한국 남동해안 감포 연대산 지역 해안단구 상고위면과 고고위면 지형발달

황상일 ( Hwang Sangill ),윤순옥 ( Yoon Soon-ock ) 한국지형학회 2020 한국지형학회지 Vol.27 No.4

In this study, the distribution and topographic development of marine terraces, UHS (Upper Higher Surface) and HHS (High Higher Surface) at Yeondae-san area, Gampo-eup were discussed. We critically examined on the substance of the Yeongdong-myeon (a low-lying erosion surface) in the east coast of Korea. In study area, UHS including UHS-246m, UHS-241m, UHS-235m, UHS-220m, UHS-210m and UHS-220 is found on the highest altitude among the marine terraces in Korea. The existence of UHS requires new interpretation on topographical surface like Yeongdong-myeon, which has been commonly accepted as a theory in the society of Korean Geography. Since UHS is distributed continuously ascending on the altitude of HHS, the period of formation should be understood in the same context. And UHS of paleo-shoreline 246m has been estimated to be formed about 1.5 million years ago.

한국 남동해안 감포읍 지역 해안단구 지형발달

황상일(Hwang, Sangill),윤순옥(Yoon, Soon-Ock) 한국지역지리학회 2020 한국지역지리학회지 Vol.26 No.4

본 연구에서는 경주시 감포읍 지역의 해안단구 분포와 지형발달을 논의하였다. 특히 이 지역에는 현재까지 우리나라에서 보고된 바 없는, 구정선고도 160m 해안단구보다 더 높은 상고위면(Upper Higher Surface, UH면)이 분포한다. 감포읍 상고위면은 형성시기가 서로 다른 구정선고도 176~178m, 190~192m, 196~198m, 210m, 220m의 다섯 단의 지형면으로 구성된다. 해안단구 상고위면의 존재는 한국 지리학계에 통설로 받아들여지고 있는 저위침식면(영동면)에 대한 새로운 해석을 요구한다. 상고위면은 고고위면(HH면)에 연속하여 분포하므로 형성시기도 같은 맥락에서 이해하여야 하며, 구정선고도 200m 지형면은 대략 100만년 전에 형성된 것으로 추정된다. The distribution of marine terraces and geomorphological development at Gampo-eup, Gyeongju-si, southeastern coast of Korea were discussed in this study. In particular, in this area, Upper Higher Surface (UH-Surface) is distributed on the higher altitude than the highest 160m among the marine terraces in Korea so far. The UH-Surfaces in Gampo-eup consist of five geomorphological surfaces with different formation periods and paleo-shoreline altitudes of 176~178m, 190~192m, 196~198m, 210m, and 220m. The existence of UH-Surface requires a new interpretation on topographical surface like Yeongdong-myeon, a low-lying erosion surface, which is accepted as a common theory of Korean Geography. Since UH-Surface is distributed continuously ascending on the altitude of High Higher Surface(HH surface), the period of formation should be understood in the same context. UH-surface of paleo-shoreline 200m is estimated to have been formed about a million years ago.

고성 옥천사 대웅전 불석제(佛石製) 불상 연구

이희정 ( Lee Hee-Jung ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2021 石堂論叢 Vol.- No.80

옥천사는 의상 대사 창건 사찰로, 화엄 10찰중 하나이며, 오랫동안 많은 고승 대덕이 주석했었다. 임진왜란이라는 큰 전란에 전소되어 1639년 학명과 의오의 주도하에 복구되기 시작했으며 차차로 대웅전, 명부전 등의 새 전각과 불상이 조성되었다. 이 시기 불상의 주재료는 목재였지만 이곳은 불석제의 석재 상이 지금의 대웅전과 명부전에 봉안되어 있다. 이 상들은 신체비례, 얼굴 등 조선후기 보편적인 석조불상의 조형성을 따르면서도 17세기 후반의 대표적 석조 조각승 경옥과 그의 작풍을 계승하는 조각승들이 개성이 잘 드러나 있다. 조선후기 불석제 불상은 고성 옥천사와 같이 부산, 울산 등 해안과 가까운 사찰에 봉안된 사례가 많다. 불석불상은 조선 전기 15세기부터 유행하기 시작하였으며, 이때는 청옥(靑玉)이라 불렀는데 지금도 옥석(玉石)으로 부르는 것도 여기에서 연유한 것이라 생각된다. 이 돌은 지금의 경주 함월산과 천태산 2곳에서 채석되어 불상이 만들어졌는데 당시 사람은 불령산(佛靈山), 불석산(佛石山)으로 불렀으며, 이렇게 조성된 불상은 동해천과 감포 앞 바다의 바다 루트를 통해 이운되었다. Okcheonsa is a temple built by Veneral Uisang upon his return from his study under Zhiyan in Tang dynasty. The temple is one of ten Hwaeom temple designated by Uisang himself. The temple was bestowed on many great masters, however, was burnt down during the Japanese Invasion (1592) in the Joseon Dynasty. In the aftermath of the war, pavillions and Buddha statues for ceremonial obeisance destructed in flames were recreated and enshrined as perspectives on monks started to change. In particular, restoration of Okcheonsa Temple was initiated under the guidance of Hakmyeong and Uio in 1639, and many Buddha statues and pavillions including the Hall of Utmost Bliss, Great Hero Hall and Hall of Ksitigarbah Bodhisattva were rebuilt in the process. Most statues were made of wood at the time, however, the statues enshrined in the Great Hero Hall and Hall of Ksitigarbah Bodhisattva were made with zeolite stones. Such statues have common formative features of the late Joseon dynasty including body ratio and face. However, the statues also demonstrate unique features made by Keongok, most reknowned monk sculptor of the time, and others who suceeded his style. Many zeolite Buddha statues created in the late Joseon Dynasty were enshrined in temples located near the coast such as Busan and Ulsan, as Okcheonsa Temple in Goseong. Zeolite Buddha statues were first created in the 15^th century during the Joseon Dynasty. It was called Cheong-ok(靑玉, sapphire) at that time which the present name Ok-seok(jade) originates from. Zeolites for such Buddha statues were cut from the present Hamwolsan Mountain and Cheontaesan Mountain in Gyeongju. Back in the Joseon Dynasty, the mountains were called Bulyeongsan Mountain(佛靈山) or Bulseoksan Mountain(佛石山), and the statues were shipped on the sea route connected from Donghaecheon stream to the sea in Gampo.

동해 감포 주변해역에서 저층삼중자망에 어획된 어류 군집

강필준,김종관,황선완 한국환경생물학회 2015 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.33 No.1

Fish assemblages in the coastal waters off Gampo in the East Sea of Korea were analyzedusing the samples of fishes collected with bottom trammel gill nets June, September, andDecember 2005 and, March 2006. During the study period, a total of 32 fish species, 695 individuals,and 180,012.0 g representing 21 families were collected. The fish assemblages predominantlyconsisted of Ditrema temminckii, which accounted for 52.4% of the number of individuals and40.4% in the biomass. The next major specimens were Hexagrammos otakii, Sebastes schlegelii,Stephanolepis cirrhifer, Sebastes taczanowskii, Halichoeres poecilopterus. These six fishes accounted77.6% of total number of individuals and 77.5% of total biomass. The number of fish species,the number of individuals and biomass were fluctuated with month. The number of species washighest in June 2005 and lowest in March 2006. The number of individuals and biomass was highestin September 2005 and lowest in June 2005.

동해 감포 연안에서 통발에 어획된 어류 종조성

강필준 ( Pil Jun Kang ),김종관 ( Chong Kwan Kim ),황선완 ( Sun Wan Hwang ) 한국어류학회 2015 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.27 No.3

동해 감포 연안에서 2005년 6월, 9월 및 12월, 그리고 2006년 3월에 통발에 어획된 어류 종조성을 분석하였다. 조사기간 동안 총 4목 10과 19종의 어류가 채집되었다. 채집된 어류 가운데, 가장 많이 채집된 종은 붕장어 (Conger myriaster)로서 채집 개체수의 38.9%, 생체량의 52.2%를 차지하였다. 그 다음으로는 복섬 (Takifugu niphobles), 조피볼락 (Sebastes schlegelii), 점망둑 (Chaenogobius annularis), 노래미 (Hexagrammos agrammus), 쥐노래미 (Hexagrammos otakii) 등이비교적 많았다. 이 5종은 전체 개체수의 44.1%, 전체 생체량의 37.3%를 차지하였다. 종수는 2006년 3월에 가장 많았고 2005년 12월에 가장 적었다. 개체수와 생체량은 2005년 9월에 가장 많았고 2005년 12월에 가장 적었다. Fish assemblages in the coastal waters off Gampo in the East Sea of Korea were analyzed using the samples of fishes collected with pot nets June, September, and December 2005 and March 2006. During the study period, a total of 19 fish species representing 10 families in 4 orders were collected. The fish assemblages predominantly consisted of Conger myriaster, which accounted for 38.9% of the number of individuals and 52.2% in the biomass. The next major specimens were Takifugu niphobles, Sebastes schlegelii, Chaenogobius annularis, Hexagrammos agrammus and Hexagrammos otakii. These five fishes accounted 44.1% of total number of individuals and 37.3% of total biomass. The number of fish species was the highest in March 2006 and the lowest in December 2005. The number of individuals and biomass were the highest in September in 2005 and the lowest in December in 2005.

임진왜란 시기 경상좌수군의 편제와 활동

신윤호 역사실학회 2023 역사와실학 Vol.81 No.-

During the Imjin War, Gyeongsangbuk-do, where the naval base of the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force was located, was the first to be invaded by the Japanese due to its close ties to Japan. The Gyeongsang-jwa naval force was organized into 11 ports and 2 divisions, including Gyeongsang-jwa Suyoung, Sugun-jin, and Eupsu-gun. Not much is known about the activities of the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force. However, from 1593 on, some remnants of the naval forces were gathered and the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force resumed its activities. During the Imjin War, there were a total of four commanders in the Gyeongsan-jwa force: Park Hong, Lee Yoo-eui, Lee Su-il, and Lee Woon-ryong. Lee Su-il and Lee Woon-ryong were active in the field. They chose Gyeongsang-jwa Suyoung as their base and moved around according to the situation. From the beginning of the Imjin War, the major ports of the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force lost their functions with the fall of the Dongnae area. However, as Lee Soo-il was appointed as the commander, naval forces that were in Chilpo and Yusangpo, which were located on the relatively northern coast, were gathered and conducted activities at Poipo. At this time, Suyoung was temporarily established in Poipo, Janggi-hyeon, then the naval force was moved to Gampo, then moved to Poipo again. Then it was stationed at Yeompo and the defense line. This is because the force retreated according to the movement of the Japanese army. Suyoung was moved frequently according to the need in the process of conducting pincer operations with the land forces. When the fierce battle was intensifying in the Gyeongju area, the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force was moved to Gampo, Gyeongju, and cooperated with the land forces and great soldiers including Park Eui-jang, Ko Eon-baek, Hong Gye-nam, and Kwon Eung-soo to conduct the battle in Gyeongju. In 1593, when the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force captured Japanese army ships several times, the Joseon government sent practical support for the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force, dispatching Do Won-ryang, a jusadokjeonseonjeongwan, to build nine warships. As the naval force’s power expanded, it gained a record of capturing Japanese invaders on the east coast, including Yeonil-hyeon. Lee Woon-ryong succeeded Lee Su-il as the commander of the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force in February 1596. Lee Woon-ryong moved the defenses south and placed Gyeongsang-jwa Suyoung at Yeompo, Ulsan. At this time, the peace negotiation was underway, and part of the Japanese army withdrew to Japan as envoys traveled to the country. Although there was a lull in the war due to the peace negotiation, it was during this period that the troops were reinforced and the battle lines were reorganized. In the Gyeongsang-do region, the solidarity of officials and soldiers were strengthened through efforts such as the Mount Palgong meetings, and a mountain fortress was built. In order to strengthen the power of the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force, the troops of the Gaewoonpo Yibook were added to Gyeonang-jwa Suyoung and measures were taken to build a front line in the coastal towns. Kiyomasa Kato invaded with a fleet of more than five hundred ships during the Korean War, and when Ulsan Seosangpo was recaptured, the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force moved from Yeompo to Poipo. Later, following the Ming Dynasty's Sarobyeongjin strategy, the Dongno force attacked the Ulsan Japanese Fortress in December 1597. At this time, the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force was stationed at the defense line (Daewangam) east of Ulsan to cooperate with the Ming army to attack the Ulsan Japanese Castle. On the other hand, Kim Tae-heo, an Ulsan soldier in the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force, also attacked the Ulsan Japanese Fortress with the Ming army. However, he was not under the command of the Gyeongsang-jwa naval force He remained on land and was under the command of Do Won-su and Dochechalsa. /In September 1598, during the second battle of the Ulsan Japanese Fortress, the Gyeongsang-jwa naval ... 임진왜란 시기 경상좌수군의 수군진이 소재하였던 경상좌도는 일본과 가까운 연고로 가장 먼저 일본군에 침략당하였다. 경상좌수군의 편제는 경상좌수영 및 수군진, 읍수군 등 총 11포 2관의 규모로 조직되어 있었다. 경상좌수군의 지휘체계는 삼도수군통제사의 관하에 있지 않고 독자적으로 활동하면서 방어사·도원수 및 도체찰사에 보고하는 형태로 운용되었다. 동래지역이 일본군의 기지가 됨으로써 부산 앞바다를 경유할 수 없는 상황이었기 때문이다. 경상좌수군의 활동에 대해서는 잘 알려지지 않았다. 그러나 1593년부터 일부 잔존 수군들이 집결하면서 경상좌수군의 활동이 재개되었다. 임진왜란 기간 중 경상좌수사는 박홍·이유의·이수일·이운룡 등 총 4명으로 파악되는데, 본격적으로 활동한 인물은 이수일과 이운룡이었다. 임진왜란 초부터 동래지역이 함락되면서 경상좌수군의 주요 포구가 기능을 상실하였지만, 이수일이 수사에 제수되면서 비교적 북쪽 해안에 있었던 칠포·축산포 등 일부 수군들을 포이포로 집결시켜 활동을 전개하였다. 이때 임시 수영을 장기현 포이포로 정한 이후 감포로 이동하였다가 다시 포이포로 주둔처를 옮겼으며, 다시 염포나 방어진에 주둔하며 활동하기도 하였는데, 이는 일본군의 움직임에 따라 진퇴한 것이며, 육상군과 협공작전을 펼치는 과정에서 필요에 따라 수시로 수영을 이동시킨 것이었다. 경주지역에서 공방전이 치열하게 전개될 때 경상좌수군은 경주 감포로 이동 배치하여 박의장·고언백·홍계남·권응수 등 육상군 및 명군들과 협력하여 경주에서 공방전을 전개하였다. 1593년 경상좌수군이 일본군선을 사로잡는 전과를 여러 차례 올리자 조정에서 경상좌수군에 대한 실질적 지원을 추진하여, 주사독전선전관 도원량을 파견하여 전선 9척을 만들어 보냈던 것이다. 수군의 군세가 확장되면서 연일현을 비롯한 동해안의 왜적들을 사로잡는 전과를 올렸다. 이수일의 후임으로 이운룡이 1596년 2월, 경상좌수사에 제수되었다. 이운룡은 방어선을 남쪽으로 내려 경상좌수영을 울산 염포에 두었다. 이때는 강화교섭이 진행되어 명의 사절단이 일본으로 건너가는 과정에서 일본군들의 일부가 일본으로 철수하였기 때문이었다. 강화교섭으로 전쟁이 소강상태였지만 오히려 이 시기에 전력을 보강하고 전열을 정비하였다. 경상도 지역에서는 팔공산회맹 등 관·의병의 결속력을 강화시켰으며, 산성수축을 진행하였다. 경상좌수군의 전력 강화를 위해 개운포 이북의 격군 및 수졸들을 경상좌수영에 보충하고, 연해 고을에서 전선을 제작하도록 조치하였다. 정유재란 당시 가토 기요마사가 500여 척의 선단을 이끌고 침략하였으며, 울산 서생포를 다시 점거하자 경상좌수군은 염포에서 포이포로 옮겼다. 이후 명나라의 사로병진 작전에 따라 동로군은 1597년 12월, 울산왜성을 공략하였다. 이때 경상좌수군은 명군과 협력하여 울산왜성을 공격하기 위해 울산 동쪽의 방어진(대왕암)에 주둔하였다. 한편, 경상좌수군에 편제된 울산군수 김태허 역시 명군과 연합하여 울산왜성을 공격하였는데, 다만 경상좌수사의 지휘하에 있지 않고 육상에서 줄곧 활동하며 도원수 및 도체찰사의 지휘를 받았다. 1598년 9월, 2차 울산왜성 전투 당시 경상좌수군은 감포에 주둔하고 있었는데, 육상군과 합세하여 퇴각하는 일본을 추격하여 왜적을 포획하기도 하였다. 전란 초기 ...

‘산양의 땅’(ra sa)에서 ‘聖地’(lha sa)로

金成修(Kim, Sung-soo) 동양사학회 2012 東洋史學硏究 Vol.119 No.-

This article mainly discussed about the historical transition on the sacredness of Lhasa in Inner Asian Buddhism World. Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet in modern time, is located in the Kyi River Valley of U province, the central Tibet. The meaning of the Lhasa is the Holy land, but during the Tibetan empire(7~9 centuries) it had been called Ra sa meant the land of Goat. It is not clear when it had been changed to call Ra sa to Lhasa. At least during the Dalai LamaⅤ, Lhasa had been settled down as the name of the capital city, the center of political power of Tibet. So to understand the backgrounds of this change my research focuses on different roles of the city Lhasa from the Tibetan empire to the Geluk School period. During the ancient Tibetan Empire(Tu-bo, tib. Bo chen po), Ra sa was not the capital city as the political center. The Tibetan Government of btsan po, the king of Tibet, mainly managed in nomadic life, so they didn’t construct the fixed dwelling settlements. In the beginning there’s no city in Lhasa, but Songtsen gampo, the founder of the empire, just established the jo khang(gtsug lag khang) temple in 639, the first buddhist temple in Tibet, for his Nepali empress khri btsun(Bhrikuti). From this point, Lhasa got the potentiality for being the religious center in Tibet. The dramatic transition happened during the Geluk School period. Tsongkapa(1357~1419), the founder of the Geluk School, founded the smon lam chen mo in 1409, known as the Great Prayer Day as part of New Year celebrations in Tibet. The smon lam chen mo originated from the era of Buddha Sakyamuni was reintroduced by Tsongkapa. The biggest patron of the Tsongkapa, Phagmodru dynasty tired to restore the political authority from the ancient Tibetan Empire. So first Phagmodru dynasty sponsored Tsongkapa to restore the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa built by King Songtsen gampo during the 7<SUP>th</SUP> century. During the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century the struggles for the reunited Mongol nation in Inner Asia grew fiercer, Dalai lama got the condition to be able to make himself as an arbitrator in Inner Asia. Under this situation, every prominent political figure in Inner Asia rushed to Lhasa for participating into the New Year festival smon lam chen mo as a patron, where had chance to make connection with the Geluk School. In that context Lhasa emerged as the political-religious center in Inner Asian buddhism world.

동해 감포 주변해역에서 저층삼중자망에 어획된 어류 군집

강필준,김종관,황선완 한국환경생물학회 2015 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.33 No.1

2005년 6월, 9월, 12월 및 2006년 3월에 동해안의 감포연안에서 저층삼중자망에 어획된 어류 종 조성을 분석하였다. 조사기간 동안 총 21과 32종, 695마리, 180,012.0 g의 어류가 채집되었다. 채집된 어류 가운데, 가장 많이 채집된 종은 망상어 (Ditrema temminckii)로서 채집 개체수의 52.4%, 생체량의 40.4%를 차지하였다. 그 다음 주요 종으로는 쥐노래미 (Hexagrammos otakii), 조피볼락 (Sebastes schlegelii), 쥐치 (Stephanolepis cirrhifer), 탁자볼락 (Sebastes taczanowskii), 용치놀래기 (Halichoeres poecilopterus) 등이었다. 이들 6종은 전체 개체수의 77.6%, 전체 생체량의 77.5%를 차지하였다. 종수, 개체수 및 생체량은 계절에 따라 변동하였다. 종수는 2005년 6월에 가장 많았고 2006년 3월에 가장 적었다. 개체수와 생체량은 2005년 9월에 가장 많았고, 2005년 6월에 가장 낮았다. Fish assemblages in the coastal waters off Gampo in the East Sea of Korea were analyzed using the samples of fishes collected with bottom trammel gill nets June, September, and December 2005 and, March 2006. During the study period, a total of 32 fish species, 695 individuals, and 180,012.0 g representing 21 families were collected. The fish assemblages predominantly consisted of Ditrema temminckii, which accounted for 52.4% of the number of individuals and 40.4% in the biomass. The next major specimens were Hexagrammos otakii, Sebastes schlegelii, Stephanolepis cirrhifer, Sebastes taczanowskii, Halichoeres poecilopterus. These six fishes accounted 77.6% of total number of individuals and 77.5% of total biomass. The number of fish species, the number of individuals and biomass were fluctuated with month. The number of species was highest in June 2005 and lowest in March 2006. The number of individuals and biomass was highest in September 2005 and lowest in June 2005.

포항-감포 지역산 규조토의 산출상태와 응용광물학적 특성

노진환 ( Jin Hwan Noh ) 한국광물학회 2006 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.19 No.4

Occurrences and paleoenvironments of the petrified wood-bearing deposits in the Gampo Conglomerate, Waeup-ri, Gyeongju, Korea

백인성(In Sung Paik),김경식(Kyungsik Kim),김현주(Hyun Joo Kim),정은경(Eun-Kyoung Jeong),이호일(Ho Il Lee),강희철(Hee-Cheol Kang) 대한지질학회 2016 지질학회지 Vol.52 No.1