오염원에 따른 토양 입경 별 비소의 오염특성 및 생물학적 접근성 평가

권예슬,김은정,Kwon, Ye-Seul,Kim, Eun Jung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2017 지하수토양환경 Vol.22 No.5

In this study, we evaluated effect of particle size on arsenic solid-state speciation and bioaccessibility in soils highly contaminated with arsenic from smelting and mining. Soils were partitioned into six particle size fractions ($2000-500{\mu}m$, $500-250{\mu}m$, $250-150{\mu}m$, $150-75{\mu}m$, $75-38{\mu}m$, <$38{\mu}m$), and arsenic solid-state speciation and bioaccessibility were characterized in each particle size fraction. Arsenic solid-state speciation was characterized via sequential extraction and XRD analysis, and arsenic bioaccessibility was evaluated by SBRC (Solubility Bioaccessibility Research Consortium) method. In smelter site soil, arsenic was mainly present as arsenic bound to amorphous iron oxides. Fine particle size fractions showed higher arsenic concentration, but lower arsenic bioaccessibility. On the other hand, arsenic in mine site soil showed highest concentration in largest particle size fraction ($2000-500{\mu}m$), while higher bioaccessibility was observed in smaller particle size fractions. Arsenic in mine site soil was mainly present as arsenolite ($As_2O_3$) phase, which seemed to affect the distribution of arsenic and arsenic bioaccessibility in different particle size fractions of the mine soil.

Assessment of the effect of cooking on speciation and bioaccessibility/cellular uptake of arsenic in rice, using <i>in vitro</i> digestion and Caco-2 and PSI cells as model

Lee, Seul Gi,Kim, Jinhye,Park, Hyunjoon,Holzapfel, Wilhelm,Lee, Kwang-Won Elsevier 2018 Food and chemical toxicology Vol.111 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P> <I>In vitro</I> digestion/Caco-2 or pig small intestinal epithelium cell line (PSI) uptake models were used to study the bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of arsenic (As) in cooked white rice and brown rice. The arsenite(AsIII), was the predominant species in cooked rice and in its bioaccessible fractions. The percentage of total As bioaccessibility in white rice (75%) was slightly higher (p=0.061) than that in brown rice(66%). However, there was no difference in the inorganic As (iAs) bioaccessibility between white rice (95%) and brown rice (96%). In Caco-2 cell monolayer, total As retention was 7-31%, transport was 4-25%, and uptake (sum of retention and transport) was 16-38%. In PSI cell model, the retention, transport, and uptake of tAs were 10-28%, 14-31%, and 29-50%, respectively. In both cells, the cellular uptake of tAs in brown rice was 1.4-1.5 folds lower (p<0.05) than that of white rice. These results indicate that the cellular uptake of As can be affected by nutritional compositions. These in vitro screening methods can serve as preliminary screens to predict the relative impact in rice matrix having different As species and processing conditions, although more research efforts should be applied to validating the existing <I>in vitro</I> methods</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Cooking effect on speciation of arsenic (As) is assessed. </LI> <LI> Digestion/cell model are used for bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of As. </LI> <LI> Arsenic bioaccessibility in GI fractions are higher than that in the G fractions. </LI> <LI> Total As bioaccessibility is lower in the brown rice than white rice. </LI> <LI> Cellular uptake of brown rice is lower than that of white rice. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their Bioaccessibility in Meat: a Tool for Assessing Human Cancer Risk

Hamidi, Elliyana Nadia,Hajeb, Parvaneh,Selamat, Jinap,Razis, Ahmad Faizal Abdull Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.1

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are primarily formed as a result of thermal treatment of food, especially barbecuing or grilling. Contamination by PAHs is due to generation by direct pyrolysis of food nutrients and deposition from smoke produced through incomplete combustion of thermal agents. PAHs are ubiquitous compounds, well-known to be carcinogenic, which can reach the food in different ways. As an important human exposure pathway of contaminants, dietary intake of PAHs is of increasing concern for assessing cancer risk in the human body. In addition, the risks associated with consumption of barbecued meat may increase if consumers use cooking practices that enhance the concentrations of contaminants and their bioaccessibility. Since total PAHs always overestimate the actual amount that is available for absorption by the body, bioaccessibility of PAHs is to be preferred. Bioaccessibility of PAHs in food is the fraction of PAHs mobilized from food matrices during gastrointestinal digestion. An in vitro human digestion model was chosen for assessing the bioaccessibility of PAHs in food as it offers a simple, rapid, low cost alternative to human and animal studies; providing insights which may not be achievable in in vivo studies. Thus, this review aimed not only to provide an overview of general aspects of PAHs such as the formation, carcinogenicity, sources, occurrence, and factors affecting PAH concentrations, but also to enhance understanding of bioaccessibility assessment using an in vitro digestion model.

Solubility, stability, and bioaccessibility improvement of curcumin encapsulated using 4-α-glucanotransferase-modified rice starch with reversible pH-induced aggregation property

Park, Hye Rin,Rho, Shin-Joung,Kim, Yong-Ro Elsevier 2019 Food hydrocolloids Vol.95 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. However, its application in the food industry is very limited owing to its low water solubility and chemical stability. In the present study, 4<I>α</I>GTase-treated rice starch (GS) was prepared by treating rice starch with 4-<I>α</I>-glucanotransferase (4<I>α</I>GTase) for 1 h (1 GS) and 96 h (96 GS), and the physicochemical properties of GS were analyzed. Moreover, the capability of GS to improve the encapsulation efficiency and stability of curcumin by forming complexes was investigated in comparison with maltodextrin (MD) and β-cyclodextrin (CD). GS is known to contain cyclic glucans and amylopectin clusters that contribute to its complex forming capability with bioactive compounds. Upon encapsulation with 1 GS and 96 GS, curcumin solubility increased by 2,241- and 2,846-fold, respectively. UV stability of the encapsulated curcumin with 96 GS also improved by 1.83-fold. GS was effective under all pH conditions except for 96 GS under acidic condition, as well as curcumin encapsulated with 1 GS and 96 GS exhibited 11.53- and 11.27-fold increase in bioaccessibility. The increased stability of curcumin within GS may be attributed to the unique molecular structure of GS interacting with curcumin, as suggested by chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Also, the improved bioaccessibility of curcumin encapsulated with 96 GS even with lower pH stability at acidic pH seems to be partly attributed to reversible pH-induced aggregation of 96 GS. These results suggest that GS could act as a novel food-grade host material to improve the chemical stability of curcumin.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Rice starch was treated by 4αGTase to alter structure and functionality. </LI> <LI> GS treated by 4αGTase for 96 h showed reversible pH-induced aggregation property. </LI> <LI> Curcumin was successfully encapsulated using 4αGTase-treated starch (GS). </LI> <LI> GS was more effective to protect curcumin than maltodextrin and β-cyclodextrin. </LI> <LI> GS highly improved pH, UV stability and bioaccessibility of curcumin. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Combined application of EDDS and EDTA for removal of potentially toxic elements under multiple soil washing schemes

Beiyuan, Jingzi,Tsang, Daniel C.W.,Valix, Marjorie,Baek, Kitae,Ok, Yong Sik,Zhang, Weihua,Bolan, Nanthi S.,Rinklebe, Jö,rg,Li, Xiang-Dong Elsevier 2018 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.205 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Chelant-enhanced soil washing, such as EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and biodegradable EDDS ([<I>S,S</I>]-ethylene-diamine-disuccinic acid), has been widely studied, however, EDTA is persistent under natural conditions while EDDS has a low efficiency for Pb extraction. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of mixed chelants (EDDS and EDTA mixture at 1:1 M ratio) for the removal of Cu, Zn, and Pb from a field-contaminated soil using various washing schemes (multi-pulse, step-gradient chelant, and continuous washing schemes). Speciation modelling of the target metals, mineral elements, and EDDS/EDTA was performed, while the leachability and bioaccessibility of residual metals in the treated soils were also assessed. Our results suggested that the combined use of EDDS and EDTA reached equivalent extraction efficiency of the target metals as EDTA, i.e., 50% reduction in the dosage of EDTA was made possible. This was accomplished by selective extraction of Cu by EDDS and Pb by EDTA, which was supported by the results of speciation calculation. Multi-pulse washing scheme with intermittent water rinsing steps removed entrapped metal-chelant complexes and free chelants, therefore reducing the leachability and bioaccessibility of residual metals in the treated soils. Step-gradient chelant washing with the maximum dosage of chelants in the first washing step only achieved marginal improvement but undesirably promoted Pb bioaccessibility. Continuous washing for 24 h enhanced metal extraction but promoted mineral dissolution, together with a large amount of uncomplexed chelants and increase in Cu leachability. Thus the combined use of EDDS and EDTA in multi-pulse washing is recommended for further studies.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Mixture of EDDS and EDTA extracted comparable amount of PTEs as EDTA washing. </LI> <LI> Mixed chelants allowed complementary metal complexation and higher efficiency. </LI> <LI> Multi-pulse washing better utilized chelants and reduced leachability/bioaccessibility. </LI> <LI> Step-gradient chelant dosage hardly improved extraction but increased bioaccessible Pb. </LI> <LI> Continuous washing increased amounts of uncomplexed chelants and dissolved minerals. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Development and evaluation of lipid nanocarriers for quercetin delivery: A comparative study of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), and lipid nanoemulsions (LNE)

Aditya, N.P.,Macedo, A.S.,Doktorovova, S.,Souto, E.B.,Kim, S.,Chang, P.S.,Ko, S. Academic Press, etc 2014 FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -ZURICH- Vol.59 No.1

To understand the effect of the physical state and composition of the lipid materials on the formation and performance of lipid nanocarriers, three types of carriers namely, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and lipid nanoemulsions (LNE) were prepared and compared. Quercetin was used as a model nutraceutical compound to evaluate the potency of these nanocarriers to increase bioaccessibility. Among the developed nanocarriers, quercetin loaded and free NLC showed the smallest particle size (~34 and 47 nm) compared to SLN (~103 and 127 nm) and LNE (~82 and 83 nm). Encapsulation efficiency of quercetin in these nanocarriers was >90%. Stability of these nanocarriers in simulated stomach conditions was proved by their unaffected size and size distribution after incubation in simulated gastric fluid. Maximum bioaccessibility was observed with NLC and LNE (~60%) compared to SLN (~35%) and free quercetin solution (~7%). Controlled release was observed in enzyme free simulated intestinal fluid with maximum release being obtained with LNE compared to SLN and NLC. This study showed that by optimally controlling the lipid physical state and composition, it is possible to fabricate the lipid nanocarriers with desired properties.

Effect of cooking methods on bioaccessibility of Zn, Se, Cd, Cu in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

Liu, Chune,Wu, Lele,Xue, Ying,Liu, Feng,Sun, Shan,Wang, Liming 한국식품과학회 2018 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.27 No.3

In this study, the total concentration and bioaccessibility of four metals (Zn, Se, Cd, Cu) in sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) before and after cooking were measured. The concentration of Zn, Se, Cd, and Cu were $22.24{\pm}0.75$, $0.75{\pm}0.06$, $0.32{\pm}0.07$, and $1.88{\pm}0.09mg/kg$ in raw cucumber, respectively. The contents of Zn, Se, and Cu in high-pressured samples were significantly higher than that in the raw sea cumber (p < 0.01). The levels of Cd were all decreased after three thermal treatments. The intake of Zn and Cu increased in sea cucumber cooked by all thermal processes. While the bioaccessibility of Se and Cd decreased after cooking. A significant correlation was observed between the concentration and bioaccessibility of minerals. These data provide useful information for dietary risk assessments of minerals in sea cucumbers.

베타-카로텐 탑재 하이드로 젤 농도와 저작에 따른 지방소화율과 생체접근율의 변화

문세훈,김용노,Mun, Saehun,Kim, Yong-Ro 한국식품조리과학회 2017 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.33 No.2

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of the starch concentration of filled hydrogel and the addition of ${\alpha}-amylase$ and simulated mastication processing in an oral phase on lipid digestion and ${\beta}-carotene$ bioaccessibility of filled hydrogels. Methods: Lipid digestion and ${\beta}-carotene$ bioaccessibility of the filled hydrogels were measured after the samples were passed through an in vitro gastrointestinal tract model consisting of oral, gastric, and small intestinal phases. Results: The initial rate and final extent of lipid digestion were higher in the filled hydrogels than in the emulsion when the filled hydrogels were treated in an oral phase without simulated mastication processing and addition of ${\alpha}-amylase$, regardless of starch concentration. However, when the filled hydrogels were minced using mortar and pestle for 2 min and were exposed to ${\alpha}-amylase$, the filled hydrogel fabricated with 5% starch showed the lowest lipid digestion rate and extent compared to the emulsion and other filled hydrogels. Bioaccessibility of ${\beta}-carotene$ was higher in the filled hydrogels than in the emulsion, regardless of the digestion method performed in an oral phase and starch concentration. However, there were appreciable differences in bioaccessibility of the filled hydrogels depending on whether or not simulated mastication and addition of ${\alpha}-amylase$ were employed. Conclusion: These results suggested that the rheological properties of initial filled hydrogels and simulated mastication processing in an oral phase plays an important role in determining the lipid digestion and ${\beta}-carotene$ bioacccessibility entrapped within filled hydrogels.

Influence of simulated in-mouth processing (size reduction and alpha-amylase addition) on lipid digestion and β-carotene bioaccessibility in starch-based filled hydrogels

Mun, Saehun,McClements, David Julian Elsevier 2017 FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -ZURICH- Vol.80 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The effect of simulated mastication (size reduction and α-amylase addition) on lipid digestion and β-carotene bioaccessibility of starch-based filled hydrogels was examined. The mechanical aspects of mastication were simulated by pureeing the hydrogel samples (semi-solid pieces) for 2 min using a mortar and pestle to mimic the chewing process. The microstructure, lipid digestion, and β-carotene bioaccessibility of the filled hydrogels were then measured as the samples were passed through simulated oral, gastric, and small intestinal phases. A filled hydrogel that was not subjected to simulated mastication in the oral phase had small and evenly distributed lipid droplets in the oral and gastric phases, regardless of the presence or absence of α-amylase. However, the lipid droplets in filled hydrogels that were subjected to simulated mastication became aggregated, especially after exposure to α-amylase. There were also appreciable differences in the initial rate of lipid digestion and in carotenoid bioaccessibility depending on whether or not simulated mastication was employed. These results suggest that the mechanical processing of the hydrogels in the simulated oral phase plays an important role in determining their subsequent gastrointestinal fate.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Filled hydrogels (FH) were subjected to simulated mastication in the oral phase. </LI> <LI> Mechanical and α-amylase disruption in mouth alters the structure of filled hydrogel. </LI> <LI> Bioaccessibility of β–carotene in FH was dependent on the degree of chewing. </LI> <LI> Bioaccessibility was affected by difference in the degree of amylase reaction. </LI> </UL> </P>

(구)장항제련소 매입구역의 비소 오염도와 생물학적접근성을 반영한 위해성평가 및 정화수준 결정에 관한 연구

양경,김영진,임진우,남경필,Yang, Kyung,Kim, Young-Jin,Im, Jinwoo,Nam, Kyoungphile 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.4

Metal concentrations in the former Janghang smelter area were determined and human health risk of arsenic (As) with bioaccessibility was investigated. Site investigation of the area within 1.5 km from the Janghang smelter showed the As concentrations of 4.8~169.8 mg/kg (avg. 37.8 mg/kg). For 85 samples out of 126 samples, As concentrations were higher than the Worrisome Level of the Korean Soil and Environment Conservation Act, and seven samples exceeded the Countermeasure Standard. Risk assessment for As incorporated with the bioaccessibility revealed that potential human health risk of the carcinogenic ($1.8{\sim}5.0{\times}10^{-5}$) was above the acceptable risk range ($10^{-5}{\sim}10^{-6}$) while the risk of the non-carcinogenic was not found. Remediation goals based on risk incorporated with bioaccessibility of As ranged from 10.8 to 20.0 mg/kg. Such difference in the remediation goals resulted from various bioaccessibility of As (i.e., between 8.7~66.3%) at the study site.