미분탄 석탄화력발전에서의 바이오매스 혼소 동향 및 전망

양원,Yang, Won 한국전력공사 2016 KEPCO Journal on electric power and energy Vol.2 No.4

바이오매스 혼소는 신재생 에너지의 비중을 늘리면서 석탄화력발전에서의 $CO_2$ 배출을 저감할 수 있는 단중기적으로 가장 효과적인 방법이다. 본 논문에서는 이 중 기존 화력발전소에 가장 적은 초기투자비로 적용할 수 있는 직접 혼소법에 대하여 주로 고찰을 수행하고, 국내외 현황 및 전망에 대해 기술하였다. 직접 혼소법은 바이오매스 전용 미분기를 사용하여 혼소율을 늘리는 방법과 저 혼소율에서 초기투자비를 최소화하는 기존 석탄 미분기 사용 바이오매스 혼소법으로 나눌 수 있다. 유럽 및 미국에서는 혼소율을 높이기 위해 많은 상용발전소에서 바이오매스 전용 미분기를 사용하여 10~20% 가량의 혼소율(열량 기준)로 운전을 수행하고 있으나, 국내의 경우에는 RPS 대응을 위해 3~5% 가량의 혼소율에서 기존 석탄 미분기를 그대로 사용하여 바이오매스 혼소를 수행하고 있다. 신기후체제가 시작되고 석탄화력발전에서의 $CO_2$ 저감 요구가 점점 더 증대될 것으로 예상되는 바, 향후 바이오매스 고혼소율이 수행될 수 있는 기술적/저책적 방안이 모색되어야 하며, 이 경우 발생할 수 있는 설비에의 악영향을 면밀히 고려한 연료 표준화 및 전처리 기술이 개발되어야 한다. Biomass co-firing to existing thermal power plants is one of the most economical and efficient way to reduce $CO_2$ emission from the plant. There are several methods of co-firing and it can be categorized into (1) Parallel co-firing, (2) Indirect co-firing, and (3) Direct co-firing. Parallel co-firing is the most expensive way to high-ratio co-firing because it requires biomass dedicated boiler. Direct co-firing is widely used because it does not need high capital cost compared with the other two methods. Regarding the direct co-firing, it can be classified into three methods- Method 1 does not need retrofit of the facilities because it uses existing coal mills for pulverizing biomass fuels. In this case high-ratio co-firing cannot be achieved because of poor grindability of biomass fuels. Method 2 needs biomass-dedicated mills and revision of fuel streams for the combustion system, and Method 3 needs additional retrofit of the boiler as well as biomass mills. It can achieve highest share of the biomass co-firing compared with other two methods. In Korea, many coal power plants have been adopting Method 1 for coping with RPS(Renewable portfolio standards). Higher co-firing ratio (> 5% thermal share) has not been considered in Korean power plants due to policy of limitation in biomass co-firing for securing REC(Renewable Energy Certificate). On the other hand, higher-share co-firing of biomass is widely used in Europe and US using biomass dedicated mills, following their policy to enhance utilization of renewable energy in those countries. Technical problems which can be caused by increasing share of the biomass in coal power plants are summarized and discussed in this report. $CO_2$ abatement will become more and more critical issues for coal power plants since Paris agreement(2015) and demand of higher share of biomass in the coal power plants will be rapidly increased in Korea as well. Torrefaction of the biomass can be one of the best options because torrefied biomass has higher heating value and grindability than other biomass fuels. Perspective of the biomass torrefaction for co-firing is discussed, and economic feasibility of biomass torrefaction will be crucial for implementation of this technology.

소사체의 혈중 헤모글로빈-일산화탄소 농도에 따른 연소형태 연구

최승복,오부열,최돈묵 한국화재소방학회 2012 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.26 No.3

Fire patterns have been used to determine the origin and cause of fires in every setting imaginable. However, it is very difficult to identify fire patterns and causes from the fire-damaged remains of a devastated structure. If someone was killed by the fire, it is possible to identify fire patterns by analyzing the Hb-CO concentration in charred bodies of deceased as well as the pace of the fire. For example, a low level of Hb-CO concentration in the charred bodies indicate a rapid fire with accelerants and the death was caused by severe heat and thick toxic fumes. However, a high level of Hb-CO concentration in the charred bodies demonstrates that the fire was slow and/or there was a flameless form of combustion. Thus, it is possible to identify fire patterns through analyzing the level of Hb-CO concentration on the dead from the fire. In this study, the Hb-CO concentration in the charred bodies was from 3 % at the case of gas burning oneself to death to 93 % at the death caused by smoldering fire. 심하게 소손된 화재현장은 남아 있는 잔존물만으로 초기 화재의 유형을 판단하기 곤란할 때가 많다. 화재로 인해 사람이 사망하였을 경우 혈중 헤모글로빈(Hb)-일산화탄소(CO) 농도는 생존 당시의 화재의 유형을 가늠할 수 있으며 촉진제를 사용한 급격한 화재의 경우 열기와 유독가스로 인해 재실자의 생존은 화재진행속도와 비례되어 체내 Hb-CO 농도는낮았으며, 훈소와 같이 서서히 진행되는 연소의 경우 오랜 시간 호흡하면서 체내에 축적되는 CO 농도는 증가하였다. 이러한 인체의 Hb-CO 농도를 분석하면 생존 시 어떠한 형태의 화재에 노출되었는지 알 수 있다. 휘발유로 분신한 자살의 경우를 포함해 훈소성 화재사에 이르기까지 Hb-CO 농도는 3 %에서 최고 93 %로 다양한 농도를 보였다.

UL 268 시험화원에 따른 CO센서의 화재감지센서로서의 적용성에 관한 연구

이춘하,성완기,이종화,김형권,지승욱,김시국 한국화재소방학회 2014 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.28 No.2

The purpose of this study is to test the adaptability of the CO sensor as a fire detector by analyzing its sensing characteristicson fire. In order to test the applicability, we designed and made a fire testing ground whose size is similar to thatregulated by UL 268, carried out real fire tests suggested by UL 268, and conducted a comparison analysis on the sensingcharacteristics between the CO sensor and a photoelectric smoke detector by different types of fire source. The experimentresult to the sensing characteristics of the CO sensor is about twice to three times faster than that of the photoelectricsmoke detector, proceeding with incomplete combustion such as paper and wood fire source in the initial fire. Especially in case of wood smoldering fire, sensing characteristics of the CO sensor is very excellent. 본 논문은 CO센서의 화재에 대한 감지특성을 분석 후 화재감지기로서의 적용성 판단을 하기 위한 논문이다. CO센서의 화재감지기로의 적용성을 판단하기 위해 UL 268에서 규정하고 있는 화재시험실과 유사한 규모의 화재실험장을 설계·제작하고, UL 268에서 제시된 화재시험기준에 준한 실화재실험을 실시하여 화원 종류에 따른 CO센서와 광전식연기감지기의 다양한 화원의 화재에서 발생하는 일산화탄소와 연기에 대한 감지특성을 측정하여 비교·분석하였다. 실험결과 종이화원 및 목재화원과 같이 불완전연소로 진행되는 초기화재에서 CO센서가 광전식연기감지기보다 약 2~3배 빠른 감지특성이 나타났다. 특히, 목재훈소화재에서 CO센서의 감지특성이 매우 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

비밀폐계에서 CO2 소화에 영향을 미치는 인자에 관한 연구 : 선박화재 사례에서

김형준,송찬혁,이임태 한국화재감식학회 2020 한국화재감식학회 학회지 Vol.11 No.4

In the ship fire, the initial fire extinguishing is very important because evacuation space is limited. Large ships are equipped with various extinguishing devices such as portable and fixed extinguishing equipment. The CO2 extinguishing equipment which lowers the oxygen density is one of the devices used in the ship fires. In actually, when a lot of fires occur in the engine room of a ship, a CO2 extinguishing system is often used to extinguish the fire. However, there is a space in the ship that can not be sealed in a large space such as a cargo storage compartment. The fire often occur in cargo compartments. In general, it is understood that CO2 extinguishing must be used in sealed spaces to be effective. Almost studies on the effectiveness of CO2 extinguishing systems for ship fires have been conducted only in a completely closed system such as an engine room. At present, studies on the effectiveness of CO2 extinguishing when there is no closed system has been insufficient. If the initial suppression of the fire is not successful, the combustion will increase, making it difficult to identify the exact cause of the fire. It is important to identify the cause of all fires, but especially for ship fires, it is very important to extinguish the fire early in order to identify the cause of fire. Therefore, in this paper, we analyzed the factors affecting CO2 extinguishing in an unsealed space based on the case of ship fire and investigated the effectiveness of CO2 extinguishing by approximating actual fire cases.

CFD analysis on bioliquid co-firing with heavy fuel oil in a 400MW_e power plant with a wall-firing boiler

Park, Jong Keun,Park, Sangbin,Ryu, Changkook,Baek, Se Hyun,Kim, Young Ju,Park, Ho Young Elsevier 2017 Applied thermal engineering Vol.124 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Liquid biomass derived from food processing, biodiesel production, or fast pyrolysis has good potential for use as fuel to displace diesel or heavy fuel oil (HFO) for heat and power, and a major demonstration was successfully conducted in a 400MW<SUB>e</SUB> HFO-fired power plant with a wall-firing boiler configuration using a BL blend of palm oil, its residue, and animal fat at a 20% co-firing ratio. When compared to a condition with HFO as fuel, the heat transfer rate on the membrane wall significantly decreased, and that of the convective heat exchangers in the upper furnace increased. This trend was different from what was observed at two smaller plants of 100 and 75MW<SUB>e</SUB>, both with a tangential-firing boiler.</P> <P>This study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the reason for the difference in the heat transfer characteristics. In both boiler types, bioliquid (BL) combustion led to lower soot concentrations and a corresponding decrease in radiation. This directly reduced the heat absorption on the furnace wall by approximately 5% at 20%-BL co-firing in the wall-firing boiler, and it was predicted further decrease linearly by 14% at 100%-BL firing. However, the tangential-firing boilers had less than a 1% decrease in measured heat absorption on the furnace wall at 100%-BL firing. Such differences were attributable to the gas flow pattern of the two boiler configurations. The burner tilting and flue gas recirculation of the tangential-firing boilers also contributed to successful operation at 100%-BL firing. The conclusions indicate that without effective measures to control the heat absorption distribution, the capability of a wall-firing boiler for BL combustion is limited to low co-firing ratios.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Bioliquid co-firing with fuel oil significantly changes heat transfer in a boiler. </LI> <LI> Lower soot formation decreases radiation on the furnace wall in bioliquid co-firing. </LI> <LI> Distribution of heat absorption is also influenced by furnace configuration. </LI> <LI> Tangential-firing boiler is more capable of bioliquid co-firing than wall-firing one. </LI> </UL> </P>

미분탄화력발전에서의 바이오매스 혼소 시 플랜트 성능특성 평가

문태영(Tae-Young Mun),Zelalem Tumsa Tefera,이은도(Uendo Lee),이정우(Jeung Woo Lee),양원(Won Yang) 한국연소학회 2014 한국연소학회지 Vol.19 No.3

The aims of this research were to evaluate effects of biomass co-firing to pulverized coal power plants and the variation of co-firing ratios on the plant efficiency related to power consumption of auxiliary system and flue gas characteristics such as production and component by process simulation based on the existing pulverized coal power plant. In this study, four kinds of biomass are selected as renewable fuel candidates for co-firing: wood pellet(WP), palm kernel shell(PKS), empty fruit bunch(EFB) and walnut shell(WS). Process simulation for various biomass fuels and co-firing ratios was performed using a commercial software. Gas side including combustion system and flue gas treatment system was considering with combination of water and steam side which contains turbines, condenser, feed water heaters and pumps. As a result, walnut shell might be the most suitable as co-firing fuel among four biomass since when 10% of walnut shell was co-fired with 90% of coal on thermal basis, flue gas production and power consumption of auxiliary systems were the smallest than those of other biomass co-firing while net plant efficiency was relatively higher than those of other biomass co-firing. However, with increasing walnut shell co-firing ratios, boiler efficiency and net plant efficiency were expected to decrease rather than coal combustion without biomass co-firing.

이산화탄소를 가압원으로 하는 할론대체 소화기용 청정소화약제에 대한 연구

정기신 한국화재소방학회 2019 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.33 No.3

To prevent ozone depletion caused by CFCs, the replacement of Halon with clean agents has been developed in the fireprotection field along with refrigerants, detergents, and foaming agents. The alternatives for Halon 1211 have beendeveloped in the portable fire extinguisher area and HCFC-123 is used widely as a clean fire extinguishing agent. The typeof expellant gas is important because their own vapor pressure is low. In this study, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HFC-125, andNovec-1230 were selected as fire extinguishing agents and CO2, which is expected to improve the fire extinguishing ability,was chosen as the expellant gas. For each agent, experiments changing the agent and CO2 amount were carried out andHCFC-123 showed a good result, as expected. The extinguisher, HCFC-123 of 1.5 kg, showed the same ability to suppressa class A and B fire as the extinguisher, HCFC-123 of 2.5 kg, which is currently sold on the market. According to thisresult, the expellant gas has a subsidiary fire extinguish effect. This can reduce the amount of HCFC fire extinguishingagent, which is categorized in the phase-out alternatives, and is a more eco-friendly and economical fire extinguisher thanthe previous one. This study can also help solve the problems of CO2 fire extinguishers for class B and C fires, and canbe used to extinguish electric and electron facilities fire, which contains large amounts of class A fire combustibles. CFC의 오존층 파괴로 인해 이를 대체할 냉매, 세정제, 발포제의 개발과 더불어 소방분야에서는 할론대체소화약제개발에 주력하여 왔다. 특히 소화기분야에서는 할론1211 소화기를 대체할 청정소화약제를 개발하여 왔다. 그 결과로개발된 소화기용 청정소화약제 중 가장 널리 사용되는 소화약제가 HCFC-123이다. 대부분의 청정소화약제들은 자체증기압이 약하기 때문에 어떠한 가압원을 사용할 것인가가 중요한 문제 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 소화기용 소화약제들 중 HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HFC-125, Novec-1230을 선정하여 이들 약제에 대한 가압원으로 보조소화효과를 기대할 수 있는 CO2를 사용하였다. 각 소화약제별로 약제량과 CO2량을 조절하며 시험을 실시한 결과 HCFC-123 소화약제로부터 기대한 소화효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 현재 시중에 판매되고 있는 소화기인 HCFC-123 2.5 kg을 질소로가압하여 소화능력 ABC 각 1단위인 소화기보다 소화약제가 적은 HCFC-123 1.5 kg과 CO2 1.5 kg을 혼합한 소화기로동일한 소화능력시험에 성공하였다. 이러한 소화시험의 결과는 가압원인 CO2의 보조소화효과를 확인한 것이라 할수 있다. 이는 중간대체물질로 분류되어 있는 HCFC계열의 소화약제를 줄일 수 있어 기존의 소화기보다 친환경적이고 경제적이라 할 수 있으며 B,C급 화재용 소화기인 CO2 소화기로 A급 가연물이 많은 전기, 전자 관련 시설을 방호하는 불합리함을 해결하는데 기여할 수 있으리라 기대한다.

화재위치에 따른 CO₂소화제 전달특성

박찬수,최주석 한국화재소방학회 2003 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.17 No.4

선박기관실과 유사한 공간에 CO₂소화제를 방사하였을 때 화재위치에 따른 CO₂소화제 전달특성을 분석하기 위하여 전산묘사연구를 수행하였다. 화재위치를 변화시키면서 유동장과 농도장을 계산하였으며, 실험결과 화재화염위치가 유동패턴과 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>소화제 질량전달특성에 지배적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 1층과 2층으로 구성된 기관실의 2층 중앙 좌측영역에 화재화염이 위치하는 경우에는 에어 커턴과 같은 효과가 화재가 발생한 영역에서 나타났고, 이 영역으로의 질량전달을 방해하였다. 높이에 따른 특성에서는 1, 2충 중앙 좌측영역에 화재가 위치한 경우, <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>소화제가 완전히 분사된 후에도 이 영역에 소화가능한계 이하의 등농도선이 형성되었다. 따라서 본 연구결과들은 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>소화장치 설비 시 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>소화제 분사노즐을 배열하는데 고려되어져야 할 것으로 생각된다. To analyze the transfer characteristics of CO₂extinguishant when extinguishant is injected into a closed space similar to a marine engine room, a numerical simulation was performed. Flow and Concentration fields are calculated according with the variation of the fire plume,s location. The results show that tile variation of fire plumes, location greatly effected on the flow patterns and the characteristics of CO₂extinguishant transfer. In case of the fire plume located at left region of the 2nd floor center in the engine room consisted of first and second floor, The effects similar to the air curtain is found and cut off the mass transfer. In the characteristics with hight, the iso-concentration line below the extinguishable limit is formed in the left region of the 1st and 2nd floor center after the CO₂extinguishant is completely injected. therefore I think that the results of this study are considered to arrange the CO₂injection nozzles for the CO₂fire fighting equipments.

Landsat TM 영상자료를 활용한 삼척 대형산불 피해지의 비이산화탄소 온실가스 배출량 추정

원명수 ( Myoung Soo Won ),구교상 ( Kyo Sang Koo ),이명보 ( Myung Bo Lee ),손영모 ( Yeong Mo Son ) 한국농림기상학회 2008 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.10 No.1

지구온난화 문제는 국지적, 국내적 환경문제가 아닌 범지구적 차원에서 해결하여야 할 문제로 온실가스 규제와 지구환경의 조화를 위한 국제적 노력이 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 바이오매스 연소시 배출되는 비이산화탄소의 배출량을 정량적으로 추정하기 위한 방법론을 제시하고자 하였고, 산불피해지 구분은 물론 피해강도에 따라 배출되는 비이산화탄소 온실가스를 정량적으로 추정하기 위해 위성영상 자료를 활용하였으며, IPCC 기준인 Tier 2 수준으로 비이산화탄소 온실가스 배출량을 추정하였다. 본 연구에서는 2000년 4월에 발생한 우리나라 최대산불인 삼척피해지를 대상으로 산불 전후 동일시기에 관측된 Landsat 위성영상으로부터 정규탄화지수(NBR)를 추출하여 산불피해지역과 피해강도를 정량적으로 분석하였다. 위성영상에서 추출된 피해면적과 피해강도별 분석자료는 바이오매스 연소로 인해 직접 배출되는 비이산화탄소 배출량 추정을 위한 활동자료로 활용하였다. 비이산화탄소 배출량 추정을 위해 IPCC의 추정식을 이용하였다. 산불피해강도별 연소효율은 피해강도가 ``심``(burn severity: high)인 수관화 지역의 경우 0.43, 피해강도 ``중``(burn severity: moderate) 0.40, 그리고 피해강도가 ``경``인 지표화지(burn severity: low)의 경우는 0.15를 적용하였다. 바이오매스 연소시 배출되는 비이산화탄소 온실가스별 배출계수는 CO 130, CH4 9,NOx 0.7, N2O 0.11 값을 적용하였다. 삼척 산불피해지의 dNBR에 의한 피해강도 분석 결과, 전체 피해면적은 16,200ha로 나타났으며, 피해강도는 ``경(Low: dNBR 152 이하)`` 35%, ``중(Moderate: dNBR 153-190)`` 33%, ``심(High: dNBR 191-255)`` 32%의 면적분포를 보였다. 임상별 피해면적은 침엽수림 11,506ha(77%), 활엽수림 453ha(3%) 그리고 혼효림에서 2,978ha(20%)의 피해를 입은 것으로 평가되었다. 삼척 산불피해지의 바이오매스 연소로 인해 직접 배출된 비이산화탄소 배출량 추정 결과, CO 93%, CH4 6.4%, NOx 0.5%, N2O 0.1%의 순으로 배출량이 많았다. 삼척 산불피해지의 강도별 피해면적은 32%-35%의 분포로 고른 양상을 보이고 있지만 피해강도 ``중`` 지역에서 배출된 비이산화탄소의 양이 전체의 47%를 차지하여 배출율이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 삼척산불 피해지의 총 비이산화탄소 온실가스 배출량은 CO 44.100Gg, CH4 3.053Gg, NOx 0.238Gg 그리고 N2O는 0.038Gg이 배출된 것으로 추정되었다. This study was performed to estimate non-CO2 greenhouse gases (i.e., GHGs) emission from biomass burning at a local scale. Estimation of non-CO2 GHGs emission was conducted using Landsat TM satellite imagery in order to assess the damage degree in burnt area and its effect on non-CO2 GHGs emission. This approach of estimation was based on the protocol of the 2003 IPCC Guidelines. In this study, we used one of the most severe fire cases occurred Samcheock in April, 2004. Landsat TM satellite imageries of pre-and post-fire were used 1) to calculate delta normalized burn ratio (dNBR) for analyzing burnt area and burn severity of the Samcheok large-fire and 2) to quantify non-CO2 GHGs emission from different size of the burnt area and the damage degree. The analysis of dNBR of the Samcheok large-fire indicated that the total burnt area was 16,200ha and the size of the burnt area differed with the burn severity: out of the total burnt area, the burn severities of Low (dNBR < 152), Moderate (dNBR = 153-190), and High (dNBR = 191-255) were 35%, 33%, and 32%, respectively. It was estimated that the burnt areas of coniferous forest, deciduous forest, and mixed forest were about 11,506ha (77%), 453ha (3%), and 2,978ha (20%), respectively. The magnitude of non-CO2 GHGs emissions from the Samcheok large-fire differed significantly, showing 93% of CO (44.100Gg), 6.4% of CH4 (3.053Gg), 0.5% of NOx (0.238Gg), and 0.1% of N2O (0.038Gg). Although there were little changes in the total burnt area by the burn severity, there were differences in the emission of non-CO2 GHGs with the degree of the burn severity. The maximum emission of non-CO2 GHGs occurred in moderate burn severity, indicating 47% of the total emission.

Study on the Smoke and CO Alarm Concentrations to Develop a Smoke & CO Combination Detector

Sikuk Kim 한국화재소방학회 2023 International Journal of Fire Science and Engineer Vol.37 No.4

In this study, we studied smoke and CO alarm concentrations to develop a combination detector for both smoke and CO. The derivation of smoke and CO alarm concentrations involved examining CO concentrations by smoke concentration using a sensitivity tester, typically employed for the type approval of photoelectric smoke detectors. Fire alarm and false alarm tests were performed to analyze smoke and CO concentrations further. In the fire alarm test conducted with polyurethane foam, generating black smoke with a reduced light scattering effect in the smoke chamber, no fire alarm was triggered, although the fire alarm concentration of the existing photoelectric smoke detector of sensitivity type 2 was set at 15 %/m. The measured smoke concentration reached only up to 10.2 %/m. Conversely, in the false alarm test with sliced pork belly and mackerel, false alarms occurred as the smoke concentration exceeded 15 %/m. The determined smoke and CO alarm concentrations for the combination detectors were established at 7.5 %/m for smoke (continuously for 10 s) and 15 ppm for CO (continuously for 10 s). Applying these concentrations in subsequent tests revealed an improved performance. In the polyurethane foam fire, where the existing smoke detector failed to operate, a fire alarm was issued at 328 s with the newly derived concentrations. For smoldering wood, the combination detector issued a fire alarm 305 s faster than the existing smoke detector. Furthermore, in the false alarm test with hamburger patty, sliced pork belly, and mackerel, the adaptability of false alarms was enhanced.