Enhanced stability of bio-oil and diesel fuel emulsion using Span 80 and Tween 60 emulsifiers

Farooq, Abid,Shafaghat, Hoda,Jae, Jungho,Jung, Sang-Chul,Park, Young-Kwon Elsevier 2019 Journal of Environmental Management Vol.231 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Bio-oil (biomass pyrolysis oil) has some undesirable properties (e.g., low heating value, high corrosiveness, and high viscosity) that restrain its direct use as a transportation fuel. The emulsification of bio-oil and diesel is an effective and convenient method to use bio-oil in the present transportation fuel infrastructure. The addition of an emulsifying agent (emulsifier or surfactant) to two immiscible liquids of diesel and bio-oil is an important step in emulsification. The hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value, according to the chemical structure and characteristics of the emulsifier, is a key parameter for selecting a surfactant. In this study, an ether treatment of raw bio-oil was carried out to separate the ether-soluble fraction of bio-oil from its heavy (dark brown and highly viscous) fraction, and the ether-extracted bio-oil (EEO) was processed further for emulsification into diesel fuel. The effects of the HLB value of the emulsifier and the contents of EEO, diesel, and emulsifier on the stability of the EEO/diesel emulsion were investigated. To optimize the HLB value of the emulsifier, different HLB values (4.3–8.8), which were prepared by mixing different amounts of Span 80 and Tween 60 as surfactants, were used for the EEO and diesel emulsification. A HLB value of 7.3 with diesel, EEO, and emulsifier contents of 90, 5, 5 wt%, and 86, 7.4, 6.6 wt% resulted in EEO/diesel emulsions (without phase separation) stable for 40 and 35 days, respectively. Measurement of the high heating value (HHV) of the emulsified fuels gave a 44.32 and 43.68 MJ/kg values for the EEO to emulsifier mass ratios of 5:5 and 7.4:6.6, respectively. The stability of emulsified EEO and diesel was verified by TGA and FT-IR methods.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Emulsification of ether-extracted bio-oil (EEO) in diesel was done at room temperature. </LI> <LI> Span 80 and Tween 60 in individual or combination form were used as emulsifiers. </LI> <LI> EEO/diesel emulsion was stable for 40 days, while no stratification was happened. </LI> <LI> Stability of EEO/diesel emulsion after 40 days was confirmed by TGA and FTIR. </LI> <LI> HHV of EEO/diesel emulsion was as high as 44 MJ/kg (near to diesel HHV of 45 MJ/kg). </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

LPG/바이오디젤 混合縣料를 使用하는 壓縮着火 機關에서 바이오디젤이 엔진 性能 및 排氣特性 에 미치는 影響

崔源鶴,柳鍾植,車京玉 明知大學校 産業技術硏究所 2009 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.28 No.-

In this study, a compression ignition engine operated with LPG and Bio-diesel blended fuel was studied experimentally. The effect of Bio-diesel on performance and emissions of a CI engine fuelled by LPG/Bio-diesel fuel were examined‘ Bio-diesel fuel was blended to LPG fuel by Bio-diesel 20-60wt%. Results showed that stable engine operation was possible for a wide range of engine loads up to 30% of LPG by mass in a CI engine. Considering the results of the engine power out put and exhaust emissions, blended fuel up to 30% of LPG by mass can be used as an altemative to diesel in a CI engine. Bio-diesel blended LPG fuel is expected to have potential for enlarging the Bio-diesel market.

Common-rail형 디젤 기관에 초음파 조사 Bio-Diesel유 적용과 EGR율변화에 따른 특성연구

신서용(Seoyong Shin),임석연(Seukyeon Im),정영철(Youngchul Jung),최두석(Dooseuk Choi),류정인(Jeongin Ryu) 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Engine performance and exhaust gas emission characteristic of the diesel engine fueled with Bio-Diesel have been studied. Bio diesel fuel was ultrasonically irradiated and supplied by the common-rail fuel delivery system. Various load and engine operating conditions have been experimented. 20% of Bio-Diesel fuel mixed with commercial diesel fuel has been reformed ultrasonically. The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) effect on the engine performance and emission has been compared with that of the commercial diesel fuel. Among 15%, 20%, and 25% of the EGR conditions, 15% of the EGR condition shows the good engine performance and excellent exhaust gas emission. It is NOx and smoke emissions that can be sharply reduced by adjusting the Bio-Diesel mixing rate and EGR amount according to the specific emission reduction demands. Especially, NOx can be reduced upto 70% by controling the EGR amount.

커먼레일 연료 분사 방식 과급 디젤기관에서 비에스테르화 폐식용유의 적용

정석호 ( Suk Ho Jung ),김경현 ( Kyong Hyon Kim ),이한성 ( Han Seong Lee ),고대권 ( Dae Kwon Koh ) 한국어업기술학회 2013 수산해양기술연구 Vol.49 No.1

A demand for bio-diesel oil increases as one of solution for exhaustion of fossil fuel and reduction of CO2 emission, and research on bio-diesel is being carried out. Bio-diesel oil is mainly esterified from vegetable oil with methanol in order to use for fuel on diesel engine and has demerit that costs are increased as compared with directly using like non-esterified one. Bio-diesel oil within 3% mixed with gas oil is used at present, proportion of bio-diesel oil will be increase by 5% in future. We judged that wasted soybean oil non-esterified could be used on diesel engine with an electronic fuel injection according to previous researches with a mechanical fuel injection. A performance test using only gas oil, gas oil with esterified bio-diesel oil 5% and wasted soybean oil non-esterified 5% on diesel engine with the electronic fuel injection were carried out. It is noticed that gas oil with wasted soybean oil non-esterified 5% has more similar characteristics to gas oil than gas oil with esterified bio-diesel oil 5%.

목질계 열분해유-바이오 디젤 유상액을 사용하는 직접분사식 디젤 엔진의 엔진성능 및 배기특성에 관한 연구

이석환 ( Seok Hwan Lee ) 한국분무공학회 2012 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.17 No.4

The vast stores of biomass available in the worldwide have the potential to displace significant amounts of fuels that are currently derived from petroleum sources. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of possible paths by which we can convert biomass to higher value products. The wood pyrolysis oil (WPO), also known as the bio crude oil (BCO), has been regarded as an alternative fuel for petroleum fuels to be used in diesel engine. However, the use of WPO in a diesel engine requires modifications due to low energy density, high water contents, low acidity, and high viscosity of the WPO. One of the easiest way to adopt WPO to diesel engine without modifications is emulsification of WPO with diesel or bio diesel. In this study, a DI diesel engine operated with diesel, bio diesel (BD), WPO/BD emulsion was experimentally investigated. Performance and gaseous & particle emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by WPO/BD emulsion were examined. Results showed that stable engine operation was possible with emulsion and engine output power was comparable to diesel and bio diesel operation.

목질 열분해유를 사용하는 디젤엔진의 성능 및 배기특성에 관한 연구

이석환(Seokhwan Lee),박준혁(Junhyuk Park),최영(Young Choi),우세종(Sejong Woo),강건용(Kernyong Kang) 한국자동차공학회 2012 한국 자동차공학회논문집 Vol.20 No.5

The vast stores of biomass available in the worldwide have the potential to displace significant amounts of fuels that are currently derived from petroleum sources. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of possible paths by which we can convert biomass to higher value products. The wood pyrolysis oil (WPO), also known as the bio crude oil (BCO), have been regarded as an alternative fuel for petroleum fuels to be used in diesel engine. However, the use of BCO in a diesel engine requires modifications due to low energy density, high water contents, low acidity, and high viscosity of the BCO. One of the easiest way to adopt BCO to diesel engine without modifications is emulsification of BCO with diesel and bio diesel. In this study, a diesel engine operated with diesel, bio diesel (BD), BCO/diesel, BCO/bio diesel emulsions was experimentally investigated. Performance and gaseous & particle emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by BCO emulsions were examined. Results showed that stable engine operation was possible with emulsions and engine output power was comparable to diesel and bio diesel operation. However, in case of BCO/diesel emulsion operation, THC & CO emissions were increased due to the increased ignition delay and poor spray atomization and NOx & Soot were decreased due to the water and oxygen in the fuel. Long term validation of adopting BCO in diesel engine is still needed because the oil is acid, with consequent problems of corrosion and clogging especially in the injection system.

초음파 조사 바이오디젤 혼합연료의 Common-rail형 디젤기관 적용 특성에 관한 연구

임석연(Seokyeon Im),정영철(Youngchul Jung),박성영(Sungyoung Park),최두석(Dooseuk Choi),류정인(Jeongin Ryu) 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

This is an experimental study on characteristics of engine performance and discharged materials in common-rail type diesel engine. The bio-diesel fuel is mixed with the diesel fuel in common use at the ratio of 20% or 100%. The diesel fuel and blended fuel is irradiated by ultrasonic wave energy. The diesel fuel, blended fuel, reformed diesel fuel and reformed blended fuel by ultrasonic wave energy is applied to the experimental engine individually. The results are compared with one of the diesel fuel in common use and analyzed.

LPG/바이오디젤 혼합연료를 사용하는 직접분사식 디젤엔진의 성능 및 배기특성에 관한 연구

이석환(Seok Hwan Lee),오승묵(Seung Mook Oh),최영(Young Choi),강건용(Kern Yong Kang) 한국가스학회 2010 한국가스학회지 Vol.14 No.1

본 연구에서는 LPG/바이오디젤 혼합연료의 직접분사식 디젤엔진 적용성에 관한 실험을 수행하였다. 특히, 혼합연료를 엔진에 적용하는 경우 엔진성능, 배출가스 (미연탄화수소, 일산화탄소, 질소산화물, 이산화탄소), 연소안정성에 대한 실험을 1,500 rpm의 엔진회전수 조건에서 수행하였다. 바이오디젤은 질량대비 20-60% 범위로 LPG에 혼합하였다. 바이오디젤을 40% 이상 혼합하는 경우 엔진은 모든 부하영역에서 매우 안정적으로 연소되었다. 바이오디젤의 혼합율이 증가할수록 혼합연료의 세탄가가 향상되어 연소시작 시점이 진각되었다. 혼합연료를 사용하면 저부하에서는 과혼합에 의한 부분연소로 인하여 THC와 CO의 배출량이 급증하였으며, NOx의 경우 저부하에서는 배출량이 디젤연료에 비해서 낮았으며 고부하에서는 더 많이 배출되었다. In this study, we experimentally investigated a compression ignition engine operated with Bio-diesel blended LPG fuel. In particular, the performance, emissions characteristics (including total hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxides emissions), and combustion stability of a CI engine fueled with Bio-diesel blended LPG fuel were examined at 1500 rpm. The percentage of Bio-diesel in the fuel blend ranged from 20-60%. The results showed that stable engine operation was possible for a wide range of engine loads up to 40% Bio-diesel by mass. When the Bio-diesel content was increased, leading to a decrease in the lower heating value of the blended fuel, the cetane value increased, resulting in a advanced start of heat release. Exhaust emission measurements showed that THC and CO emissions were increased when using the blended fuel at low engine speeds due to partial burn from over-mixing. NOx emission was emitted less at lower loads and more at higher loads.

Fuel properties of bio-oil/bio-diesel mixture characterized by TG, FTIR and 1^H NMR

Jiang Xiaoxiang,Zhong Zhaoping,Naoko Ellis 한국화학공학회 2011 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.28 No.1

There has been an increasing interest in alternative fuels made from biomass which is abundant and renewable. Bio-oil and bio-diesel seem to be such promising liquid fuels. Bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis of biomass is highly viscous, acidic, and has high water content. To overcome these problems as a fuel, a method of emulsifying bio-oil with bio-diesel was performed in the previous paper, and a stable mixture of bio-oil and bio-diesel was successfully prepared. In this paper, several properties of the mixture are discussed by using TG, FTIR and 1^H NMR. The results show us that, compared with crude bio-oil, some properties of bio-oil/bio-diesel mixture such as water content,acid number, viscosity are much improved. The thermal decomposition of the mixture under air/nitrogen is shown using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Further information about the functional groups is exhibited through Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR).

Bio Diesel의 연료온도에 따른 분무 및 연소특성에 관한 연구

김대용(Dae yong Kim),조인억(In Eok Cho),이성욱(Seang Wock Lee),오세인(Se In Oh) 한국자동차공학회 2007 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

The bio diesel is one of the most favored candidates for alternative fuel in diesel engine. This research aims to understand the physics of spray and combustion characteristics of a bio-diesel fuel in a constant volume chamber. For spray visualization, bio-diesel was injected into a combustion chamber and take a photographed by high speed camera at various condition. To investigate heat-release rate and flame propagations, spark was ignited on hydrogen premixed and then bio-diesel injected. In addition, parametric study was made by varying geometry of combustion chamber and temperatures of fuels and injection pressures. This technology may contribute to improve the performance of bio-diesel engine and reduce emissions in the future.