CFA 프랑존의 운영체계와 지속가능성에 관한 연구

강유덕(Yoo-Duk Kang) 고려대학교 일민국제관계연구원 2016 국제관계연구 Vol.21 No.1

본 연구는 CFA 프랑의 설립 배경과 변화, 운영체계를 검토하고, CFA 회원국의 대외무역변화를 분석함으로써 동 체제의 변화가능성을 모색해보고자 하였다. 사하라 이남 아프리카의 14개국으로 구성된 CFA 프랑존은 프랑화/유로화에 대한 강력한 페그제를 바탕으로 거시경제의 안정성 측면에서 성공적이라는 평가를 받아왔다. 그러나 CFA 프랑은 통화주권론 관점에서 비판의 대상이 되어왔다. 또한 환율의 고평가 문제와 대프랑스 무역의 감소는 CFA 프랑의 지속가능성에 대해 의문을 제기하였다. 1960년대에 대프랑스 무역은 CFA 프랑존 총무역의 절반을 차지하였으나, 오늘날에는 4% 수준으로 축소되었고, 무역상대국의 다변화에 따라 대EU 무역비중 또한 감소하였다. 오늘날 CFA 회원국은 무역개방도는 높으나, 1차 원자재를 수출하고 공산품을 수입하는 무역구조는 여전히 계속되고 있다. 페그제에 기반을 둔 CFA 프랑의 정당성은 대외수출의 관점에서 그 정당성을 점차 잃고 있다. CFA 프랑의 부분적 해체 또는 유로화 페그제 포기는 아직 논의되고 있지 않으나, 과거에 비해 페그제의 필요성이 줄어든 것만은 분명하다. 이를 감안할 때, CFA 프랑존은 현 체제를 유지하더라도 변화에 대한 지속적인 요구가 제기될 것으로 보인다. This study explores the sustainability of the current CFA franc regime and its possible changes in the future. For this purpose, this study reviews the development of CFA franc zone since its establishment, its governance and trade structures for the member states. Composed of 14 States in Sub-Saharan Africa, the CFA franc, pegged to French franc and later euro, had been regarded as successful currency regime in terms of macroeconomic stability. However, this regime has been widely criticized due to the loss of the monetary sovereignty of its member states and recurrent overvaluation of CFA franc. In addition, the continuous fall in trade share with France has raised a serious question on the sustainability of this regime. Currently, the trade with France accounted only for 4% of the total trade of the CFA franc zone, while it was almost 50% in 1960s. Besides, the trade share with the European Union has been falling due to the diversification of trade partners. In the context that the CFA franc zone have increasingly high trade oneness, albeit concentrated in primary sectors, the current regime based on the hard peg to euro has been losing its economic justification, particularly from trade point of view. Due to this reason, it is expected that there will be recurrent pressure for changes toward more flexible regime, which reflect policy objectives of member states.

실시간 비디오 응용을 위한 CFA 보간과 컬러 영상 워핑 통합

김봉규,류정래 대한전자공학회 2020 전자공학회논문지 Vol.57 No.11

Color filter array (CFA) image warping before color reconstruction is a computationally efficient image warping method. However, quality of the warped full-color image is a little bit degraded compared with the conventional full-colour image warping. In this paper, a new color image warping is proposed by unifying CFA demosaicking and image warping. The proposed method can be regarded as a generalized image warping from a CFA image to a full-color image in one step. In the proposed method, resultant image quality is almost equal to the full color image warping without significant increase of computational load. The proposed method is applied to lens distortion correction, and results are compared with the RGB full-color image warping and CFA image warping to prove validity of the proposed method. 실시간 컬러 영상 워핑에서 컬러 복원(color reconstruction) 전의 컬러 필터 배열(CFA: Color Filter Array) 영상에 영상 워핑을 적용하면 컬러 영상 워핑에 필요한 보간 연산량을 1/3로 줄임으로써 실시간 성능을 개선할 수 있다. 하지만, RGB 풀 컬러 영상 워핑에 비하여 CFA 영상 워핑의 결과 영상에서는 영상 품질이 떨어지는 한계가 있다. 본 논문에서는 CFA 영상의 컬러 복원과 영상 워핑을 한 단계로 통합하는 방식을 제안한다. 제안하는 방식에서는 영상 품질을 RGB 풀 컬러 영상 워핑 수준으로 유지하면서도 연산량은 크게 증가하지 않는 장점이 있다. 렌즈 왜곡 보정에 적용한 실험 결과를 RGB 풀 컬러 영상 워핑 및 CFA 영상 워핑 결과와 비교하여 제안한 방식의 타당성을 확인한다.

Effect of Electroacupuncture on AMPA Receptor GluR2 Subunit in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced Inflammatory Pain Model

김철윤,최혜영,앙연진,최병태 한의병리학회 2011 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.25 No.5

AMPA receptor (AMPAR)s are heterotetrameric structures made up from 4 units (GluR1-4) and are thought to underlie perception of persistent inflammatory pain. Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-evoked inflammation induces synaptic GluR2 internalization, which is initiated by GluR2 phosphorylation, in dorsal horn neurons during the maintenance of CFA-induced hypersensitivity. The present study investigated whether electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation has any effect on GluR2 trafficking by using immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. We examined that CFA-induced dorsal horn GluR2 internalization was attenuated by EA treatment. EA treatment could also decrease the level of pGluR2 regardless of whether CFA injection was administrated or not. In addition, previous studies suggest that microglial cells are increased without morphological change in CFA injected animal. In our study, increases in microglial cells in CFA group were observed, whereas EA with or without CFA-injected group showed similar aspects with normal group. In conclusion, our results indicate that EA might blunt CFA-evoked inflammation by coordinating mechanisms at the upstream step of neuron activation and GluR2 phosphorylation.

Dual sampling을 사용한 수평배열 RWB 이미지 센서로부터 획득된 영상의 RGB 색상 변환 방법

박철희(Chulhee Park),강문기(Moon Gi Kang) 대한전자공학회 2017 전자공학회논문지 Vol.54 No.9

본 논문은 이중 샘플링 기법을 사용하는 red, white, blue (RWB) 컬러 필터 어레이 (CFA) 이미지 센서에 대한 녹색 (G) 채널 복원을 제안한다. RWB CFA는 G 픽셀 대신 W 픽셀을 사용함으로써 Bayer CFA에 비해 고감도 이미징 및 향상된 신호대 잡음비를 제공한다. 그러나 높은 감도로 인해 W 픽셀 값은 RB 픽셀 값이 적절한 수준에 도달하기 전에 빠르게 포화된다. W 채널에 포함된 누락된 G 색상 정보는 포화된 W로 복원 할 수 없기 때문에 W 픽셀의 초기 포화 문제를 해결하려면 이중 노출된 RWB CFA 패턴이 필요하다. 각 W는 이중노출 때문에 R 및 B와는 다른 노출 시간을 가지므로, G 색상 정보를 복원하려면 기존의 색상 변환과는 다른 RGB 색상 변환 방법이 필요하다. 제안된 G 채널 복원 알고리즘은 이중 노출 시간으로 인한 에너지 차이를 고려하여 W 채널에서 G 색상 정보를 복원한다. 제안된 방법을 사용함으로써 W 픽셀의 높은 감도 특성을 유지하면서 RGB 풀 컬러 이미지를 얻을 수 있다. In this paper, we propose a green (G) channel restoration for Red-White-Blue (RWB) color filter array (CFA) image sensor using the dual sampling technique. By using W pixels instead of G pixels, the RWB CFA provides high sensitivity imaging and improved signal-to-noise ratio as compared to Bayer CFA. Owing to the high sensitivity, however, the W pixel values are rapidly over-saturated before the values of RB pixel reach an appropriate level. Because the missing G color information included in W channel cannot be restored with saturated W, double-exposed RWB CFA pattern is necessary to solve this early saturation problem of W pixels. Because the W pixel was double-exposed, each W has different exposure times with R and B. Therefore, an RGB color conversion method is required to restore G color information when W pixel value is obtained by dual sampling technique. The proposed G channel restoration algorithm restores G color information from W channel by considering the energy difference caused by double-exposed time. By using the proposed method, the RGB full color image can be obtained while maintaining a high sensitivity characteristic of the W pixels.

환도(環跳)(GB₃₀)·양릉천(陽陵泉)(GB₃₄) 온침(溫鍼)이 CFA로 유발된 백서의 류마티스 관절염에 미치는 영향

정주용,조명래,Jeong, Joo Yong,Cho, Myoung Rae 대한침구의학회 2015 대한침구의학회지 Vol.28 No.1

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of warm needling at $GB_{30}{\cdot}GB_{34}$ on Complete Freund's Adjuvant(CFA)-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Methods : Arthritis was induced by injecting CFA subcutaneously into the left knee joint and paw. Acupuncture(AT) and warm needling(W-AT0.5, W-AT1.0) were injected at $GB_{30}{\cdot}GB_{34}$, every other day for a total of 5 times beginning on day 10 after the CFA injection. Thereafter, external shape, paw edema, serum aminotransferase and anti-inflammatory factors were assessed, and hematological and histological observations were made. Results : In paw edema volume all 3 groups(AT, W-AT0.5, W-AT1.0) showed significant decrease compared to the CFA control group. In TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6, all 3 groups showed significant decrease compared to CFA control group. In AST and ALT all 3 groups showed no significant change. In IL-$1{\beta}$, W-AT0.5 and W-AT1.0, groups showed significant decrease compared to the CFA control group. Leucocyte, erythrocyte and thrombocyte, all 3 groups showed no significant change. In histological observations, all 3 groups were similar to the intact group in terms of synoviocyte, cartilage lacuna and cartilage cells. Conclusions : The results suggest that warm needling at $GB_{30}{\cdot}GB_{34}$, has the effect of suppressing inflammation of CFA-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats.

環跳(GB30)ㆍ陽陵泉(GB34) 溫鍼이 CFA로 유발된 백서의 류마티스 관절염에 미치는 영향

정주용,조명래 대한침구의학회 2015 대한침구의학회지 Vol.32 No.2

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of warm needling at GB30ㆍGB34 on Complete Freund’s Adjuvant(CFA)-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Methods : Arthritis was induced by injecting CFA subcutaneously into the left knee joint and paw. Acupuncture(AT) and warm needling(W-AT0.5, W-AT1.0) were injected at GB30ㆍGB34, every other day for a total of 5 times beginning on day 10 after the CFA injection. Thereafter, external shape, paw edema, serum aminotransferase and anti-inflammatory factors were assessed, and hematological and histological observations were made. Results : In paw edema volume all 3 groups(AT, W-AT0.5, W-AT1.0) showed significant decrease compared to the CFA control group. In TNF-α and IL-6, all 3 groups showed significant decrease compared to CFA control group. In AST and ALT all 3 groups showed no significant change. In IL-1β, W-AT0.5 and W-AT1.0, groups showed significant decrease compared to the CFA control group. Leucocyte, erythrocyte and thrombocyte, all 3 groups showed no significant change. In histological observations, all 3 groups were similar to the intact group in terms of synoviocyte, cartilage lacuna and cartilage cells. Conclusions : The results suggest that warm needling at GB30ㆍGB34, has the effect of suppressing inflammation of CFA-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats.

염증성 통증자극이 흰쥐 척수신경절내 Zinc의 분포에 미치는 영향

이보예(Boye Lee),전 교(Gyo Jun),김이석(Yi Suk Kim),이법이(Beobyi Lee),이영일(Young Il Lee),김대중(Dae Joong Kim),조승묵(Seung Mook Jo) 대한해부학회 2005 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.38 No.6

본 연구는 흰쥐 발바닥에 Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)를 투여하는 염증모델에서 통증반응과 척수신경절내 zinc (Zn2±) 변화의 연관성을 autometallography (AMG) 조직화학법으로 확인하였다. 행동검사에서 CFA투여 후 1일에 이미 통증반응의 역치가 유의한 수준으로 감소되었으며, 3일 및 1주에 걸쳐 가장 예민한 통증반응을 보였으며, 이러한 경향은 3주까지 지속되었다. 대조군의 AMG 염색표본에서는 소수의 작은신경절세포에서 미약한 양성반응이 관찰되었으며, 큰신경절세포의 경우 AMG 염색에 양성반응을 보인 세포가 전혀 관찰되지 않았다. 척수신경절내 Zn2±변화를 보면 실험 1일군 이후에는 대부분의 작은신경절세포들이 강한 염색반응을 보였으며, 3일과 7일군에서 그 수가 최대였으며, 3주군에서는 오히려 그 수가 감소하였다. 반면 실험 3일군 이후에 큰 신경절세포가 AMG에 양성반응을 띠었으며, 척수신경절세포를 둘러싸는 위성세포에서도 AMG 염색성이 관찰되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 염증성 통증의 발달, 유지, 회복 등 복잡한 병리기전에 Zn2±가 관여되어 있음을 시사한다. This study was designed to investigate any correlation between the mechanism of pain development and changes of histochemically reactive zinc contents in the rat spinal ganglion following complete Freund’s Adjuvant(CFA) injection, as an inflammatory pain model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (270~290 g) were used for this study. Surgeries were done under anesthesia using pentobarbital (30 mg/kg). we injected 200 μL of CFA subcutaneously in the dorsal aspect of one hind paw using a 30-gauge needle and an 1 mL syringe. Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments was used to test for mechanical hyperalgesia. Finally, zinc selenite autometallography (AMG) was done by Danscher’s method. The rat suffered from severe painful swelling of the hindpaw 1 day after a CFA inoculation. Changes in pain threshold were significantly changed on 1 day, and lasted during experiment period of 3 weeks after the CFA inoculation. In control group, ganglion cells vary in size from 15 to 100 μm. The smaller neurons are strongly stained with AMG, whereas the larger cells are not almostly stained. Each large ganglion cell is surrounded by perineuronal satellite cells, showing apparent AMG stainity. In experiment group, AMG-positive small ganglion cells increased on 1 day after CFA inoculation, and showed a peak in cell number at 3days group, and decreased gradually after 7 days. We found a small number of large-sized ganglion cells with AMG stainity 7 days and 3 weeks after CFA inoculation. Our results indicate that zinc may be involved in pain mechanism in the spinal ganglion level.

Effect of Electroacupuncture on AMPA Receptor GluR2 Subunit in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced Inflammatory Pain Model

Kim, Chul-Yun,Choi, Hye-Young,Yang, Yeun-Jin,Choi, Byung-Tae The Physiological Society of Korean Medicine and T 2011 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.25 No.5

AMPA receptor (AMPAR)s are heterotetrameric structures made up from 4 units (GluR1-4) and are thought to underlie perception of persistent inflammatory pain. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-evoked inflammation induces synaptic GluR2 internalization, which is initiated by GluR2 phosphorylation, in dorsal horn neurons during the maintenance of CFA-induced hypersensitivity. The present study investigated whether electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation has any effect on GluR2 trafficking by using immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. We examined that CFA-induced dorsal horn GluR2 internalization was attenuated by EA treatment. EA treatment could also decrease the level of pGluR2 regardless of whether CFA injection was administrated or not. In addition, previous studies suggest that microglial cells are increased without morphological change in CFA injected animal. In our study, increases in microglial cells in CFA group were observed, whereas EA with or without CFA-injected group showed similar aspects with normal group. In conclusion, our results indicate that EA might blunt CFA-evoked inflammation by coordinating mechanisms at the upstream step of neuron activation and GluR2 phosphorylation.

Continuous-Flow Analysis for Determination of Nitrate Using Hydrazine-Copper Method in Plan

박양호,박소현,이주영,장병춘,이기상,Park, Yang-Ho,Park, So-Hyeon,Lee, Ju-Young,Jang, Byoung-Choon,Lee, Ki-Sang Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2006 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.39 No.4

이연구의 목적은 연속흐름제어장치를 통한 식물체의 nitrate 분석방법 및 RQflex 방법 및 salicylic acid 방법과 비교를 통해 그 정확성을 확인하고자 함에 있다. 분석은 메론, 수박, 오이, 그리고 토마토 잎을 현장에서 채취 후, 분석시까지 초저온 냉동고에 보관후 분석하였다. RQflex로 측정한 결과가 CFA방법이나 salicylic acd 방법보다 약간 높게 나왔으며, CFA방법과 salicylic acid 방법과의 상관관계는 $R^2=0.9671$을 보였으며, RQflex와의 상관관계는 $R^2=0.9739$를 보였다. This study is to describe continuous-flow analysis (CFA) for the determination of nitrate using hydrazine-copper in plant material and to test precision of this method compared with that of methods, which are RQflex method and salicylic acid method. Samples were leaves of watermelon, cucumber, melon and tomato. Nitrate values measured by the RQflex method were greater than those measured by CFA or salicylic acid method. The correlation of nitrate values between those measured by CFA and salicylic acid method was $R^2=0.9671$, and those measured by CFA between those measured by RQflex method was $R^2=0.9739$. Recovery rate of nitrate added to tissue extract by CFA method was $99.7{\pm}0.25%$.

Participation of IL-1β in temporomandibular nociception in rats with CFA-induced inflammation

Jin-Sook Ju,Seung-Ho Choi,Hye-Jin Kim,Jo-Young Son,Dong-Kuk Ahn 대한구강생물학회 2016 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.41 No.3

The aim of the present study was to develop an animal model for evaluation of temporomandibular (TMJ) nociception under TMJ inflammation. We also investigated the participation of IL-1β in inflammation-induced TMJ nociception. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Intra-articular injection of 3% formalin was administered to evaluate hyperalgesia 3 days after CFA injection. Intra-articular injection of 3% formalin did not produce nociceptive behavior in normal rats. Although intra-articular injection of 3 doses of CFA produced TMJ inflammation, only 1:3 diluted CFA produced hyperalgesia when formalin was injected intra-articularly 3 days after CFA injection. Co-administration of IL-1 receptor inhibitor with formalin into the TMJ cavity 3 days after CFA injection was performed. Co-administration of IL-1 receptor inhibitor significantly inhibited formalin-induced hyperalgesia in rats with CFA-induced TMJ inflammation. These results suggested that intra-articular injection of formalin produced hyperalgesia under chronic TMJ inflammation. Moreover, IL-1β plays an important role in TMJ hyperalgesia under chronic inflammation and blockade of IL-1β is a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory TMJ pain.