호의적 지시 화행에 대한 반응 화행의사용 양상과 한국어교육적 적용 연구-한국어 모어 화자 말뭉치와 한국어 교재 분석을 중심으로-

서희정 국제어문학회 2023 국제어문 Vol.- No.98

본고에서는 한국어 모어 화자의 말뭉치와 한국어 교재의 대화문에서 호의적지시 화행에 대한 반응 화행의 유형 및 반응 화행별 전략의 사용 양상을 분석한후, 한국어 학습자를 위한 반응 화행 교육 방안을 제시하는 데 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 먼저 호의적 지시 화행의 유형을 화자와 청자의 이익 여부 및 행위 주체에 따라 제안, 권고, 제공, 초대로 설정하였다. 이에 대한 반응 화행은 지시화행과의 관련성, 대화 현장에서 수락이나 거절로의 즉시 판명 가능성을 토대로수락, 거절, 유보, 묵살 화행으로 구분하며, 반응 전략은 반응 방법, 내용, 화자의 태도를 고려하여 세분하였다. 호의적 지시 화행과 이에 대한 반응 화행은 국립국어원의 일상대화말뭉치2021과 3종 33권의 한국어 교재에 실린 대화문에서 추출하였다. 한국어 모어 화자의 말뭉치에서는 441개의 대화에서 42종 745개의 반응 전략이, 한국어 교재에서는 317개의 대화에서 53종 618개의 반응 전략이 사용되었다. 말뭉치와 교재에 나타난 수락, 거절, 유보 화행별로 반응 전략의 사용 양상을 분석하였으며, 이를 토대로 반응 화행에 사용되는 다양한 담화표지 제시, 대화의 변이형 반영, 사회적 관계 및 거리에 따른 한국어 모어 화자의 의사소통 특징 적용을 한국어 학습자를 위한 반응 화행 교육 방안으로 제안하였다. The study aims to suggest educational methods regarding responsespeech acts to favorable directive speech acts for Korean languagelearners. Proposal, advice, offer, and invitation are set as favorabledirective speech acts depending on who has the advantage and acts,between speaker and listener. Similarly, acceptance, refusal,postponement, and ignoring are determined as response speech actsbased on whether response is related to directive, and also whetherresponse is explicitly identified as acceptance or refusal at the momentof speaking. Response speech acts to favorable directive speech actsare extracted from the open corpus of Korean native speakers’ casualconversations in the National Institute of Korean Language and threekinds of Korean language textbooks for foreigners. Based on theanalysis of response speech acts and the strategies for favorabledirective speech acts in the corpus and the textbooks, three educationalmethods are suggested. First, presenting discourse markers used inresponse speech acts in the corpus. Second, teaching variousconversational patterns of everyday conversation in Korean. Third,reflecting the communicational features of Korean native speakers onKorean language education.

한국어 의문문 화행에 관한 통계 연구: 드라마와 영화를 중심으로

임은영 ( Eunyoung Lim ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2021 인문사회 21 Vol.12 No.2

본고는 한국어 의문문 화행 교육을 위한 기초 자료 축적에 기여하고자 한국 드라마와 영화 속 의문문 발화(3,338개)를 분석하였다. 즉 본고는 상황별 화자의 핵심 의도에 따라 8개 화행(Qa, Qp, Sa, Sp, Oa, Op, Ra, Rp)으로 분류한 후, 사회적 변인(성별/친밀도/사회적 지위)에 따라 교차 분석하여 카이제곱(χ2) 검정을 시행하였다. 그 결과, 사회적 변인에 따른 한국어 의문문 화행의 실현 양상에 유의미한 차이가 전체적으로 있음이 밝혀졌고, 더 나아가 세부적으로는 ‘Qa, Qp, Oa, Op, Ra’에서 사회적 변인에 따른 유의미한 차이가 다시 한 번 더 밝혀졌다. 본고는 ‘Qa, Qp, Oa, Op, Ra’에 대한 심화ㆍ보완된 연구로 기초 자료 축적에 기여할 것을 한국어 교육에 제언한다. This paper analyzed interrogative sentence utterances (3,338) in Korean dramas and movies in order to contribute to the accumulation of basic data for education of Korean interrogative sentence speech act. In other words, this paper classified into 8 speech acts (Qa, Qp, Sa, Sp, Oa, Op, Ra, Rp) according to the speaker’s core intention by situation, and then crosses according to social variables (gender/intimacy/social status). After analysis, a chi-square (χ2) test was performed. As a result, it was found that there was a significant difference in the realization pattern of Korean interrogative sentence speech act according to social variables overall, and in detail, in ‘Qa, Qp, Oa, Op, Ra.’ This paper suggests that Korean education will contribute to the accumulation of basic materials through more in-depth and complementary research on ‘Qa, Qp, Oa, Op, Ra.’

논문 : 한국어교육에서의 화행 교육의 목표와 방향 -칭찬 반응 화행을 중심으로-

양명희 ( Myung Hee Yang ) 한말연구학회 2011 한말연구 Vol.- No.29

This paper aims to approach speech-act education theoretically and practically as a means of pragmatic education. For this purpose, this thesis divides the goal of speech-act education into two steps: the first step is to assume the most common speech-act situation and acquire the speech-act of a native Korean speaker, and the second step is to choose second or third preferred strategy in the same situation according to the speaker`s intention. As a subordinate goal of the first step, I set up the revision of pragmatic failure caused by speech-act transition. It is important to comprehend the characteristics of Korean speech-act for speech-act teaching. Therefore, in order to understand the results of speech-act research properly, this paper analyzed compliment-response by types and expressions. It is necessary to set up conversation situation and understand each strategy and acquire the appropriate expression in the set-up situation to achieve the goal of speech-act education. In addition, it is essential to research Korean speech-act using natural science research methods, define the pragmatic linguistic aspect and social pragmatic aspect of each speech-act based on the research and apply to Korean education.

한국어교육에서의 화행 교육의 목표와 방향 -칭찬 반응 화행을 중심으로-

양명희 한말연구학회 2011 한말연구 Vol.- No.29

This paper aims to approach speech-act education theoretically and practically as a means of pragmatic education. For this purpose, this thesis divides the goal of speech-act education into two steps:the first step is to assume the most common speech-act situation and acquire the speech-act of a native Korean speaker, and the second step is to choose second or third preferred strategy in the same situation according to the speaker’s intention. As a subordinate goal of the first step, I set up the revision of pragmatic failure caused by speech-act transition. It is important to comprehend the characteristics of Korean speech-act for speech-act teaching. Therefore, in order to understand the results of speech-act research properly, this paper analyzed compliment-response by types and expressions. It is necessary to set up conversation situation and understand each strategy and acquire the appropriate expression in the set-up situation to achieve the goal of speech-act education. In addition, it is essential to research Korean speech-act using natural science research methods, define the pragmatic linguistic aspect and social pragmatic aspect of each speech-act based on the research and apply to Korean education.

한국어 학습 환경에 따른 ‘칭찬 반응 화행’ 전략 사용 양상 연구 -KSL, KFL 환경에서의 베트남인 대학생 한국어 학습자를 중심으로-

박소연 ( Park Soyeon ) 한국언어문화교육학회 2019 언어와 문화 Vol.15 No.4

This study divided Vietnamese learners into groups of KSL and KFL, and compared and analyzed the patterns of using strategies for praise and response according to their environment with groups of KNS. The results confirmed that all three groups use the ‘thanks’ strategy of active acceptance the most. However, there were some differences in the use of other strategies, except for ‘thanks’. KNS used ‘smile/laughing’ as the second most frequently after ‘thanks,’ a passive acceptance as a nonverbal behavior, and KSL used ‘denial’ as the second most often. KFL used many complex strategies in the form of ‘thanks+α’ by mixing other passive acceptance strategies into ‘thanks’. In addition, ‘Number of Combined Strategies Used, Number of Strategies Used Only in the Group’ was generally followed by ‘KNS < KSL < KFL’. Among them, the KFL group used the largest number of combined strategies and many kinds of strategies. This shows that the KFL group is overusing a compound strategy with more meaning than necessary, and found that the extent to which it is more severe than that of the KSL.(Jeonbuk National University)

한·미 의문문 화행에 나타난 성별의 차이에 관한 연구

임은영 ( Eunyoung Lim ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2021 인문사회 21 Vol.12 No.3

The purpose of this study is to clarify the differences in I.S.S.A. (Interrogative-Sentence-Speech-Act) between Korean-American gender. To this end, this paper extracted discourses in the ‘same or similar context’ between Korean-American from the remake works, and then classified all interrogative sentence into four S.As. (Q, S, O, R: Question- speech-act of interrogative-sentence (Q), Statement-speech-act of interrogative- sentence (S), Order-speech-act of interrogative-sentence (O), Response-speech-act of interrogative-sentence (R)). And the chi-square test was conducted. As a result, there was no significant difference in Korean, but there was a significant difference in American, in particular, a high significant difference in the American ‘O’. This result implies the possibility of pragmatic failure in the Korean ‘O’ of the Americans learning Korean. Therefore, this paper suggests the need of the education on the Korean ‘O’ for Americans learning Korean and the future research tasks.

신문 독자 의견 기사의 요청 화행 표현의 양상 연구

이종철 ( Jong Chul Lee ) 한국어교육학회 2005 국어교육 Vol.0 No.118

担保としての信託における受益者の 優先返済権と被担保債権の関係 - 担保としての信託における受益者の優先返済権と被担保債権の関係-

柳時亨,安成飽 한국신탁학회 2020 신탁연구 Vol.2 No.2

한국인 모어 화자와 베트남 유학생의 칭찬 반응 화행 비교 연구

박소연 한국언어문화학회 2019 한국언어문화 Vol.0 No.69

This paper presents a study on the analysis of Korean language compliment response strategy patterns among the Korean native speakers and Vietnamese advanced learners. It focused on the Korean language compliment response strategy patterns in terms of non-verbal as well as verbal behavior, targeting previously untried Vietnamese advanced Korean learners. And the need for comparative cultural understanding and various praise response of speech acts education was reviewed. Based on the results of the study, both groups had the highest utilization rate of ‘gratitude’ of active acceptance. However, the Korean native speaker group used ‘laugh(smile)’ the second most, a nonverbal act of passive acceptance. And the Vietnamese group of Korean learners used ‘denial’ a humble expression of non-acceptance. This shows that both the Korean native speaker group and the Vietnamese learner group tend to value politeness and humility as they are influenced by Confucian culture. However, when using specific strategies, they were realized differently as verbal and nonverbal actions. Also commonly used by groups of native Korean speakers are ‘explanation, changing the topic of conversation, offering something of compliment,’ which Vietnamese learners did not use well. Conclusionally, This shows that Vietnamese Korean learners lack a comprehensive knowledge of compliment response strategies that exclude the ‘gratitude, denial’ strategy and we confirmed that we need to learn Korean language about it. 본고는 한국인 모어 화자 집단과 베트남인 고급 한국어 학습자 집단을 대상으로 한국어 칭찬 반응 전략 양상을 살펴보고자 한 연구이다. 이는 기존에 시도되지않았던 베트남인 고급 한국어 학습자들을 대상으로 언어적 행위뿐만 아니라 비언어적 행위의 측면에서 한국어 칭찬 반응 전략 양상을 살펴봄으로써, 비교 문화적측면에서의 이해와 적절한 칭찬 반응 화행 교육에의 필요성을 확인하고자 한 것이다. 연구 결과 두 집단 모두 주제별, 변인별 전략 사용에서 적극적 수용의 ‘감사하기’가 거의 대부분 가장 높은 사용률을 보였으나, 한국인 모어 화자 집단은 소극적 수용의 비언어적 행위인 ‘웃음’을, 베트남인 한국어 학습자 집단은 비수용의겸손표현인 ‘부정하기’를 ‘감사하기’ 다음으로 많은 사용률을 보였다. 이는 한국인모어 화자 집단과 베트남인 한국어 학습자 집단 모두 유교문화의 영향으로 청자에 대한 공손함, 겸양 중시 경향을 보이나, 그 구체적 전략 사용에 있어서는 언어적 행위, 비언어적 행위로 다르게 실현된다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 한국인 모어 화자 집단이 ‘감사하기, 웃음’ 외에 자주 사용하는 전략에는‘설명하기, 화제 돌리기, 칭찬의 대상물 제공하기’ 등이 있는데, 베트남인 한국어학습자들은 이러한 전략들이 원활하게 사용되지 못하였다. 이에, ‘감사하기, 부정하기’ 전략을 제외한 다른 전략 사용에 있어서는 베트남인 한국어 학습자들의 칭찬 반응 화행 지식이 부족하다는 것을 알 수 있으며, 이에 대한 한국어 학습이 이루어질 필요가 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

영어와 국어에서의 칭찬 화행

박승윤 현대영미어문학회 2008 현대영미어문학 Vol.26 No.1

The purpose of the paper is to describe mostly linguistic, but some non-linguistic, properties of compliments and compliment-reponses in Korean and English, and to explain them in pragmatic and socio-linguistic terms. First we review the Formulaic theory of compliments proposed by Wolfson and Manes (1980) and point out that it does not apply to Korean compliments. We explain why this is so in terms of the underlying motivations of complimenting in Korean and English. These motivations are later collapsed into a single parameter, relatively defined for the two languages. We then argue that Scaling Down and Embarrassed Acceptance (including Silence) are much more dominant and significant in Korean than they are in English compliments. This phenomenon we will explain by postulating three conversational principles (two of them adopted from Pomerantz(1978)), which we argue govern the speech act of complimenting universally across languages. The principles are also relatively defined for Korean and English compliments. We propose that the underlying motivations of complimenting and three conversational principles, when they are understood as relatively defined parameters, can explain most of the properties of compliments in Korean and English.