/L로 크게 증가하는 경향을 보여 지진과의 뚜렷한 상관성을 보여주었다. 지하수위의 경우에는 지진발생과의 상관성은 확인되지 않고 갈수기로 인한 지속적인 하강의 양상을 보여주었다. 그러나 포항 진앙지 10 km 이내 국가 지하수 관측정에서는 지진발생 직전 뚜렷한 지하수위의 하강 현상을 보여주었다. 결론적으로 포항지진 진앙지와 약 180 km 이상 떨어진 지역이지만 대전 관측정에서 라돈가스는 지진과 가장 뚜렷한 상관성을 보여 지진전조인자로서의 신뢰성할 수 있는 후보로서 가능성을 확인하였다. pH, 전기전도도, HCO₃^-, Cl^- 성분은 지진과 일정 부분 상관성을 보여주었지만 보다 더 장기적인 모니터링을 통하여 지진전조로서 가능성을 확인할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. In order to study the earthquake precursor in the Korean peninsula, long-term variations of chemical composition, radon-222, and water level were measured at depths (-60 m, -100 m) in the groundwater monitoring wells of the Daejeon and the Cheongwon area. The pH and electrical conductivity of groundwater in the monitoring wells showed some relationship with the Pohang earthquake. The HCO₃ ^- and Cl^- concentration of groundwater in the Daejeon and Mg²⁺, Cl^- and NO₃ ^- in the Cheongwon showed some relation with the Pohang earthquake. However, it is not distinct to find the relationship between their variation and earthquake. The radon-222 concentration in Daejeon was observed a significant increase from a minimum of 162 Bq/L prior to the earthquake to 573 Bq/L right after the earthquake, that indicating a strong correlation with earthquakes. In the case of groundwater levels, it can not find some correlation between earthquakes and continuous decreasing trend in the monitoring wells of Daejeon and Cheongwon area. However, water level of a national groundwater observation well within 10 kilometers of Pohang epicenter was recorded as an abrupt drop right before the earthquake. Conclusively, although the location of monitoring wells is more than 180 kilometers apart from the epicenter of the Pohang earthquake, the radon gas in groundwater can be considered as a reliable candidate among earthquake precursors. The pH, electrical conductivity, HCO₃ ^- and Cl^- among hydrochemicals showed some correlation with earthquake should be monitored during a longer term to recognize distinctly as a precursor of earthquake.