비트(Beta vulgaris L) 중 Neonicotinoid계 살충제 Acetamiprid 및 Flonicamid의 안전사용기준 설정 및 안전성 평가

조영주 ( Yeong-ju Jo ),변건두 ( Geon-doo Byeon ),최정윤 ( Jeong-yoon Choi ),허장현 ( Jang-hyun Hur ) 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2021 No.-

소면적 재배작물 중 비트(Beta vulgaris L.)는 잎과 뿌리 전체에 대한 식용이 증가하고 있는 웰빙 작물으로 수요가 급증함에 따라 재배 농가가 증가하고 유통이 활발해지고 있다. 비트는 재배기간 중 가루이 등에 대한 피해가 다수 발생하고 있어 이를 방제하기 위한 살충제 등록이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 신경전달을 저해하는 neonicotinoid계 살충제인 acetamiprid 및 flonicamid를 선정하여 작물 잔류성 시험을 진행하였으며, 이를 통해 소면적 재배작물 비트를 위한 농약 안전사용기준과 잔류허용기준을 제안하고자 하였다. 포장시험을 위한 약제살포는 acetamipird 10% 액제와 flonicamid 50% 입상수용제를 각각 2,000배 및 10,000배 희석하여 수확 전 0, 7, 14, 21일 차에 걸쳐 7일 간격 2회 경엽처리 하였다. 잔류분석용 시료는 비트의 지상부와 지하부로 구분하여 채집하였으며 즉시 세절한 후 -20℃ 냉동보관하였다. 시료 분석은 QuEChERS 분석법을 적용하였고, flonicamid의 경우 추가적인 정제를 위해 SPE-NH2 cartridge를 이용하였으며, 분석기기는 acetamiprid는 LC-MS/MS, flonicamid는 GC-ECD를 사용하였다. Acetamiprid 및 flonicamid의 분석법 정량한계(Method limit of quantitation, MLOQ)는 모두 0.01 mg/kg이었다. 회수율은 정량한계의 1배 및 10배 수준으로 각각 3반복 수행하였으며 지상부의 경우 acetamiprid는 87.6∼105.8%, flonicamid는 72.6∼111.1%이었으며, 지하부의 경우 acetamiprid는 84.1∼108.0%, flonicamid는 93.0∼102.8%로 유효 회수율 범위인 70∼120%을 만족하였다. 비트 중 지상부 및 지하부의 최대잔류량은 acetamiprid 의 경우 0일 차에서 5.93 mg/kg와 0.09 mg/kg, 21일 차에서 1.25 mg/kg와 <0.01 mg/kg으로서 경시변화에 따라 모두 감소하는 경향이었다. Flonicamid의 경우 0일 차에서 6.00 mg/kg와 0.10mg/kg, 21일 차에서 0.73 mg/kg와 0.02 mg/kg로 검출되어 acetamiprid의 경우와 비슷한 감소 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 비트에 대한 acetamiprid 10% 액제와 flonicamid 50% 입상 수용제의 안전사용기준(안)은 모두 수확 14일 전 2회 경엽처리로 제안하였다. 또한 잔류허용기준은 지상부 5.0 mg/kg, 지하부 0.05 mg/kg로 제안하였고 ADI 대비 식이섭취율(%ADI)은 acetamiprid 및 flonicamid 각각 14.81%, 56.98%로 두 약제 모두 80% 초과하지 않아 식이섭취에 따른 안전성 을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 추천한 안전사용기준(안)을 토대로 농약을 살포한다면 소면적 재배작물 비트 재배 중 가루이류 방제에 효과적으로 활용될 뿐만 아니라 우리나라 잔류농약 안전 관리에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

Import Tolerance 설정을 위한 꽃받침포함 딸기 중 Flonicamid와 대사산물의 잔류성

오영곤 ( Young Goun Oh ),정윤수 ( Yun-Su Jeong ),이동기 ( Dong-gi Lee ),설재웅 ( Jae Ung Seol ),김지명 ( Ji Myung Kim ),이승현 ( Seung-hyun Lee ),조일규 ( Il Kyu Cho ) 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2021 No.-

Pre-harvest interval and decline pattern of flonicamid, TFNG and TFNA were determined in strawberry with calyx using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The study was carried out to propose import tolerance for export promotion of strawberry to Taiwan by using OECD maximum residue limit (MRL) calculator. The residue field trials for flonicamid (50%, SG, insecticide) were carried out as decline tests in the three independent sites to cultivate strawberry. The flonicamid (50%, SG) of test substance was diluted 10,000 times and the 0.00764 kg a.i./10 a of flonicamid 50% SG was applied for the sites two times at 7-day intervals. Sampling was carried out 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 45 days after the final application of flonicamid (50%, SG), and untreated control samples were collected prior to the sampling of treated plots. The residual amount of flonicamid included with TFNG and TFNA presented 0.06∼1.40 mg/kg in site 1 (Sacheon), 0.06∼0.82 mg/kg in site 2 (Gokseong) and 0.18∼1.15 mg/kg in site 3 (Nonsan), respectively, in the strawberry with calyx for three decline test. In cThe import tolerance of flonicamid for strawberry with calyx may be recommended at 3.0 mg/kg in Taiwan by the OECD MRL calculator.

콩의 주요 해충 방제를 위한 친환경 살충제 선발

임언택,나레시 당기 한국응용곤충학회 2016 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.04

콩에서 사용할 수 있는 친환경 살충제 14종을 문헌 조사를 통해 선발한 후 상용화된 천적인 칠레이리응애와 미끌애꽃노린재 에 대한 생태독성을 비교하였다. 천적에 대한 영향이 가장 적어 천적 사용과 호환이 가능한 살충제는 flonicamid와 spirotetramat, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, Beauveria bassiana strain GHA (Bb GHA), spinosad 등이었다. 이 들 중 flonicamid와 spirotetramat, Bb GHA를 콩의 주요 해충인 톱다리개미허리노린재[Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius)]와 그 들의 알 포식기생자인 노린재검정알벌 [Gryon japonicum (Ashmead)]과 노린재깡충좀벌(Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii)에 대해 생태독성을 추가적으로 비교하였다. flonicamid와 spirotetramat 모두 톱다리개미허리노린재의 약충에 대한 독성이 톱다리개미허리노린재의 성충에 비해 높았으며, 상대적으로 두 종의 기생벌에 대해서는 영향이 적었다. 반면 Bb GHA는 살충률과 감염률 모두 노린재에 비해 천적에서 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 콩에서 천적중심 해충 방제 전략에 대해 고찰하였다.

딸기 중 침투이행성 살충제의 장기간 잔류특성

이승화 ( Seung Hwa Lee ),지다혜 ( Dahye Ji ),김숙향 ( Suk Hyang Kim ),장현민 ( Hyun Min Jang ),권진선 ( Jin Sun Kwon ),황을철 ( Eul Chul Hwang ) 한국환경농학회 2017 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2017 No.-

경남지역의 일반적인 겨울철 시설재배 딸기는 9월경 정식하여 12월부터 다음해 5월까지 연속수 확이 가능하지만 긴 재배기간 동안 다양한 병해충의 발생 가능성이 높고, 특히 봄철 연속수확기에는 응애, 진딧물, 총채벌레 등의 방제에 많은 노력이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 고설재배(품종: 설 향) 시험포장에서 2화방 결실과의 본격적인 수확기인 2월 중순 침투이행성 살충제인 플로니카미드 입상수화제(a.i. 10%)와 스피로테트라멧 액상수화제(a.i. 22%), 비 침투성 살충제 사이에노피라펜 액 상수화제(a.i. 25%)를 7일 간격으로 2회 옆면처리한 후 60일차까지 수확한 딸기의 약제 유효성분 및 대사산물의 잔류특성을 확인하였다. 사이에노피라펜은 처리약제의 유효성분(모화합물)을 분석하였으며, 침투이행성 약제인 플로니카미드의 경우 모화합물 flonicamid와 대사산물 TFNG, TFNA, TFNA-AM, 스피로테트라멧은 spirotetramat(BYI08330)과 대사산물 BYI08330-enol, BYI08330-keto- hydroxy, BYI08330-mono-hydroxy, BYI08330-enol-glucoside을 분석 대상성분으로 하였다. 사이에 노피라펜은 약제처리 직후 0.9~1.0 mg/kg 수준의 잔류량을 확인하였으며 이후 지속적으로 감소하여 45일차, 60일차 과실에서는 검출되지 않았다. 딸기의 개화결실 이후 수확까지 40일 가량 소요 되는 것을 감안할 때 약제 처리시 과실에 직접적으로 부착한 성분의 잔류 및 소실에 따른 것으로 판단된다. 침투이행성 약제인 플로니카미드와 스피로테트라멧의 약제 유효성분(모화합물)은 45일차까지 지속적인 감소 경향을 보인 후 60일차에 거의 잔류하지 않았다. 각각에서 잔류가 확인된 대 사산물은 TFNG와 TFNA, BYI08330-eonl, BYI08330-keto-hydroxy 이었으며, 이중 TFNG는 30일차 에 0.1~0.15 mg/kg, BYI08330-eonl은 21일차에 0.2~0.3 mg/kg 수준까지 증가한 후 감소하여 60 일차에도 잔류를 확인할 수 있었다. 작물체로 흡수·이행한 약제 유효성분이 대사산물의 형태로 잔류가 지속될 가능성이 큰 침투이행성 약제의 경우에 딸기, 파프리카 등 과실을 연속 수확하는 작물에서의 장기간 잔류특성에 대한 확인이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

살구 중 Flonicamid 및 그 대사산물의 잔류특성 연구

김영진 ( Yeong-jin Kim ),최성길 ( Sung-gil Choi ),권영상 ( Young-sang Kwon ),이경민 ( Gyung-min Lee ),김종환 ( Jong-hwan Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2020 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2020 No.-

This study was conducted to investigate residual characteristics of Flonicamid and metabolites among minor crop apricots, evaluate safety and use them as data for expanding the registration of pesticides. The test pesticide was harvested after diluting Flonicamid 10 % water dispersible granule (WG) 2,000 fold and spraying it from 50 days before harvest to 7 days before harvest. 10mL of acetonitrile containing 5% acetic acid was added to 10g ± 0.05g of homogenized sample, and after shaking for 10 minutes, a sample was extracted by adding a QuEChERS (Original)kit. The extracted sample was analyzed for Flonicamid, metabolites TFNA, and TFNG using LC-MS/MS. Standard calibration curves were made by matrix matched standards and their correlation coefficients were higher than 0.99. The method limit of quantitation (MLOQ) was each 0.02 mg/kg for Flonicamid and metabolite TFNA, TFNG. Average recovery rates of Flonicamid, metabolites TFNA, and TFNG were 89.2-110.2 %, 91.4-103.8 %, and 95.8-113.6 %, respectively. The converion residue amounts of Flonicamid at 50-40 DAT (days after treatment) were 0.12- 0.15 mg/kg, 40-30 DAT were 0.16-0.17 mg/kg, 30-21 DAT were 0.10-0,11 mg/kg, 21-14 DAT were 0.11-0.15 mg/kg, 14-7 DAT were 0.11-0.21 mg/kg, respectively. Residual concentration of Flonicamid in the crop was increased as spraying more closer to harvest day. The percentage of estimate daily intake(%EDI) compared to ADI based on the residual amount of Flonicamid in apricots from 0.0018% to 0.0034%. The %ADI was considered safe at less than 10%.

Sublethal Effects of Flonicamid and Thiamethoxam on Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae and Feeding Behavior Analysis

( Sun Ran Cho ),( Hyun Na Koo ),( Chang Mann Yoon ),( Gil Hah Kim ) 한국응용생명화학회(구 한국농화학회) 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.6

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer, is an important sap-sucking pest of many plants, including Chinese cabbage. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of two insecticides (flonicamid and thiamethoxam) and the action mechanisms on the feeding behavior of M. persicae. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of flonicamid and thiamethoxam for adult M. persicae were 2.56 and 4.02 mg/L, respectively. The sublethal concentrations of flonicamid were 0.44 mg/L (LC10) and 1.25 mg/L (LC30), and those of thiamethoxam were 1.19 mg/L (LC10) and 2.45 mg/L (LC30). The developmental period of M. persicae nymphs was 5.9 days at LC10 and 6.1 days at LC30 for both insecticides compared to 5.7 days for the control. Adult longevities at LC10 and LC30 of flonicamid were 13.2 and 13.7 days, respectively. Adult longevity at LC10 of thiamethoxam was 14.7 days. Control adult longevity was 11.6 days. Total fecundity was higher at LC10 (41.8 offspring/female) and LC30 (43.0 offspring/ female) of flonicamid, and at LC10 (42.1 offspring/female) of thiamethoxam than that of the control (29.5 offspring/female). Feeding behavior analysis using an electrical penetration graph showed that sublethal doses of flonicamid and thiamethoxam had significant effects on the duration of phloem ingestion. However, higher doses of flonicamid induced starvation by inhibition of phloem ingestion and higher doses of thiamethoxam induced contact toxicity rather than inhibition of feeding behavior. This study provides the basis for a more efficient use of these pesticides in Korea.

Sublethal Effects of Flonicamid and Thiamethoxam on Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae and Feeding Behavior Analysis

Sun-Ran Cho,구현나,Changmann Yoon,Gil-Hah Kim 한국응용생명화학회 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.6

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sülzer, is an important sap-sucking pest of many plants, including Chinese cabbage. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of two insecticides (flonicamid and thiamethoxam) and the action mechanisms on the feeding behavior of M. persicae. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of flonicamid and thiamethoxam for adult M. persicae were 2.56 and 4.02 mg/L, respectively. The sublethal concentrations of flonicamid were 0.44 mg/L (LC10) and 1.25 mg/L (LC30), and those of thiamethoxam were 1.19 mg/L (LC10) and 2.45 mg/L (LC30). The developmental period of M. persicae nymphs was 5.9 days at LC10 and 6.1 days at LC30 for both insecticides compared to 5.7 days for the control. Adult longevities at LC10 and LC30 of flonicamid were 13.2 and 13.7 days, respectively. Adult longevity at LC10 of thiamethoxam was 14.7 days. Control adult longevity was 11.6 days. Total fecundity was higher at LC10 (41.8 offspring/female) and LC30 (43.0 offspring/female) of flonicamid, and at LC10 (42.1 offspring/female) of thiamethoxam than that of the control (29.5 offspring/female). Feeding behavior analysis using an electrical penetration graph showed that sublethal doses of flonicamid and thiamethoxam had significant effects on the duration of phloem ingestion. However, higher doses of flonicamid induced starvation by inhibition of phloem ingestion and higher doses of thiamethoxam induced contact toxicity rather than inhibition of feeding behavior. This study provides the basis for a more efficient use of these pesticides in Korea.

Sublethal Effects of Flonicamid and Thiamethoxam on Green Peach Aphid, $Myzus$ $persicae$ and Feeding Behavior Analysis

Cho, Sun-Ran,Koo, Hyun-Na,Yoon, Chang-Mann,Kim, Gil-Hah The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2011 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.54 No.6

The green peach aphid, $Myzus$ $persicae$ S$\ddot{u}$lzer, is an important sap-sucking pest of many plants, including Chinese cabbage. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of two insecticides (flonicamid and thiamethoxam) and the action mechanisms on the feeding behavior of $M.$ $persicae$. The median lethal concentrations ($LC_{50}$) of flonicamid and thiamethoxam for adult $M.$ $persicae$ were 2.56 and 4.02 mg/L, respectively. The sublethal concentrations of flonicamid were 0.44 mg/L ($LC_{10}$) and 1.25 mg/L ($LC_{30}$), and those of thiamethoxam were 1.19 mg/L ($LC_{10}$) and 2.45 mg/L ($LC_{30}$). The developmental period of $M.$ $persicae$ nymphs was 5.9 days at $LC_{10}$ and 6.1 days at $LC_{30}$ for both insecticides compared to 5.7 days for the control. Adult longevities at $LC_{10}$ and $LC_{30}$ of flonicamid were 13.2 and 13.7 days, respectively. Adult longevity at $LC_{10}$ of thiamethoxam was 14.7 days. Control adult longevity was 11.6 days. Total fecundity was higher at $LC_{10}$ (41.8 offspring/female) and $LC_{30}$ (43.0 offspring/female) of flonicamid, and at $LC_{10}$ (42.1 offspring/female) of thiamethoxam than that of the control (29.5 offspring/female). Feeding behavior analysis using an electrical penetration graph showed that sublethal doses of flonicamid and thiamethoxam had significant effects on the duration of phloem ingestion. However, higher doses of flonicamid induced starvation by inhibition of phloem ingestion and higher doses of thiamethoxam induced contact toxicity rather than inhibition of feeding behavior. This study provides the basis for a more efficient use of these pesticides in Korea.

Sublethal Effects of Imidacloprid and Flonicamid on Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and Feeding Behavior Analysis

Seon-Woo Lee,Ki-Su Ahn,Hyun-Na Koo,Gil-Hah Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2012 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.05

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover is an important sap-sucking pest of many pant, including cucumber and pepper. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of two insecticides (imidacloprid and flonicamid) and the action mechanisms on the feeding behavior of A. gossypii. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of imidacloprid and flonicamid for adult A. gossypii were 2.01 and 1.92 ppm, respectively. The sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid were 0.22 ppm (LC10) and 0.82 ppm (LC30), and those of flonicamid were 0.094 ppm (LC10) and 0.56 ppm (LC30). The developmental period of A. gossypii nymphs at LC30 was 3.6 days for both insecticide which shorter than controls (4.2 days). Adult longevities at LC10 and LC30 of imidacloprid were 15.2 and 13.6 days, respectively. Adult longevity at LC10 and LC30 of flonicamid was 11.1 and 9.9 days, respectively. Control adult longevity was 15.5 days. Total fecundity was decreased at both sublethal concentration of two insecticides. Feeding behavior analysis using an electrical penetration graph showed that sublethal doses of imidacloprid and flonicamid had significant effects on the duration of phloem ingestion. However, higher doses of flonicamid induced starvation by inhibition of phloem ingestion and higher doses of imidacloprid induced contact toxicity rather than inhibition of feeding behavior.

Simultaneous determination of flonicamid, imidacloprid, and its metabolites in paprika by QuEChERS and tandem mass spectrometry

Seo, Eun-Kyung,Kwon, Hyeyoung,Hong, Su-Myeong,Kim, Taek-Kyum The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2015 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.58 No.4

An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of flonicamid, imidacloprid, and its metabolites is established. The method developed herein uses a rapid extraction and cleanup procedure based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The effects of various experimental parameters, including extraction, salting-out agents, and purification sorbents, were investigated to optimize the sample-preparation method; the optimized method was then validated using fortified samples. Flonicamid, imidacloprid, and its metabolites spiked at three concentration levels: 0.05, 0.1, and $0.5mg\;kg^{-1}$; the means of their recovery were determined by replicate analysis at each level. Under the conditions described, the mean recoveries of flonicamid, imidacloprid, and its metabolites were in the acceptable range 70-120 % with a satisfactory precision (RSD ${\leq}20%$). This modified method provides improved recoveries of flonicamid metabolites and may be a useful analytical technique for the simultaneous determination of flonicamid, imidacloprid, and its metabolites in fruits and vegetables.