폐촉매 부산물로부터 대체 응집제 제조 및 응집성능 평가

이상원(Sang Won Lee),문태섭(Tae Sup Moon),김효수(Hyo Soo Kim),최명원(Myung Won Choi),이대선(Dea Sun Lee),박상태(Sang Tae Park),김창원(Chang Won Kim) 大韓環境工學會 2014 대한환경공학회지 Vol.36 No.7

본 연구에서는 상용 응집제와 동일한 응집 성능을 확보할 수 있는 대체 응집제(황산알루미늄 용액)의 제조 가능성을 평가하였다. 사용된 대체 응집제 원료는 폴리머 제조 공정에서 발생하는 폐촉매 부산물(Waste activated alumina)이며, 대체 응집제는 1) 강열 및 분쇄, 2) 황산과의 화학적 중합 및 치환 반응, 3) 용해 및 희석, 4) 침전 및 분리과정을 거쳐 제조되었다. 실험실 규모의 autoclave 및 용해조에서의 최적 운전 조건을 도출하기 위해 황산 순도, 반응 온도, 황산 주입비 및 용해조에서의 물 주입비의 변화 등에 따른 대체 응집제 내 Al₂O₃ 함량이 분석되었다. 연구 결과, 황산 순도 50%, 반응 온도 120℃, 황산 주입비 5배 및 용해조 물 주입비 2.5배의 조건하에서, 7~8% 범위의 Al₂O₃ 함량을 가지는 대체 응집제가 제조된다는 것이 확인되었다. 대체 응집제의 응집 성능을 평가하기 위해 호기조 유출수를 대상으로 Jar-test를 수행한 결과, Al/P의 몰비를 1.5 및 2.0으로 주입한 두 가지 경우 모두에서 기존 응집제의 인 제거 성능과 유사하거나 더 높은 제거 성능이 확인되었다. 추가적으로 경제성 평가를 통해 상용 응집제와 비교했을 때 50% 이상의 생산 단가 절감이 가능하였고, 생태독성 평가를 통해 환경적 문제없이 대체 응집제가 실제 하수처리장 또는 폐수처리장에 적용될 수 있는 것이 확인되었다. In this study, the production potential of alternative coagulant (Al₂(SO₄)3 solution) having the identical coagulation activity with respect to the commercial coagulant was investigated. The raw material of alternative coagulant was a spent catalyst including aluminium (waste activated alumina) generated in the manufacturing process of the polymer. The alternative coagulant was produced through a series of processes: 1) intense heat and grinding, 2) chemical polymerization and substitution with H₂SO₄ solution, 3) dissolution and dilution and 4) settling and separation. To determine the optimal operating conditions in the lab scale autoclave and dissolver, the content of Al₂O₃ in alternative coagulant was analyzed according to changes of the purity of sulfuric acid, reaction temperature, injection ratio of sulfuric acid and water in the dissolver. The results showed that the alternative coagulant having the Al₂O₃ content of 7~8% was produced under the optimal conditions such as H₂SO₄ purity of 50%, reaction temperature of 120℃, injection ratio of H₂SO₄ of 5 times and injection ratio of water of 2.3 times in dissolver. In order to evaluate the coagulation activity of the alternative coagulant, the Jar-test was conducted to the effluent in aerobic reactor. As a result, in both cases of Al/P mole of 1.5 and 2.0, the coagulation activity of the alternative coagulant was higher than that of the existing commercial coagulant. When the production costs were compared between the alternative and commercial coagulant through economic analysis, the production cost reduction of about 50% was available in the case of the alternative coagulant. In addition, it was identified that the alternative coagulant could be applied at field wastewater treatment plant without environmental problem through ecological toxicity testing.

상수원수의 효과적인 정수처리를 위한 최적 응집제 주입량 결정 : Ⅲ. The Effect of Coagulant Aid Dose Ⅲ. 응집보조제 주입효과

손보균,허재선,조주식 順天大學校 1999 論文集 Vol.18 No.1

This study was conducted to determine the optimum amounts of coagulant for effective treatment of raw water. To avoid overdosing coagulants in case of low turbidity of raw water, the removal rate of turbidity and particle size distribution of flocs were investigated after addition of coagulant aids such as lime and coagulated sludges. When lime was used as a coagulant aid, the maximum removal rate of turbidity was found to be 93% by addition of 20ml/ℓ of lime in combination with 35mg/l polyaluminum chloride(PAC) as a coagulant. At the settling time of 8 min, more than 82% of suspended solids showed the particle size of less than 10㎛ and -7.4mV of zeta potential. It was found that increase in lime addition enhanced the removal efficiency of turbidity, but had no effect on reduction in lime addition enhanced the removal efficiency of turbidity, but had no effect on reduction in coagulant dosage. When coagulated sludges was employed as the aid, the maximum removal rate of turbidity was found to be 82% by addition of 20mg/l of the sludges in combination with 25mg/l PAC as a coagulant. At the settling time of 8 min, about 80% of suspended solids showed the particle size of less than 10um and +3.8mV of zeta potential. Zeta potential decreased with increasing amounts of coagulated sludges and PAC. Addition of coagulated sludges increased the removal rate of turbidity in the water and, at the same time, reduced the amounts of coagulant added.

굴패각과 황토를 이용한 유기성 폐수의 응집처리

라덕관 ( Deog-gwan Ra ),유찬서 ( Chan-seo You ) 한국환경기술학회 2008 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.9 No.4

굴패각과 황토로 제조한 응집제를 합성하수를 대상으로 응집실험을 수행하고, 시판되는 응집제와 효율을 비교하였다. 굴패각과 황토로 제조한 응집제의 적정 혼합비율은 5:5, 최적 pH는 7.0, 최적 주입량은 15g/L로 나타났다. 이때 처리효율은 COD_Mn 11.88%, 탁도 42.57%, 부유물질 44.96%, 총질소 26.57%, 총인 92.53%이었다. 유입수의 농도는 2,500mg/L, 온도 20~30℃에서 가장 좋은 제거율을 나타내었다. 제조한 응집제와 시판되는 응집제(Alum, Ca(OH)₂, FeCl₃, PAC)를 각각 최적조건 하에서 응집실험 한 결과, 유기물질 외에 부유물질, 탁도, 총질소, 총인에 대한 처리효율은 제조된 응집제가 Ca(OH)₂와 유사하였다. 따라서 현재 폐수처리장에서 사용 중인 소석회의 대체 가능성을 확인 할 수 있었다. We compared the coagulation efficiency between prepared coagulant, made with oyster shell and loess, and commercial coagulant for synthetic wastewater. From the results, deriving the optimal coagulation condition from jar test, mixing ratio of oyster shell to loess, pH and dose concentration were shown as 5:5, 7.0 and 15g/L. At the time, the several treatment efficiencies were recorded as COD 11.88 %, turbidity 42.57 %, SS 44.96 %, T-N 26.57 %, T-P 92.53%, respectively. Additionally, the maximum treatment efficiency was accomplished on the condition of inlet wastewater concentration 2,500 mg/L-COD and water temperature range 20 ℃ to 30℃. On the comparing the each coagulant treatment efficiency, between prepared and commercial coagulant (Alum, Ca(OH)₂, FeCl₃, PAC), the prepared coagulant`s treatment efficiency was similar to the results from Ca(OH)₂ on SS, turbidity, T-N, T-P, but COD. Therefore the prepared coagulant was identified as an useful one of coagulants for onsite, instead of Ca(OH)₂.

응고제에 따른 강황 두부의 품질 특성

박금순,이신호,박경남,Park, Geum-Soon,Lee, Shin-Ho,Park, Kyoung-Nam 동아시아식생활학회 2007 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.17 No.4

강황 첨가 두부의 응고제 종류에 따른 품질 특성을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 강황 첨가 두부의 수율은 Milky-Mg, 복합 응고제, GDL첨가 두부의 순으로 높은 수율을 나타냈으며, $MgCl_2$ 첨가 두부가 가장 낮은 수율을 나타내었다. 응고제별 강황 첨가 두부의 산도는 0.005$\sim$0.012이었으며 각 시료간의 유의한 차이가 없었다. pH는 복합 응고제를 첨가한 강황 두부가 가장 낮았고, $MgCl_2$ 첨가 두부가 가장 높았다. (p<.001). 탁도는 응고속도가 늦은 GDL 첨가 두부가 가장 높았으며 p<0.01에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 수분 함량은 $CaCl_2$ 첨가 두부가 가장 높게 나타났으며, Milky-Mg 첨가 두부가 가장 낮게 나타났다(p<0.001). 강황 첨가 두부의 기계적 특성 중 색도에서 L값(명도)은 Milky-Mg 첨가 두부가 가장 밝았으며, a값(적색도)은 GDL 첨가 두부가 가장 높게 나타났으나 b값(황색도)은 가장 낮게 나타났다. 강황 첨가 두부의 texture 측정결과 견고성은 $CaSO_4$ > $CaCl_2$ > $MgCl_2$ > 복합응고제 > GDL > Milky-Mg 순이었으며, 응집성은 시료간에 p>.05에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 탄력성, 검성, 부서짐성은 견고성이 높은 $CaSO_4$, $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$ 첨가 두부가 높게 나타났다. 외관과 질감의 기호도에서 복합 응고제와 GDL 첨가 두부가 가장 높은 점수를 얻었으며, 맛과 향의 기호도에서도 복합 응고제와 $CaSO_4$, GDL 첨가 두부가 높은 평가를 얻어 전반적으로 강황 0.01% 첨가 두유에 복합 응고제 0.45% 첨가와 GDL 0.3% 첨가 시 시각적 기호도와 기능적인 면에서 우수한 강황 두부로 제조될 것으로 사료된다. The physicochemical and functional properties of tofu prepared with kanghwang(Curcuma aromatica Salab.) were investigated, in order to study the effects of six different commercial coagulants. The coagulant concentrations were determined as 0.3% GDL, 0.3% $MgCl_2$, 1.0% $CaCl_2$, 1.5% $CaSO_4$, 0.45% mixed coagulant, and 1.5% Milky-Mg by pre-experiments. Also, the optimum concentration for the added kanghwang(Curcuma aromatica Salab.) was chosen as 0.01%. The yields of the kanghwang tofu prepared with Milky-Mg, mixed, and GDL coagulants were higher than those prepared with $MgCl_2$, $CaCl_2$, and $CaSO_4$. The pH of the kanghwang tofu prepared with the $MgCl_2$ coagulant was higher than when made with the other coagulants. The turbidity of the kanghwang tofu was highest when it was coagulated with GDL, and moisture content was highest or the of kanghwang tofu coagulated with $CaCl_2$. In the color analysis of the kanghwang tofu, the $L^{***}$ value was highest with the Milky-Mg coagulant, while the $a^{***}$ value was highest and the b value lowest with the GDL coagulant. For the textural properties, the hardness results were in the order of $CaSO_4$ > $CaCl_2$ > $MgCl_2$ > mixed > GDL > Milky-Mg, springiness, gumminess, and brittleness were highest in the tofu coagulated with Milky-Mg. For the overall acceptability of the sensory properties, the Kanghwang tofu that was made using the mixed coagulant had the highest score.

정수처리를 위한 혼합응집제의 적용

주득종 ( Ju Deug Jong ),김윤영 ( Kim Yun Yeong ),이석훈 ( Lee Seog Hun ),김영훈 ( Kim Yeong Hun ),하태욱 ( Ha Tae Ug ),양승태 ( Yang Seung Tae ),최상준 ( Choe Sang Jun ) 한국물환경학회 2003 한국물환경학회지 Vol.19 No.1

Inorganic coagulants such as alum and PAC have been most commonly used in coagulation and sedimentation process for drinking water treatment. Organic polymeric coagulants have been successfully used as coagulant aid in other countries including U.S., Canada, Singapore. There are many known advantage of the polymeric coagulant. However, additional high cost feeding equipment is needed for application in water treatment plant and there are operational difficulties to feed optimal concentration. In this study, we are suggesting to use a mixture of PAC and polyamine to overcome the problems. We evaluate the feasibility of the coagulant mixture in mixing ratio, pH of the source water, floc Strength and settlability. Lower content of polymer less than 10% in mixture coagulant is better to prevent use of excess polymer coagulant. The mixture has wider application pH ranges than PAC only. The mixture coagulant was very effective in high turbidity water and reduced the sludge production. The mixture also formed stronger flocs and showed higher settlability.

Combined coagulation/ceramic membrane ultrafiltration system for reclamation of degreasing washing water

Go, Gyeong-Wan,Lee, Eui-Jong,Kang, Seoktae,Jang, Am Balaban Publishers 2016 Desalination and Water Treatment Vol.57 No.16

<P>Currently, there is growing emphasis on wastewater reclamation and reuse around the world. In this study, a combined coagulation/ceramic membrane ultrafiltration system was used to treat degreasing washing water under high pH/alkalinity conditions containing surfactants, organic matter and other materials resulting from rinsing processes in the plating industry. Coagulant exists as sol or gel species that was not suitable for complexation with smaller surfactants and organic matter under high pH/alkalinity conditions. A pH neutralization process was introduced to improve the removal efficiency of the coagulant prior to coagulation. An optimal coagulant (ferric chloride), optimal coagulation pH 5, and optimal coagulant dosage (700 mg Fe/L) were proposed as a result of coagulation tests. Under slightly acidic conditions, species distribution of ferric chloride consisted of monomers and medium polymers that were favorable for the formation of surfactant-coagulant or organic matter-coagulant complexes. In coagulation/ultrafiltration tests, filtration with in-line coagulation enhanced flux and also reduced resistance caused by internal pore blocking. This phenomenon is due to the rapid formation of a cake layer on the ceramic membrane and this cake layer lessens the adsorption of small foulants in feed water on the membrane. Moreover, filtration with in-line coagulation provided water quality similar to that of filtration of the supernatant. It is concluded that filtration with ferric chloride and in-line coagulation are valuable processes for treating degreasing washing water with reduced capital costs by excluding the need for flocculation and sedimentation zones in a water treatment plant.</P>

MIEX(R)를 이용한 수처리 효능 평가

김상구 ( Kim Sang Gu ),손희종 ( Son Hui Jong ),노재순 ( No Jae Sun ),최동훈 ( Choe Dong Hun ),배석문 ( Bae Seog Mun ),권기원 ( Kwon Gi Won ),신판세 ( Sin Pan Se ),김원경 ( Kim Won Gyeong ) 한국수처리학회 2003 한국수처리학회지 Vol.11 No.3

N/A The performance of a novel magnetic ion exchange resin supplied by its manufacturer Orica Australia(M1EX? DOC Resin) in terms of the removal of dissolved organic carbon(DOC). reduction in disinfection by-product formation potential, and effects on the removal of turbidity has been investigated. Two water samples(Maeri and prepared raw waters) were first treated with MIEX? at various doses and contact times, followed by conventional coagulation. Measurements of DOC. UV-254. THMFP, HAAFP and turbidity were made at each stage. In addition, readings of anions, including Br- were also obtained. For comparison, conventional coagulation/sedimentation alone was carried out using fixed levels of coagulant of 60㎎/L for Maeri water, and 100 ㎎/l for prepared water respectively. The UV-254 and DOC removals by MIEX? treatment were shown to be superior to cuagulation, ie better by 11-40% and 20-26% for Maeri and prepared raw water respectively. Further coagulation of the 10 mL/L MIEX? treated waters to control turbidity increased the DOC removal by -16%. As MIEX? dose and contact time increased, the additional DOC removal by coagulation showed corresponding decreases. The DOC removal efficiencies by MIEX? treatment alone were 71% and 82% with Maeri and prepared raw waters respectively. while the corresponding figures achieved by coagulation alone were 48% and 49% respectively. The combination of MIEX? and coagulation(main1y to achieve treatment standard for turbidity) in series yielded DOC removal efficiencies of 83% and 88% for the two waters. The reduction in THMFP by MIEX? treatment was better than that achieved by coagulation by 20-49%. More significantly, MIEX? treatment delivered a reduction of HAAFP which was 50% better than that delivered by coagulation. However, the combination of MIEX? and coagulation, when compared with MIEX? treatment alone, showed only marginal improvements in THMFP and HAAFP. indicating that as a pre-treatment method, MIEX? was particularly effective in removing DBP precursors. MIEX? treatment significantly reduced the dose of coagulant which would be needed for turbidity control. In order to reduce the turbidity from 18(Maeri water) and 27 NTU(prepared raw water) to ( 2 NTU, MIEX? pre-treated water samples only required coagulant doses which were up to 80% less than those involved when coagulation alone was used. However. after MIEX? pre-treatment, low alkalinity waters(1ess than 20 ㎎/L) only showed a slight decrease in turbidity. Most anions in water decreased with MIEX? dose and contact time with Br- showing a reduction of up to 70% while Cl- showing a slight increase due to the effect of resin regeneration. This research showed that for Maeri water(5 ㎎/L DOC and 30 NTU), the pre-treatment with MIEX? dose of 10-16 mL/L and a contact time of 30 minutes yielded optimum results for DOC and DBP control. Coagulant dosage for turbidity control in this case decreased by as much as 20-30 ㎎/L(80%).

SEPARATION OF MICROCYSTIS SP. BY POLYSILICATOIRON COAGULANT

橋本克絃,HASEGAWA, Takao,WANG, Jianzhong,KUROKAWA, Mayumi,WATANABE, Yoshimasa 嶺南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1997 環境硏究 Vol.17 No.1

ABSTRACTRecently attention has been paid to algae which are very difficult to remove and often interfere with conventional drinking water treatment units such as coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. In this paper polysilicatio-iron coagulant, a new inorganic polymer coagulant developed by the authors, was employed. It's coagulation characteristics were investigated by jar test as for algae such as blue-green alga Microcystis sp. and diatom Stephanodiscus sp. contained in impounded waters of estuary dam. The coagulation effect of polysilicatio-iron was also compared with that of conventional aluminum coagulants. Results indicated that polysilicatio-iron coagulant was very effective in coagulation and separation of Microcystis sp. and Stephanodiscus sp. in comparison with the conventional aluminum coagulants.

응고제가 우유두부의 물성 및 관능적 특성에 미치는 영향

우나리야,이민선,박수진,강명화 동아시아식생활학회 2004 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.14 No.5

Different types of coagulant and characteristics of its concentration added in the process of making milk curd were compared in this study. The pH of whey decreased when the amount of coagulant increased. The turbidity of whey was decreased when 5% of acetic acid and lemon juice were put into as coagulants. The texture of milk curd made with cow's milk and skim milk was measured the highest when acetic acid and lemon juice were added at 3, 5% of their concentration. The fracturability of milk curd made only with cow's milk decreased as the concentration of each coagulant increased. The cohesiveness was decreased as concentration of coagulant increased. The springiness was slightly changed depending on its coagulant but didn't show much of difference. The gummminess of milk curd made with cow's milk was increased when 3, 5% of coagulant was added. The result of sensory evaluation of milk curd showed that preference of milk curd wasn't depending on types of milk nor its coagulant. Also, flavor preference showed better when lemon juice was added. Preference in texture of milk curd was the highest made with cow's milk and skim milk. Preference in taste was high when 10% of lemon juice was added to skim milk and preference in its appearance showed higher when the alum was added as a coagulant to both cow's milk and skim milk than other coagulants.

원수 수질특성과 응집제 염기도에 따른 응집 pH 및 주입량의 영향

박노백,이범,TIANDONGJIE,이영주,전항배 대한상하수도학회 2010 상하수도학회지 Vol.24 No.5

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of raw water pH and basicity of coagulants on turbidity removal with several raw waters having different level of turbidity, alkalinity and pH. Raw waters were sampled from M, S and B water treatment plants(WTP) located at Miryang, Nakdong, Han river, respectively. Six coagulants which have different levels of basicity and aluminum contents were used for this evaluation. High basicity of the coagulant helped to properly control coagulation processes for treating turbid and low alkali raw water. It was difficult for operators to determine optimum coagulant dose for high basicity coagulants, since residual turbidity tended to decrease continuously as coagulant dose increased. Turbidity removal efficiencies with high basicity coagulants(E and F) were higher than the other coagulants at ambient pH for the M WTP. Turbidity removal efficiencies, however, at adjusted pH 7.0 showed similar among six coagulants. Residual turbidity kept low at excess dosages with high basicity coagulants. Optimum coagulant dosages at adjusted pH 7.0 showed higher than those at ambient pH in M WTP. On the contrary in B WTP, optimum coagulant dosage at ambient pH were higher than that at adjusted pH 7.0.