아시아계 이민의 확산과 미국 주도문화세력의 경계짓기 고찰

이선주 새한영어영문학회 2008 새한영어영문학 Vol.50 No.3

This paper is studying how the rapid expansion of Asian Immigration throughout 20th century has had effects on the economic and social America and how the American dominant cultural forces have imposed borders and restriction on Asian Americans. The first chapter examined this theme with Immigrant Act which commands more discrimination on Asian than any other ethnic group. The American citizen has been defined over against the Asian immigrant, legally, economically, and culturally. This paper shows that Immigrant acts, then, attempts to name the contradictions of Asian immigration. The second chapter focuses on the epistemologic gap between Asian Americans and American mainstream scholars on the stereotype of "Model Minority" and L.A. Riot in 1992. The model minority stereotype can be summarized as the belief that Asian Americans, through their hard work, intelligence and emphasis on education and achievement, have been successful in American society. But suffered from the contradictory immigration act, Asian Americans scholars have doubts it as the dominant social strategy. It detaches Asians from other racial minorities by hailing them as model, while it distinguishes them from the true nationals by calling Asians their minor. On the contrary, the American mainstream scholars don't have any doubt about the implied intention or cultural implications of the model minority myth. McGowan and Lindgren prove that the doubt and hypothesis are not valid through the survey of non-Hispanic white Americans, as if the epistemologic structure and emotion structure on race which have been infused historically could be proved through the survey and test and results. LA riot in 1992 eminently shows Asians can be the easily victimized mortgage whenever the dominant people are threatened whereas they hold up Asians as the model minority. Nopper, a mainstream scholar, criticized the Asian scholars' comment on L.A. riot as the Abondonment Narrative which conceals sinister political intention. The third chapter studies the specific text, Chang-rae Lee's Native Speaker to find out American dominant cultural forces' bordering on the Asian Americans. John Kwang's political ideal and failure dramatize the gap between American economic imperatives and political imperatives. John Kwang's drama shows the ethnic minority's strict limited area when he tried to climb up the political ladder not just socio- economical ladder. When Asian American politician dares to cross the border which is not allowed by the dominant people, the nation's effective way to thwart him is reducing the issue as racial, evoking the anxiety and hatred from the American dominant people.

The "Primal Scene" of Immigration and the Interstitial Plight of the Asian American Subject

황보경 한국영미어문학회 2009 영미어문학 Vol.- No.92

Examining the immigration of ethnic minority subjects in the American context, this paper aims to critically intervene in the conservative, ideological management of immigration by the American nation-state, which repetitively evokes the reified "otherness" of immigrant minority subjects while surreptitiously using them to obtain its political leverage in maintaining and reinforcing the already established social order. Employing several key concepts, such as the "primal scene" of immigration and the "interstitial ethnic subject," this study analyzes and exposes the hidden, manipulative ideological base and orientation of American national discourse, which is predicated upon constant but ever untenable practices of policing "others within." “The primal scene of immigration” in this paper refers to a fabricated historical myth and the discursively manipulated rhetoric about the “birth” of the Asian American minority subject in America. Drawn from Freud's notion of the primal scene and applied to the case of immigration, the term "primal scene" explicates the psycho-political repercussion of immigration in general and its long-term effects on the descendants of Asian immigrants in particular. In the discourse of both the primal scene and immigration, there is the common recurrent focus on the alleged “origin.” Thus, a careful analysis of the "interstitial" plight of Asian Americans who are repeatedly thrust back to the threshold of admittance to the U. S. nation state highlights the need for a critical intervention in the trauma-inducing American discourse and politics about immigration, ethnicity, and nationality. Examining the immigration of ethnic minority subjects in the American context, this paper aims to critically intervene in the conservative, ideological management of immigration by the American nation-state, which repetitively evokes the reified "otherness" of immigrant minority subjects while surreptitiously using them to obtain its political leverage in maintaining and reinforcing the already established social order. Employing several key concepts, such as the "primal scene" of immigration and the "interstitial ethnic subject," this study analyzes and exposes the hidden, manipulative ideological base and orientation of American national discourse, which is predicated upon constant but ever untenable practices of policing "others within." “The primal scene of immigration” in this paper refers to a fabricated historical myth and the discursively manipulated rhetoric about the “birth” of the Asian American minority subject in America. Drawn from Freud's notion of the primal scene and applied to the case of immigration, the term "primal scene" explicates the psycho-political repercussion of immigration in general and its long-term effects on the descendants of Asian immigrants in particular. In the discourse of both the primal scene and immigration, there is the common recurrent focus on the alleged “origin.” Thus, a careful analysis of the "interstitial" plight of Asian Americans who are repeatedly thrust back to the threshold of admittance to the U. S. nation state highlights the need for a critical intervention in the trauma-inducing American discourse and politics about immigration, ethnicity, and nationality.

The Influence of Asian Immigration on the Architectural Culture of Canada: A Study on the Preservation of Asian Culture and Identity in Architecture in Canada

Henry Hing-Yip Tsang(Henry Hing-Yip Tsang ) 한국캐나다학회 2017 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.23 No.2

Immigrants from Asian countries to Canada has a history dating back to the 18th Century, and Asian-Canadians today make up an increasingly significant part of the Canadian population. As these communities grow over generations, they become an integral part of the culture and heritage of Canada’s own culture of multiculturalism. Originating from Asia and reestablishing themselves in Canada, immigrants carry with them culture, customs and away of life to their new home, ranging from new food, fashion, customs, language and even the way to construct buildings. This paper studies the relationship of Asian immigrant communities with the spaces and buildings they occupy, and how they inhabit and adapted spaces, buildings and cities to represent the culture and identity of their country of origin. In particular, the paper will focus on three major Asian ethnic groups: Chinese, Japanese and Korean, trace their paths and identify major tendencies in how each have attempted to preserve culture and express identity in the design of significant buildings in their communities. The research methodology consists firstly of literature review on the subject of Asian immigration and the mapping of major architectural style trends in Canada. Secondly, a selection of buildings were identified from each community for further analysis, including site visits, study of architectural drawings, plans, photographs, as well as interviews with building occupants to better understand the significance of these buildings and how they were conceived to represent their ethnic communities. Preliminary results indicate that the Chinese community, with along history of immigration to Canada, expresses identity mainly in the exterior appearance of the buildings. The Japanese community has a scattered history of immigration to Canada and the expression of identity is rather subdued and the expression is present mainly in the building’s interior. The Korean community is relatively young in Canada, and has a tendency to adapt existing spaces and buildings, while expressing culture and identity through signage and decoration.

The “Primal Scene” of Immigration and the Interstitial Plight of the Asian American Subject

Kyeong Hwangbo 한국영미어문학회 2009 영미어문학 Vol.- No.92

Examining the immigration of ethnic minority subjects in the American context, this paper aims to critically intervene in the conservative, ideological management of immigration by the American nation-state, which repetitively evokes the reified "otherness" of immigrant minority subjects while surreptitiously using them to obtain its political leverage in maintaining and reinforcing the already established social order. Employing several key concepts, such as the "primal scene" of immigration and the "interstitial ethnic subject," this study analyzes and exposes the hidden, manipulative ideological base and orientation of American national discourse, which is predicated upon constant but ever untenable practices of policing "others within." "The primal scene of immigration" in this paper refers to a fabricated historical myth and the discursively manipulated rhetoric about the "birth" of the Asian American minority subject in America. Drawn from Freud's notion of the primal scene and applied to the case of immigration, the term "primal scene" explicetes the psycho-political repercussion of immigration in general and its long-term effects on the descendants of Asian immigrants in particular. In the discourse of both the primal scene and immigration, there is the common recurrent focus on the alleged "origin." Thus, a careful analysis of the "interstitial" plight of Asian Americans who are repeatedly thrust back to the threshold of admittance to the U. S. nation sate highlights the need for a critical intervention in the trauma-inducing American discourse and politics about immigration, ethnicity, and nationality.

이민과 귀화, 그리고 미국의 국가정체성: 아시아계 이민자의 귀화 청원 관련 인종적 딜레마를 중심으로

김연진 한국미국사학회 2009 미국사연구 Vol.29 No.-

이 연구는 아시아계 이민자의 미국에의 귀화와 시민권 청원이라는 문제를 통해 미국의 국가정체성의 의미를 살펴보고자 한 것이다. 이민과 시민권을 연결시키는 가장 기본적인 요소 중 하나가 귀화 정책이기에 우선 귀화법의 변천사 및 그것의 인종적 함의를 살펴보고, 아시아계 이민자의 귀화 청원 건으로 가장 대표적인 사례들과 그에 대한 법원의 판결 사항을 살펴보면서 귀화 시민권 청원에 대한 판결이 미국의 인종적 국가정체성을 형성하는데 있어 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지, 과연 인종은 어떻게 규정되고 백인의 범주는 어떻게 정해졌는지, 그리고 그것이 갖는 의미는 무엇인지 또한 논의해 보았다. 미국의 연방귀화법은 1790년 이래로 백인만이 귀화가 가능하다는 인종 요건을 가지고 있었고, 1870년에는 아프리카계 흑인에게도 귀화를 허용하였다. 그러나 비 백인이자 비 흑인인 아시아 이민자들이 1952년에 이르기까지 귀화시민권을 획득하는 것은 불가능하였다. 그러므로 1870년에서 1952년 사이 아시아 이민자들은 자신들이 백인임을 주장하며 귀화를 청원하였고, 법원의 아시아인들의 인종 규정에 있어 혼란으로 말미암아 일부는 귀화가 가능하기도 했다. 그러나 1882년의 중국인축출법이후 이미 시민권을 갖고 있던 이들도 그를 박탈당하였고, 특히 아엽 판결 이후, 아시아인들의 귀화는 전반적으로 허용되지 않았다. 귀화를 거부하는 연방 법원의 인종적 딜레마는 백인을 규정하기보다는 비 백인의 범주를 규정하는 것이었고, 이 과정에서 보편적 지식과 과학적 증거 등이 중요하게 활용되었다. 아시아인을 비 백인으로 규정하는 한 양자는 다 중요하였으나, 오자와 건과 신드 건의 판결이 보여주듯이 백인=코케이지언이므로 아시아인은 비 백인이기도, 코케이지언=반드시 백인인 것은 아니기에 비 백인이 되기도 하였다. 그 무엇이든, 아시아인은 인종적인 이유로 귀화가 허용되지 않은, 원천적으로 백인 국가정체성을 강조하던 미국의 인종적 타자일 뿐이었다. This study is to explore the meaning of the American national identity through Asian immigrants’ petition for naturalization. Since one of the fundamental factors relating immigration with the citizenship is the naturalization policy, first, the history of the changes of the naturalization law and the implications of such changes are discussed. And then the representative cases of such petitions and the decisions of the U.S. federal courts are examined in order to understand the influences of the court decisions on the formation of the racial identity of the U.S. Finally this study looks into the issue regarding defining and drawing the boundary of the White race. The uniform naturalization law of the U.S., first created in 1790, had a racial prerequisite that allowed only ‘free white persons’ to be naturalized. In 1870, ‘persons of African nativity or African descent’ were entitled to be naturalized, but Asian immigrants as a whole, neither white nor African, were excluded by 1952. Under such circumstances, Asian immigrants, claiming their whiteness, made petitions for naturalization with little success. The U.S. federal courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court, faced the dilemma in deciding whom they would admit to the American citizenship. Their dilemma was how and on what basis they could define the race, especially the White race. No matter what, Asian immigrants were just the racial outsider and racial other in America, not allowed to join the American national community.

미국 캘리포니아주에 거주하는 동양인 이민자들의 흡연 및 음주 행동에 영향을 미치는 요인

김영복(Young-Bok Kim),김영두(Young Doo Kim) 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2009 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.26 No.1

Objectives: Although Asian immigrants have lower rates of smoking and binge drinking than other ethnics in the US, Korean Americans have the highest rate of Asian immigrants. This study, therefore, compared with the rates and examined the predictors of smoking and binge drinking by gender and ethnicity among Asian immigrants in California. Methods: In 2001 and 2003, California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) were conducted in English and their original languages with Asian immigrants residing in 58 Counties and 3 Cities, California. We performed analysis to find out the differences of smoking and binge drinking rates using the secondary data, CHIS 2001 and 2003. Multiple logistic regression analysis for survey data identified predictors of smoking and binge drinking behaviors by gender and ethnicity. Results: Korean American males (35.4%) and Japanese American females (15.4%) had higher rates of smoking prevalence compared with other Asian immigrants in California. In binge drinking, 26.5% of male and 8.1% of female among Korean Americans were binge drinker, and the rates were the top with Asian Americans who had lived in California. It showed the remarkable gap between gender of smoking and binge drinking among Vietnamese immigrants, whereas not the striking difference among Japanese Americans. In multiple regression models, age, educational level, occupation, marital status, English proficiency, and health insurance coverage remained significant for smoking and binge drinking behaviors(P<0.05). Even though the time in the US was not significant, it seemed to be related to educational level and English proficiency. In particular among female, smoking and binge drinking behaviors were associated with acculturation. Conclusion: Although Asian Americans had shared with American culture since they had immigrated in the US, they had significantly different prevalence rates of smoking and binge drinking based on gender and ethnicity. Therefore, future efforts should be focused on understanding differences by ethnicity and target at high-risk subgroups. To achieve this, it needs to develop the educational materials in Korean and their original languages.

중앙아시아 코슬림(한국 이주 무슬림 2세)들의 정체성과 생활세계에 대한 연구

오종진 ( Chong Jin Oh ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2010 중동연구 Vol.29 No.1

International marriage has grown rapidly in Korea since the late 1990s, and this phenomenon is especially common in rural farming communities. Most brides come from China, followed by Vietnam and other southeast Asian countries. However, there are certain number of Muslim bride coming to Korea. There are about 100 thousand muslim peoples living in Korean society. Among them 2.92% are Muslim immigrants` intermarriage with the Koreans. As a result, there are growing number of muslim brides and bridegroom settling in Korea, which would eventually create muslim families in growing Korean multi-cultural societies. Since the new millenium, the term Kosian is widely spoken in Korean society. The term, Kosian was first coined in 1997 by inter-cultural families to refer to themselves. The term is most commonly applied to children from the mix-marriage between the Korean and Asian migrant. It indicated the multi-cultural family which mixes Korean and other Asian cultures. As mentioned, its use spread in the early 2000s as international marriages became more common in rural areas. Currently such children make up about 0.5% of children born in Korea, however, some projections suggest that this will grow to 30% by 2020. This trend is partly due to the low birthrate in South Korea, and partly to rising rates of international marriage. Today, there are approximately 30,000 Kosians in Korean society. Bearing this in mind, this study specify its research on the muslim fixed family by focusing on the offsprings of the muslim background. Our research team has created the new term on such research subject by using Koslim. Koslim is a 1.5 and 2nd generation from the Muslim back ground family living in Korea. Among the various Koslim groups, this paper is focusing on the Central Asian Koslim issues, particularly. Since the researcher is from the Turkic Studies background, it was easier for the researcher to investigate the Central Asian Koslim and Central Asian marriage immigrants in Korea. By utilizing the personal network with the Central Asian Muslims, this research attempt to illustrate the life of the Central Asian families and their offsprings, Koslim. Based on fieldwork among Uzbek, Kazak, and Kyrgyz background Koslim families, this research tried to examine the identity and social environment of Koslim families in Korea. It will not only overview the present status of the Central Asian Koslim families in Korea but also will try to show the problems and struggle in the Korean Society. By doing so, this research tries to fill the gap where multi-cultural studies of the Korea has missed and overlooked. To be sure, this research is pioneer research on the Central Asian Muslim families and their offsprings. Thus further and detail research needs to be conducted in near future.

Predictor of volunteering among older Asian immigrantsin the United States

CHANG MIYA 한국다문화* 디아스포라학회 2019 다문화와 디아스포라연구 Vol.14 No.-

Studies on volunteering among older Asian immigrants are relatively limited. This study examines the prevalence of volunteering and the relationship between volunteering and individual social characteristics among older Asian immigrants. The data from older Asian immigrants 60 to 85 years old from Asian countries(n=1397) who participated in the California Health Interview Survey(CHIS) were analyzed. The findings showed that the prevalence of volunteering varied across the five countries Asian subgroups, from Chinese(15.6%), Koreans(25.3%), Filipinos(22.1%), Vietnamese(26.0%), and all the other Asian subgroups(23.5%), respectively. In bivariate analysis, volunteering was statistically significantly associated with gender, education, general health and mental health, and acculturation factors. Specifically, in binary logistic regression, education and acculturation factors are important predictors of volunteering among older Asian immigrants. The length of time spent in the United States was a significant determinant factor for older immigrants’ willingness to volunteer and fluent English speakers engaged more in volunteering than their less fluent peers. The results further demonstrate the need to continue to examine the potential for volunteering among older Asian immigrants.

트랜스퍼시픽 이주와 미국의 예외주의: 20세기 초 서부의 아시아계 이민자들이 본 미국

권은혜 한국미국사학회 2012 미국사연구 Vol.36 No.-

It can be seen the historical debates about American exceptionalism as a history of competing ideas about the meaning of America. Existing discussions about the history of American exceptionalism as an idea tend to focus on the ways in which white Americans or white Europeans such as Alexis de Tocqueville talked about the meaning of America. This essay criticizes that the American exceptionalism debate has been Eurocentric and Atlantic-centered. It also suggests that it be necessary to note the importance of Asia, the Pacific, and trans-Pacific space as historical places where the meaning of America has been produced. In order to materialize a trans-Pacific perspective on American exceptionalism, this essay uses the views of America expressed by early Asian immigrants who entered the U.S. in the early 20th century as an example. Asian men had more diverse motivations for migration than their female counterparts. To some, America meant the land of opportunities and riches. To others,it was the land of the free and democracy, and a Christian nation. Experiences of racist treatments of Asian immigrants on Angel Island and racial segregation in American society disillusioned Asian male immigrants. Asian men and women experienced immigration to the U.S. differently. While Asian men could enter the U.S. on their own regardless of their marital status or theirposition in their family, Asian women were most likely to be allowed entry when they proved that they were dependants of men: brides, wives, and daughters. In short,marriage was the most common rationale for Asian women’s migration. Compared to their male counterparts, Asian female immigrants held vague but overall positive views on America. Soon they realized that the racial and gender barriers of American society confined them within family and ethnic communities. Marriage life in America did not offer them to experiment social freedom. Nonetheless, these women knew that their conforming to traditional gender roles as wives and mothers was indispensible for the sustenance of their family and communities. 미국 예외주의에 대한 역사적 논쟁은 결국 미국의 의미에 대한 논쟁의 역사라고 볼 수 있다. 미국의 의미에 대해 말했던 주체들로 기존에 흔히 언급되는것은 백인 미국인이거나 알렉시 드 토크빌(Alexis de Tocqueville)와 같은 유럽의백인 지식인들이었다. 이 글은 유럽과 대서양 중심주의에 함몰된 미국 예외주의 논의의 역사적 공간을 아시아와 태평양으로 옮겨 미국 예외주의 논의의 다변화를 시도할 것을 제안한다. 이런 관점에서 필자는 20세기 초 미국 서부의중국인 및 일본인 이민자들이 이민경험을 통해 미국에 대해 가졌던 생각들을살펴보았다. 이 글은 먼저 아시아계 이민자 집단을 크게 남성과 여성으로 나누어 본다. 젠더적 구분의 근거는 남성집단의 이민이 먼저 이루어진 다음에 여성이 남성에게 속하는 배우자로서 이민이 이루어졌다는 관행 때문이다. 아시아계 남성이민자 집단은 이민동기에 따라 미국에 대해 가지고 있는 견해 상 차이를 보였다고 할 수 있다. 이들에게 미국은 기회와 풍요의 땅이기도 했고 민주주의와기독교적 평등의 가치가 실현되는 장소이기도 했다. 에인절 아일랜드에서 실시되던 인종주의적 입국심사, 그리고 서부에 만연한 반 아시아정서와 인종분리관행을 경험한 후 아시아계 남성들은 미국사회의 이상과 현실의 괴리를 지적했다. 남성과 달리, 중국인 여성과 일본인 여성에게는 결혼이 이주의 주요동기였고 이들은 미국에 대한 막연하지만 대체로 긍정적인 인상을 가지고 있었다. 그러나 미국사회의 인종과 젠더의 장벽으로 인해 아시아 여성들은 여전히 가정의 영역에서 벗어나는 사회적 역할을 경험할 수 없었다. 즉, 아시아의 전통사회에서나 미국의 아시아인 게토에서 여성들은 젠더적 제약으로부터 자유롭지못했고 이들은 미국에 대한 환상에서 깨어났다. 그러나 이들 여성들은 그들의전통적 성역할 수행이 아시아계 공동체에 대한 미국사회의 반대 속에서 가족과 공동체의 삶을 가능하게 하고 이후 세대의 형성을 가능하게 한다는 사실을잘 알고 있었다.

Exploring Adolescent-parent Relationships in Asian American Immigrant Families: An Ecological Perspective

Kang, Hyeyoung,Lazarevic, Vanja Korean Association of Child Studies 2013 Child studies in Asia-Pacific context Vol.3 No.2

The relationship between an adolescent and his/her parents is one of the most important relationships that can have a significant effect on adolescents' well-being and functioning. While there has been an increase in research on Asian American families in recent years, still much less is known about adolescent-parent relationships in these families. Asian American adolescents face some of the challenges that mainstream European American adolescents face, but their experiences are complicated by the cultural and immigration-related factors that have unique contribution to their relationships with their parents. As such, there is urgent need for research that identifies and provides a comprehensive understanding of factors that contribute to the experiences of Asian American immigrant families. The current paper provides a systematic look at adolescent-parent relationships in Asian American immigrant families using the Bronfenbrenner's ecological model. More specifically, this paper provides a succinct review of the literature on developmental issues, immigration, and culture-related factors that affect Asian American adolescent-parent relationships, and guided by Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, an ecological framework of Asian American adolescent-parent relationships is proposed.