Effects of weighted baseball throwing during warm-up on ball velocity and upper extremity muscle activation in baseball pitchers

Shin, Yun-A,Choi, Won-Ho Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation 2018 JER Vol.14 No.3

<P>The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the muscle activation of high school and college baseball pitchers during throwing of the ball with maximum effort (TBME) using a regular baseball (RB) subsequent to using a light baseball (LB), RB, and overweight baseball (OB) during warm-up (WU) and the resulting changes in the pitch velocity. The study aimed to use the findings in providing basic data for a training program designed to increase the pitch velocity of baseball pitchers. The study population consisted of 12 high school and college baseball players. The study measured and analyzed the upper extremity muscle activation and ball velocity in the stride, arm cocking, and acceleration phases during TBME using an RB subsequent to using an LB, RB, and OB during WU. During WU, the ball velocity was higher when pitching with an LB than with an RB or OB and when pitching with an RB than with an OB. However, there were no significant differences in the ball velocity when pitching with an RB during TBME. In conclusion, WU using weighted baseballs resulted in varying muscle activations, and although the velocity decreased when pitching with an OB, no difference was found during TBME using an RB. Therefore, it is believed that using weighted baseballs during WU does not have an effect on the ball velocity during TBME; future studies are needed on the effects through long-term training.</P>

한국프로야구에서 ‘타고투저’ 완화를 위한 근거이론적 접근

배정섭(Bae, Jung-Sup),권재윤(Kwon, Jae-Yoon),남상백(Nam, Sang-Back) 한국체육과학회 2019 한국체육과학회지 Vol.28 No.1

The purpose of this study is to derive the factors that can mitigate the irregularity between the ability of the pitcher and the ability of the hitter that are raised in Korean professional baseball through ground theory. In order to carry out this study, 6 participants including current professional baseball players, leaders and related persons who experienced Korean professional baseball, and 2 sports journalists and columnists with insight into Korean professional baseball were set as the participants. The data collected were analyzed through open coding, axis coding, and selective coding in accordance with the analysis method of the “grounded theory of Strauss & Corbin(1990)”. First, a total of 28 concepts, 14 subcategories, and 6 top categories were derived through open coating. Second, the six paradigms of causal conditions, situational context, central phenomena, intervening conditions, interaction strategies, and the consequences were identified in relation to each other. Third, through the selection coding, we tried to get a way to mitigate the imbalance between the pitcher’s ability and the hitter’ s ability in Korean professional baseball. In this study, it is meaningful to suggest the data that Korean professional baseball can develop with the change of official ball, the development of pitcher, and the change of system and rule.

한국프로야구에서 효율성 높은 투수가 팀의 포스트 시즌 진출에 미치는 영향

김재홍(Jae-Hong Kim),황승준(Seung-June Hwang) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2022 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.45 No.2

This study analyzed the relationship between efficient pitchers and teams advancing to the postseason in Korean professional baseball through DEA. A total of 1,133 pitchers who threw more than one inning from the 2014 season to the 2018 season were selected for this study. For DEA analysis, input variables were selected as annual salary and inning output variables as Wins, Saves, and Holds and the number of efficient pitchers for each season was classified using the input-oriented BCC model. After that, it was divided into two groups based on joining the postseason or not, and the number of efficient pitchers was compared through a prop test. As a result of the analysis, the groups that advanced to the postseason in the rest of the season except for the 2014 and 2017 seasons had more efficient pitchers. Considering that the 2014 season recorded the highest WAR (Wins Above Replacement) at 183.56 compared to other seasons, most pitchers threw well, and in the 2017 season, they made more mistakes in pitching than in other seasons, but they performed well in batters. The results of this study have expanded the research field using efficiency analysis in professional baseball and can be used as useful data for practical research.

고등학교 야구투수의 12주간 견관절 내회전 결손 재활트레이닝이 운동수행능력에 미치는 영향

윤효원,이현정,조기정 세계태권도문화학회 2017 세계태권도문화학회지 Vol.8 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit rehabilitation training on exercise performance & body shape displacement in high-school baseball pitchers. Research subjects were composed of 27 high-school baseball pitchers in a rehabilitation training center and a hospital in a metropolitan area who have glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and are under rehabilitation or a control group without rehabilitation. They were divided into three types of groups: private trainer for impairment prevention (PIP) rehabilitation training group (n=9), hospital rehabilitation training group (n=8), and general(parallel to exercise without rehabilitation) group (n=10). Observation variables were pre (initial) and post (12weeks) tests (independent variables). The exercise performance tests conducted were isokinetic strength (peak torque, ratio), ROM & GIRD, back strength, grip strength. The body shape displacement test used was frontal plane, sagittal plane, on leg standing (dependent variables). Two-way mixed ANOVA with repeated measure and paired t-test were used for analyzing the data. Results found from such a comparative analysis study were as follows; First(exercise performance), The glenohumeral internal rotation throwing shoulder and glenohumeral external rotation throwing shoulder & non-throwing shoulder (PIP rehabilitation training group) along with the glenohumeral internal rotation non-throwing shoulder (hospital rehabilitation training group) showed a significant difference by the pre-post tests in the isokinetic peak torque (60°/sec). A significant interaction effect appeared in the isokinetic peak torque (60°/sec) of glenohumeral internal rotation throwing shoulder & non-throwing shoulder and glenohumeral external rotation throwing shoulder & non-throwing shoulder. Glenohumeral rotation throwing shoulder & non-throwing shoulder didn't show a significant difference among the group in isokinetic strength ratio (60°/sec). The PIP rehabilitation training group showed a significant difference by the pre-post tests in the isokinetic strength ratio (60°/sec). A significant interaction effect in isokinetic strength ratio (60°/sec)with glenohumeral rotation throwing shoulder & non-throwing shoulder. Glenohumeral internal rotation throwing shoulder and non-throwing shoulder and glenohumeral external rotation throwing shoulder & non-throwing shoulder didn't show a significant difference among the groups in ROM & GIRD. Glenohumeral internal rotation throwing shoulder(PIP rehabilitation training group & hospital rehabilitation training group) showed a significant difference by the pre-post tests in ROM & GIRD. An interaction effect appeared in the ROM & GIRD with glenohumeral internal rotation throwing shoulder. Back strength and grip strength didn't show a significant difference among the groups, while back strength showed a significant difference by the pre-post tests in the PIP rehabilitation training group & hospital rehabilitation training group. Grip strength showed a significant difference by the pre-post tests in the PIP rehabilitation training group. A significant interaction effect appeared in back strength and grip strength.

야구투수의 스트레스 요인과 대처방안

김한별(HanByulKim),지준철(JoonChulJi) 한국체육학회 2010 한국체육학회지 Vol.49 No.5

본 연구는 야구투수의 스트레스 요인을 파악하고 그에 대한 대처방안을 탐색하여, 투수의 심리적 특성을 해석할 수 있는 기반을 마련하고, 나아가 스포츠 현장의 지도자와 선수들에게 실질적 지침으로 삼을 수 있는 기초자료를 제공해 주는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 91명의 야구투수를 대상으로 개방형 설문과 심층면담을 실시하였다. 개방형 설문은 스트레스 요인을 추출하기 위해, 심층면담은 그에 대한 대처방안을 탐색하기 위해 사용되었다. 그 결과, 야구투수의 스트레스 요인은 총 468종이 수집되었고, 개인 요인(기술상태, 신체상태, 심리상태), 팀 수행 요인(공격부진, 벤치행동, 의견불일치, 수비불안), 상대 팀 요인(상대타자, 투구결과, 주자), 시합 환경(경기상황, 관중, 심판행동, 환경)으로 구분되었다. 한편 야구투수는 이를 극복하기 위한 방법으로 이미지트레이닝, 대안적 행동, 긍정적 사고, 적극적 행동, 자화, 회피, 자기암시, 목표수정 등의 대처방안을 사용하는 것으로 조사되었다. The purpose of this study was to understand stressors and identify coping strategies for baseball pitchers to provide ideal data for participants and their team to understand and construe psychological trait for pitchers. To achieve the purpose of the study, 91 baseball pitchers have participated in open-ended questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Open-ended questionnaires were used get stressors and in-depth interviews were used to explore coping strategies. As a result, total of 468 stressors were gathered and each categories were classified by individual factors(technical, physical, psychological), team factors(lack of offense, behavior of bench, mis-communication, lack of defence), opponent factors(opponent batter, pitching result, base runner), competitive environment factors(game itself, spectators, umpire, atmosphere). Thus, to overcome these stressors, pitchers used variety of skills including image training, alternative behaviors, positive thinking, enthusiastic behavior, self-talk, avoiding, and revision of goal for coping strategies.

청소년 야구 투수의 구속과 운동학적 요인 및 악력의 상관관계 분석

이종현(Lee, Jong-Hyeon),조준행(Cho, Joon-Haeng),권승민(Kwon, Seung-Min),김병훈(Kim, Byong-Hun) 한국체육과학회 2021 한국체육과학회지 Vol.30 No.6

This study aimed to investigate the characteristic analysis among ball speed, kinematic variables and hand grip strength. We measured peak ball velocity using a radar gun and kinematic variables of the throwing arm using 10 electronically synchronized, high-speed digital cameras. We placed 40 reflective markers on anatomical landmarks of each participant to track 3-dimensional coordinate data. The average data from the 5 highest-velocity fastballs thrown for strikes were used for data analysis. A total of twenty-one baseball players were recruited for this study. All participants were analyzed about kinematic variables (Peak trunk rotation velocity, Peak pelvis rotation velocity, Shoulder range of motion, Shoulder internal rotation velocity, Elbow angle, and, Elbow extension velocity), Hand grip strength. For statistical analysis, Pearson coefficient correlation analysis was performed and the statistical significance level was set to 0.05. A positive correlation was found between ball velocity and peak trunk rotation velocity (r=.530; 95% p=.013) and ball velocity and shoulder range of motion (r=.526; 95% p=.014). However, no significant correlation were noted between ball velocity and peak pelvis rotation velocity (r=.212; 95% p=.356) or hand grip (r=.228; 95% p=.320). A positive correlation was present among ball velocity and peak trunk rotation velocity and shoulder range of motion. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on training to improve peak trunk rotation velocity and shoulder range of motion for the ball speed improvement for youth baseball pitcher.

야구 투수에서 발생한 제1늑골의 골절

구정회,조형래,김종민 대한스포츠의학회 2020 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.38 No.2

First-rib fractures may be caused due to high energy direct trauma, violent muscle contracture, or chronic fatigue. Isolated fractures are very rarely noted and may be a potential cause of nonspecific shoulder pain in overhead athletes. Although the exact mechanism underlying first-rib fractures caused by sudden muscular contracture is still not known, many repetitive activities have been associated with with these unique fractures. We present a case of an acute first-rib fracture in a rookie professional baseball pitcher. He returned to the same level of throwing in 5 months with rest and rehabilitation.

야구투수들의 투구 구질에 따른 상지근육의 EMG 변화

박일봉(Park Il-Bong),여남회(Yeo Nam-Hwoeh),심제명(Shim Je-Myoung) 한국체육과학회 2008 한국체육과학회지 Vol.17 No.4

The purpose of this study is in the comparison & analysis of EMS change of upper limbs according to pitching variation of baseball pitcher. And 5 pitchers from university baseball were selected as the subject of this study. pitching variation was measured pitching fast ball, curve, slider & change-up in 3 phases of measurement. Firstly, as for the EMG value, in arm cocking phase, no significant difference was shown in 4 kinds of change in pitching variation among muscle, and in arm acceleration phase, there was significant decrease at extensor carpi radialis & flexor carpi radialis in curve & change-up rather than fast ball. Lastly, in arm decceleration phase, the significant decrease was shown at deltoid, extensor carpi radialis & flexor carpi radialis in curve & change-up rather than fast ball. From this result, it was shown that there is a tendency toward significant decrease in forearm muscles that other muscles at pitching change ball, and toward no significant difference in fast ball and slider in the all muscles.

대학야구투수의 6주간 슬관절 운동과 볼 스피드와의 관련성

김정우(Kim Jung-Woo),박승한(Park Sung-Han) 한국체육과학회 2011 한국체육과학회지 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6-week Davies’ training program on knees and ball speed among collegiate baseball pitchers. For this study, Twenty four pitchers participated voluntarily and were divided into three groups (60°/sec group, maximum muscle strength training group; 180°/sec group, muscle power training group; 240°/sec muscle endurance training group). Cybex 770 was used to measure knee strength, power, or endurance before and after training session for each group. Also, ball speed was measured before/after training session with on the average of ten pitches. Paired t-test using SPSS statistical program was applied to compare the differences between knee strength and ball speed for each group. The results showed that there was non significant change on strength and ball speed both 60°/sec training group and 240°/sec training after training, but 180°/sec training group showed increased not only mean peak torque and peak torque/body weight, but also ball speed after training.

고등학교 야구 선수의 투구 속도에 따른 운동학적 요소 분석

전정우 ( Jeong-woo Jeon ),유재호 ( Jae-ho Yu ) 대한신경치료학회 2017 신경치료 Vol.21 No.3

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference of body kinematics according to velocity of ball in high school baseball players. Methods Ten high school baseball players participated in this study. They chose the ball speed themselves and threw the ball 10 times. Kinematic factors measured using the wearable Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems sensor (MVN, Xsens technologies B.V., Enschede, the Netherlands) include the range of motion of the shoulder, torso rotation angular velocity and stride length. One hundred pitching data were divided into fifty high velocity pitching (The average of velocity of ball is 113.52 km/h.) and fifty low velocity pitching (The average of velocity of ball is 94.82 km/h.). Kinematic factors of both pitching were analyzed by paired t-test. Significance level of all statistics were set as p <.05. Results As shown in the results of measuring the range of motion of shoulder (external rotation and abduction), there were significant difference between the high velocity pitching and the low velocity pitching. Likewise, the results of torso rotation angular velocity showed a significant difference between the two pitching data and the stride length also showed a significant difference between the high and low pitching data. Conclusion In conclusion, range of motion of shoulder, torso rotation angular velocity and stride length are related to the velocity of the ball in baseball and should be considered for the ability of the pitcher.