정치적 및 상징적 효율성이 관리혁신의 확산에 미치는 영향과 이들에 대한 조절요인에 대한 연구

이경묵(Kyungmook Lee),박미혜(Mihye Park) 한국인사ㆍ조직학회 2009 인사조직연구 Vol.17 No.2

본 연구에서는 제도이론의 관점을 활용하여 관리혁신의 속성인 정치적 효율성과 상징적 효율성이 관리혁신의 확산에 미치는 영향을 논의하였다. 첫째, 정치적 효율성을 논의하면서 관리혁신의 확산을 추진하는 주체가 행사하는 영향력이 크 고 확산을 강제하는 정도가 강할수록, 그리고 혁신이 조직 내부 권력연합의 권력기반을 강화해줄수록 빠르게 확산될 것이라는 가설을 제시하였다. 둘째, 상징적 효율성을 논의하면서 사회적 지위가 높은 조직에서 고안하여 활용한 혁신, 권위있는 전문기관에서 추천하는 혁신, 사회진보와 정의구현에 도움을 주는 것으로 인정되는 혁신, 기존 제도들과의 적합성이 높은 혁신, 재발명된 혁신이 빠르게 확산될 것이라는 가설을 제시하였다. 셋째, 정치적 효율성과 상징적 효율성이 확산속도에 미치는 영향을 조절하는 요인들을 탐색하였다. 관리혁신이 정치적 효율성과 상징적 효율성이 높다고 해서 항상 빠르게 확산되지는 않는다. 다수의 조직과 조직내부의 권력 연합에게 큰 희생을 요구하는 혁신의 경우에는, 채택여부를 고민하는 의사결정자들이 혁신을 채택함으로써 얻을 수 있는 정치적 정당성의 확보와 상징적 평판의 고양을 포기할 수도 있기 때문이다. 따라서 혁신채택에 필수적으로 수반되는 비용과 희생이 작을수록 정치적 및 상징적 효율성이 확산에 미치는 영향이 강해질 것이다. 이런 조절요인으로 본 연구에서는 채택 여부의 가시성, 혁신의 독자성, 상징적 채택의 용이성을 검토하였다. 또 다른 조절요인으로 혁신의 채택이 근본적인 조직변화를 요구하는지의 여부, 핵심부 인력의 변화를 요구하는지의 여부를 검토하였다. 이러한 논의를 바탕으로 본 연구의 제도이론에 대한 잠재적 공헌, 연구의 한계, 그리고 미래 연구방향을 제시하였다. This paper proposes empirically testable hypotheses regarding the effects of the attributes of innovation on its diffusion. Based on the review of extant literature, this study suggests that “politically efficient,” and “symbolically efficient” innovations will have high diffusion rates. First, politically efficient innovation is defined to be one that satisfies interest of strong external stakeholders or interest of inside power coalition of an organization. We hypothesize that when the external stakeholder promoting the diffusion of an innovation shields a greater power on organizations and a strong will to coerce its adoption to those organizations, the innovation will diffuse faster. Also, we propose that an innovation strengthening the power basis of extant power coalition will diffuse faster than the innovation weakening it. Second, symbolically efficient innovation is defined to be one that enhances reputation and modern image of adopting organizations. We propose that an innovation designed and used by organizations with high social status, an innovation recommended by prestigious professional association, or an innovation contributing social progress and justice will diffuse faster. We also suggest that an innovation closely related to existing practices or an innovation that was reinvented from existing dominant practices will exhibit higher diffusion rates. Third, this study investigates additional innovation attributes that moderate the effect of political and symbolic efficiency of an innovation on its diffusion. When the adoption and implementation of an innovation incurs a great deal of cost, organizations can give up its adoption even though the innovation is politically and symbolically efficient and thus the effects of political and symbolic efficiencies on innovation diffusion will become weaker. Specifically, we discuss the moderating effect of visibility of innovation adoption, easiness of decoupling innovation adoption from its implementation, and independence of an innovation from extant practices. Moreover, we suggest that adoption of an innovation that demands radical organizational change, or affects core organizational members will be costly. Thus, we propose the moderating effects of those attributes in innovation diffusion process. As future research directions, we suggest that future research can explore generalized diffusion model that can explain diffusion of both organizational innovations and technological innovations. Empirical research that can test hypotheses proposed in this paper will be valuable. Meta-analysis on extant diffusion literature can be the first step to empirically test those hypotheses. Other option is to collect diffusion data of diverse organizational innovations that exhibit varying diffusion rates and analyze the data by using innovation itself as a unit of analysis.

신흥시장에서의 리버스 이노베이션 - 혁신확산모형과 중국시장 사례연구

정용균 한중사회과학학회 2020 한중사회과학연구 Vol.18 No.1

Reverse Innovation has been a newly emerging concept of innovation for last ten years. It implies that new technology or new knowledge flows from low income countries to high income countries. This concept of reverse innovation contradicts the conventional wisdom of innovation paradigm. The conventional wisdom implies that most of technological innovation has been created within research centers located at advanced countries. Our contribution is that this paper suggests an innovation- diffusion model of reverse innovation. We divide total diffusion of reverse innovation into four sub-parts: first, identification of the problem, second, innovation in low income country, third, innovation transfer from low income country to high income country, and fourth, innovation and diffusion in high income country. We also implements a case study of China in the area of reverse innovation. Our finding show that eleven cases of reverse innovation are identified in China. Accordingly, we conclude that China is one of the Emerging Market(EM) that implements a reverse innovation. One of implications of this study is that it is necessary to intensify cooperation between high income country and low income country, since executives of headquarter of multi-national corporation(MNC) located at high income countries need to understand cultures of low income country to sell their products to low income countries. At the same time, low income country needs to cooperate with the headquarter of multi-national corporation(MNC) in high income country in order to re-export their frugal products to high income countries.

前衛時裝和前衛時裝革新

( Dan Zhang ),( C. Anthony Di Benedetto ) 한국마케팅과학회 2010 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.1 No.4

This is a study of the related concepts of radical fashion and radical fashion innovation. Radical fashions are defined here as those that may never enter the market at all, and exist primarily on runway shows, in exhibitions and in publicity; by contrast, radical fashion innovations may be very successful in the marketplace. Radical fashions represent a clear break from the old designs, as opposed to incremental fashions, which are defined as an extension or evolution of the old designs. Using this definition, radical fashion seems to be at odds with the definition of marketable fashion. Nevertheless, while most radical fashions do not enter the market at all and live only in runway shows, exhibitions, and museums, there are many examples of radical fashion innovations successful in the market. Accordingly, a series of questions rise: What is radical fashion? What is radical fashion innovation? What are the differences and similarities between these, and how are they connected? This study seeks to address these questions, using a foundation developed in the radical product innovation literature. Fashion innovations may be in terms form or function, or style, and can be radical (involving the breaking down of old ideas) or incremental (involving the evolution of new ideas from old ideas). We draw from the radical product innovation literature to build two related models. The first is a model of radical fashion and radical fashion innovation that illustrates the components of both concepts. The second is a model of radical fashion innovation diffusion, drawn from the general product innovation diffusion literature, which explores the evolution of and the connections between these two concepts from the beginning (i.e., the radical fashion) to the end (i.e., success in the mass market). Radical fashion may result in designs that are more suitable for the runway, catalogues, or even museum display, than for actual wear. Radical fashion has sometimes been called "new ideas before their marketing phase." Radical fashion may successfully enter the market, however, and gain wide acceptance among consumers. The transition from radical fashion to radical fashion innovation is not too different from the transition from invention to innovation, which is familiar to researchers in product innovation. Notable in this transition process is the fact that, for many product innovations, what drives the first customers to purchase (the "Visionaries," to use Moore`s terminology in his "crossing the chasm" model of innovation diffusion) may be very different from what drives the rest of the market (the "Pragmatists."). If this "chasm" or divide between the two market segments is not recognized, the innovating firm may find that their product stalls during the diffusion process and never effectively reaches the mass market. In the case of fashion products, visionaries (such as celebrities and the fashion press) prime the market and create favorable word of mouth; yet, at the same time, less-radical, wearable designs may be seen on the runway, or may be manufactured for the mass market and sold through department stores, specialty clothing stores, or even discounters. The most successful worldwide designers instinctively know this, and can continuously produce radically innovative fashion which also usually transitions to the mass market successfully. They recognize the need to reach the visionaries successfully to generate sufficient publicity and word of mouth, and also to use product design, promotion, and distribution strategies, as well as appropriate price lining policies, to reach the mass market (the pragmatists) effectively. We conclude with generalized findings and managerial implications for firms in the fashion industry. We attempt to bring the radical innovation literature, and its understanding of the process of radical innovation diffusion in the marketplace, to the expanding discussion of fashion marketing success strategic development.

학교혁신의 확산 현상 분석: 서울시 A교육지원청 혁신초등학교를 중심으로

윤혜원 한국교육행정학회 2023 敎育行政學硏究 Vol.41 No.4

The objective of this study is to explore the expansion and sustainability of school innovation beyond the level of presenting a micro-school innovation diffusion model through a limited number of prominent school cases. To achieve this objective, a qualitative case study was conducted, focusing on the diffusion of school innovation in the Innovation Elementary Schools of A District Office of Education in Seoul. As a result of the study, the process of school innovation diffusion was identified as consisting of three stages: the emergence and growth of innovative schools, the spread of innovation between schools and the establishment of innovation within schools, and the collective reflection toward better innovation. The diffusion of school innovation was discerned to be intricate, influenced by diverse factors across individual, organizational, inter-organizational network, institutional, and structural dimensions. Based on these findings, a tentative school innovation diffusion model specific to the context of Innovation Elementary Schools in the A District Office of Education in Seoul was introduced. Moreover, practical implications for the diffusion of school innovation were proposed. These include the encouragement of teachers' spontaneity through the institutionalization of autonomy, support for the establishment of multiple communication channels both within and outside the school, and encouraging creative imitation tailored to each school context.

Radical Fashion and Radical Fashion Innovation

Dan Zhang,C,Anthony Di Benedetto 한국마케팅과학회 2010 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.1 No.4

This is a study of the related concepts of radical fashion and radical fashion innovation. Radical fashions are defined here as those that may never enter the market at all, and exist primarily on runway shows, in exhibitions and in publicityby contrast, radical fashion innovations may be very successful in the marketplace. Radical fashions represent a clear break from the old designs, as opposed to incremental fashions, which are defined as an extension or evolution of the old designs. Using this definition, radical fashion seems to be at odds with the definition of marketable fashion. Nevertheless, while most radical fashions do not enter the market at all and live only in runway shows, exhibitions, and museums, there are many examples of radical fashion innovations successful in the market. Accordingly, a series of questions rise: What is radical fashion? What is radical fashion innovation? What are the differences and similarities between these, and how are they connected? This study seeks to address these questions, using a foundation developed in the radical product innovation literature. Fashion innovations may be in terms form or function, or style, and can be radical(involving the breaking down of old ideas) or incremental (involving the evolution of new ideas from old ideas). We draw from the radical product innovation literature to build two related models. The first is a model of radical fashion and radical fashion innovation that illustrates the components of both concepts. The second is a model of radical fashion innovation diffusion, drawn from the general product innovation diffusion literature, which explores the evolution of and the connections between these two concepts from the beginning (i.e., the radical fashion) to the end (i.e., success in the mass market). Radical fashion may result in designs that are more suitable for the runway, catalogues, or even museum display, than for actual wear. Radical fashion has sometimes been called “new ideas before their marketing phase.” Radical fashion may successfully enter the market, however, and gain wide acceptance among consumers. The transition from radical fashion to radi- 1) Ph. D. Candidate, Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA, E-mail: tua65411@temple.edu 2) * Corresponding Author: Professor and Senior Washburn Research Fellow, Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA and Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Tel. +1 215 204 8147. E-mail: anthony.dibenedetto@temple.edu ? 2010 KAMS. All rights reserved. cal fashion innovation is not too different from the transitionfrom invention to innovation, which is familiar to researchers in product innovation. Notable in this transition process is the fact that, for many product innovations, what drives the first customers to purchase (the “Visionaries,” to use Moore’s terminology in his “crossing the chasm” model of innovation diffusion) may be very different from what drives the rest of the market (the “Pragmatists.”). If this “chasm” or divide between the two market segments is not recognized, the innovating firm may find that their product stalls during the diffusion process and never effectively reaches the mass market. In the case of fashion products, visionaries (such as celebrities and the fashion press) prime the market and create favorable word of mouthyet, at the same time, less-radical, wearable designs may be seen on the runway, or may be manufactured for the mass market and sold through department stores, specialty clothing stores, or even discounters. The most successful worldwide designers instinctively know this, and can continuously produce radically innovative fashion which also usually transitions to the mass market successfully.

한국 지방정부의 정책확산에 관한 연구 - 반부패 신고포상금제도를 중심으로 -

이대웅 ( Dae Woong Lee ),권기헌 ( Gi Heon Kwon ) 한국정책학회 2015 韓國政策學會報 Vol.24 No.3

본 논문의 목적은 분권적 정책체제 하에서, 사회적 문제에 대한 대응을 위한 한국 지방정부들의 정책혁신과 이의 확산 기제(mechanism)가 무엇인가에 대해 분석하는 것이다. 따라서 지방정부간 정책혁신과 정책확산의 발현이 지방정부의 합리적·주체적 의사결정에 의한 채택인지, 아니면 정치적 동기 또는 지방정부들 간의 단순 모방·경쟁 등에 의한 것인지에 대하여 분석·검토하였다. 더불어 선행연구를 보완하고자 네트워크 효과에 대한 논의와 채택되어지는 정책의 혁신 수준에 따른 각각의 확산 영향요인에 대한 비교분석을 추가적으로 실시하였다. 본 연구를 통해, 첫째, 정책확산 연구의 외부적 확산모형과 내부적 결정모형에서 나아가 네트워크 모형을 설정하여 정책확산 모형에 대한 논의의 폭을 확장시켰다. 특히 네트워크 변수들은 한국 지방정부의 정책혁신의 확산에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 혁신성이 높은 정책일수록 네트워크 요인에 강하게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 혁신성이 낮은 정책일수록 상위정부에 의한 강압적 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 지방정부에게 정부 간 네트워크는 새롭고 혁신적인 정책에 대한 확장된 정보와 지식을 제공하고 이를 통한 정책학습 효과를 촉진시키는 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 정책의 형식적 채택이 나타나는 지방정부의 경우 상위정부의 정책 채택에 의한 강압적 영향력이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 지방분권체제의 본래의 취지에 적합한 정책혁신 수준의 상향을 위해서는 지방정부 자율권을 기반으로 한 네트워크를 통해 정책결정 및 채택이 지향되어야 함이 도출되었다. The research question of this study is 'what are influencing factors of diffusion at innovation policy that is newly adopted to solve social problems in local governments'. The specific research purposes of this study are the following. First, this study will find diffusion influence factors of policies. Specially, this study mainly deals with the influence of network that is a new channel of policy learning and policy emulation among local governments within the policy diffusion process. Thereby the study could construct the new model of policy diffusion network-based on trust among local governments. Second, the purpose of this study based on the hypothesis that diffusion mechanism is a different according to the policy type (on the basis of policy innovation level). So, this study will implement comparison analysis about influence factors of diffusion, depending on the degree of innovation. Third, this study will suggest policy implications for effective accomplishments of anti-corruption policy on local governments. This study's theoretical implications are as follows, first, previous studies of policy diffusion mainly consider to external effect and inter effect, but this study suggests a new model of policy diffusion that is consider to network effect. This is meaningful because of suggesting needs of consider about network as new mechanism and channel of communication and informationㆍknowledge among local governments. Second, this study will find the difference of the diffusion mechanism in accordance to policy type. Specifically, this study will find the difference of influence factors of policy diffusion in accordance to policy innovation level through empirical analysis and has implication that suggests new direction and need of policy diffusion study. This study's policy implications as follows. First, in order to achieve actual purpose of policy, local government tries to construct networks and specific cooperation on the basis of trust among local governments. That will improve the opportunities to learn and exchange knowledgeㆍinformation is an important process to adopt high-level innovation policy. Second, phenomenon of policy emulation is necessary on the local government age. But formal adoption as simply an emulation of policy will be discouraged to achieve the purposes of the policy. Therefore creative emulation through analytic learning that is considered to administrationㆍpolitic environment on local government about innovation policy must appear.

디지털융합서비스의 수용, 사용, 확산에 관한 연구 : 혁신확산에 관한 수용-확산 및 사용-확산의 통합적 접근

송영화(Yeong-Wha Sawng),임명환(Myung-Hwan Rim),김승호(Seong-Ho Kim),元橋一之(Kazuyuki Motohashi) 한국데이타베이스학회 2010 Journal of information technology applications & m Vol.17 No.2

This study takes a holistic approach to understand the diffusion of IPTV services by combining the adoption-diffusion model and the use-diffusion model of innovation. IPTV service, a leading digital converged application coupling media content with telecommunications, has been recently launched commercially in Korea. We created a structural model of adoption-diffusion, using the perceived easeof-use and usefulness of TAM(Technology Acceptance Model) as mediating variables, and a structural model of use-diffusion, with the rate of use and the variety of use as mediating variables. To empirically analyze these models, non-users of IPTV were surveyed using the adoption-diffusion model to identify factors influencing their intention to subscribe to the service. Meanwhile, users of IPTV were surveyed using the use-diffusion model to determine the factors that influence their satisfaction with the service and their intention to re-use it. Under the adoption-diffusion model, we found that trialability, household innovativeness and perceived risk were the determinants of user satisfaction with IPTV, and perceived ease-of-use, the mediating factors. Under the use-diffusion model, complementarity and communication were shown to be the determinants of users’ satisfaction with IPTV, and variety of use, the mediating factor. We also found that consumers’ intention to re-use IPTV was strongly influenced by its relative advantage and perceived risk.

정책혁신과 확산 연구의 과거, 현재 그리고 미래

김대진 ( Dae Jin Kim ),( Frances S Berry ) 한국정책학회 2010 韓國政策學會報 Vol.19 No.4

This study summarizes and examines seminal studies and notable points of recent researches done based on the framework of Policy Innovation and Diffusion. and finally find how the policy innovation and diffusion studies responds to the criticism and improve itself. and what is necessary for this study field to make a meaningful contribution to the public policy research. First. early studies of policy innovation and diffusion aroused policy scientist`s interest in this topic and provided the theoretical and methodological foundation for the follow-up studies. Also the recent studies put more focus on enhancing the analytical model with more refined notions and providing more empirical evidence on the causal theory so that the policy innovation and diffusion phenomena be better predictable by and more consistent with their theory. Policy innovation and diffusion studies of Korea should utilize the recent development in this study field and apply carefully the theory and models of policy innovation and diffusion to the Korean cases. Considering the political and social context of Korea.

Inter regional diffusion of policy innovation in China A comparative case study

Xu-Feng Zhu 서울대학교행정대학원 2017 Asian Journal of Political Science Vol.25 No.3

Classic theoretical research on the diffusion of policy innovation is usually based on decentralized democratic regimes. However, in authoritarian centralized countries such as China, questions such as, ‘What are the driving forces and the structural dynamics behind local government policy innovation and inter-regional diffusion?’ and ‘How do the governmental structural factors lead to the different patterns of diffusion of policy innovation across local governments?’ are interesting research topics. The theoretical framework proposed in this study highlights the roles of the contingent vertical and horizontal governmental relations in innovation diffusion. I extract two key properties: vertical mandatory intervention from the central government and horizontal political competition among peer governments. This research uses four models to develop a new typology of the interregional diffusion of policy innovation in China: (1) the enlightenment model, (2) the championship model, (3) the designation model, and (4) the recognition model. A comparative case study is conducted in this research, with four policy cases showing that China has developed diversified mechanisms to encourage local governments to perform policy innovation and inter-regional diffusion.

혁신전파 유형별 특징 및 강약점 분석

최상호 ( Sang Ho Choi ),이성우 ( Seong Woo Lee ) 한국농촌지도학회 2009 농촌지도와 개발 Vol.16 No.1

This study analyzed the demographic characteristics, strengths and weaknesses related to information acquisition of local innovation diffusion types. This study use ordered probit model to find strengths and weaknesses of innovation diffusion type in rural area. The individual characteristics of `formal extension type`, `situational reaction diffusion type`, `agriculturist connection type`, and `systematic approach type`, all differentiated according to innovation diffusion type, were analyzed. Following Choi & Choe(2008), immediacy, accessibility, referability, applicability, and satisfaction were the highest in the situational reaction diffusion type, systematic approach type, formal extension type, and farmers connection type, in the order. And there existed organic contexts among individual characteristics. So this study tried to analyze strengths and weaknesses of innovation diffusion type with a focus on immediacy, which emerged as the most important variable in the process of interpreting innovation diffusion. And the strengths and weaknesses of each innovation diffusion type were presented.