연결납세제도 도입효과 실증분석-지주회사를 중심으로-

이용규,오웅락,노희천,이석정 한국세무학회 2012 세무와 회계저널 Vol.13 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 지주회사의 연결납세제도 도입효과를 실증적으로 분석해 보는 것이다. 구체적으로는 연결납세제도 도입 전, 후의 효과에 대한 차이분석 및 지주회사의 연결납세 적용대상 지주비율의 범위를 확대함에 따라 조세부담에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 지주회사의 연결납세제도 도입효과 및 적용대상 지주비율 범위확대의 정책적 타당성을 검토하고자 하는 것이다. 1999년 4월에 지주회사제도를 도입한 이후 꾸준히 연결납세제도의 도입에 대한 논의가 있어 왔다. 경제계, 학계에서는 경제적 단일실체인 지주회사에 연결납세제도를 도입하는 것이 조세부담의불공평을 개선하는 것임을 강조하면서 조속한 도입을 요구하였고, 정부에서는 세수감소 등 여러여건이 미성숙함에 따라 시행을 늦춰오다 2010년 1월 1일부터 지주비율이 100%인 완전지배기업을 대상으로 도입하였다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 점을 반영하여 2010년에 5월말 현재 지주회사로등재된 기업을 대상으로 하여 연결납세제도를 적용시켜 조세부담률의 차이 및 연결납세 적용대상지주비율 범위의 확대에 따른 조세부담률의 차이 증가여부를 비교 분석하고, 조세부담의 수평적공평성의 차이 및 연결납세 적용대상 지주비율의 범위확대에 따른 수평적 공평성의 향상 여부 등을 비교 분석함으로써, 연결납세제도의 도입효과 및 적용대상 지주비율 범위 확대시의 조세부담영향을 분석하여 연결납세 적용대상 지주비율 확대의 정책적 타당성을 검토하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 2009년 1년간을 연구기간으로 하였다. 지주회사로 등재된 기업과 그 종속회사를 표본으로 선정하여 금융감독위원회 전자공시시스템에 등록된 연결재무제표와 외부감사보고서상의 재무제표 및 주석, 기타 관련자료를 활용하여 표본 데이터를 추출하였다. 연결납세제도 도입 전, 후조세부담에 차이가 있는지를 검증한 결과, 100% 지주비율 집단, 80%이상 지주비율 집단, 50%초과 지주비율 집단 모두 연결납세제도 도입시 조세부담이 감소되었다. 또한 지주비율 적용대상 범위가 확대될수록 조세부담의 차이가 증가되는지를 검증한 결과, 지주비율 100%와 지주비율 80%이상 두 지주회사 집단 간에는 유의한 차이점을 발견하지 못하였으나, 지주비율 50% 초과로 연결납세 적용대상 범위를 확대할 경우에는 유효법인세율의 감소정도가 커지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 연결납세 도입 전.후 수평적 공평성의 변화를 분석한 결과, 지주비율 100%집단에서는 변동계수가 7.65% 하락하였고 지주비율 80%이상 집단에서는 변동계수가 11.46% 하락하였으며 지주비율 50%초과 집단에서는 변동계수가 21.24% 하락하였다. 추가적으로 변동계수비율을 분석한 결과에서도 변동계수의 분석결과와 동일하게 분석되었다. 이는 지주비율별 집단 간에 수평적 공평성에차이가 있음을 의미하며, 부가하여 적용대상 지주비율 범위가 확대 될수록 수평적 공평성이 향상되었음을 의미한다. 연결납세 적용 시 지주회사의 유효법인세율에 미치는 영향요인을 확인하기 위해 회귀분석을 수행한 결과, 결손금이 각 지주비율별 집단 모두 유의적인 음의 값을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 결손금의 경우 일관되게 유효법인세율의 변동에 영향을 미치고 있음을 나타낸다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic consequences of consolidated tax return for holding company empirically. It is willing review the economic consequences of consolidated tax return for holding company and the appropriateness of policy against extension of applying object proportion of share ownership range by analyzing the influence on tax burden along difference analysis of the effect before and after introducing the consolidated tax return and range extension of proportion of share ownership of consolidated tax return-applying object for holding company concretely. Since introducing the system of holding company in April, 1999, there has been constant discussion over introduction of consolidated tax return system. The economic and academic world called for rapid introduction of it emphasizing that the unfairness of tax burden can be improved by the introduction of consolidated tax return to holding company which is the economic single substance, government introduced it targeting complete governance corporate which's proportion of share ownership is 100% on January 1, 2010 after prolonging its execution due to incompleteness of the given several conditions such as decrease of tax income. This thesis is willing to compare and analyze whether difference of tax burden ratio is increased or not along difference of tax burden ratio and the extension of tax burden ratio of the consolidated tax return applying object by applying the consolidated tax return targeting the registered company as holding company as of May, 2010, compare and analyze whether the horizontal fairness is improved or not along the difference of horizontal fairness of tax burden and the range extension of applying object proportion of share ownership, and review the appropriateness of policy of extension of proportion of share ownership against consolidated tax return by analyzing influence on tax burden when extending introduction effect of consolidated tax return and range of proportion share ownership of consolidated tax return. The period of this study is one year for 2009. I abstracted the sample data utilizing consolidated financial sheets registered in DART (Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System) of Financial Services Commission, financial sheets, annotation in the external audit report and other related data after selecting the registered companies as holding company and their subsidiary companies. As the results of verifying whether there is difference or not before and after introducing consolidated tax return system, tax burden got decreased all for the group of proportion share ownership 100%, the group of proportion share ownership over 80% and the group of proportion share ownership in excess of 50% when consolidated tax return system was introduced. Also, as the results of verifying whether difference of tax burden get increased or not as the applying scope of proportion share ownership is extended, I could not find the meaningful difference between the group of proportion share ownership 100% and the group of proportion share ownership over 80%, but I could recognize the decreasing degree of effective corporate income tax rate got increased when applying scope of consolidated tax return was extended. As the results of verifying horizontal fairness before and after introducing consolidated tax return, the coefficient of variation got declined by 0.008 in the group of proportion share ownership 100%, coefficient of variation got declined by 0.11 in the group of proportion share ownership over 80%, and the coefficient of variation got declined by 0.21 in the group of proportion share ownership in excess of 50%. Additionally, as the results of verifying the coefficient of variation ratio, it was the same as the coefficient of variation. It means that there is difference between the groups per proportion share ownership regarding horizontal fairness and it was recognized that horizontal fairness was improved as much a...

과세의 효율성과 연결납세제도에 관한 연구

황일숙 경주대학교 2004 論文集 Vol.17 No.-

이 논문의 연구목적은 한국의 경우 연결납세제도를 채택하는 경우 조세의 효율성이 개별 기업별 과세시와 어떻게 다른가를 연구하여 향후 연결납세제도를 도입시 어떤 방향으로 도입하는 것이 국가 경제에 도움이 되는가를 연구하는 것으로 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 개별 유효법인세율(ETR1)과 연결유효법인세율(ETR2)를 비교하였다. 기업 개별 요인을 이용하여 연구한 조세의 효율성의 결과는 조세의 효율성 관점에서 볼 때 개발 재무제표에 입각한 조세효율성에 관한 선행연구의 결과는 기업별 산업별 차이를 보이나 연결재무제표의 경우에는 차이를 보이지 않으므로 한국의 경우 연결납세제도 도입시 국민경제의 부가가치 창출에 기여하는 기업이나 산업에 대하여는 조세혜택을 주고 그렇지 아니한 기업이나 산업에 대하여는 조세비 혜택을 부여해야 할 것이다. 결론적으로 말하면 연결납세제도 도입시 국민경제상 부가가치창출을 높이는 부분에 조세혜택을 부여하는 방향으로 도입해야 할 것이다. This paper aims to study tax efficiency and adopt consolidated fianacial statement tax system in Korean tax system by comparing Individual ETR(ETR1) with Consolidated ETR(ETR2). In order to accomplish above object, Compare ETR1 with ETR2 in point of view in tax equity. IN the point view of tax efficiency, In precedent individual fianancial statement effective tax rate study, each company and each industry is differenced by regression analysis but is not differenced by consolidated fianacial statement effective tax rate regression analysis. so if adopt consolidated fianacial statement tax system in Korean tax system, Korean tax authority should allow tax favor in high GNP industry and tax unfavor in lower GNP industry.

연결납세에 있어서 감면세액의 산정

이준규(Juneq Lee),박정우(Jungwoo Park) 한국국제조세협회 2010 조세학술논집 Vol.26 No.2

Under current consolidated return system, consolidated tax liability is determined by subtracting sum of tax exemption of each consolidated corporation from consolidated tax computed. That means consolidated tax exemption is calculated in accordance with the separate entity concept, but the single entity concept is partly adopted in the system by regulating that consolidated tax rate rather than individual tax rate of each consolidated corporation should apply. This paper reviewed and analyzed problems with the determination of consolidated tax exemption and suggested remedies as follows; First, for a consolidated corporation which has taxable income for the taxable year, tax effect of exempted income under current system is identical with that of adopting the single entity concept, whereas, for a consolidated corporation which has net loss for the taxable year, tax effect is identical with that of adopting the separate entity concept. This inconsistent application of the concepts resulted in the failure to reflecting economic reality of a consolidated group as an entity. Furthermore current method of determining consolidated tax exemption does not contribute to the simplicity of the system and works toward the excessive limitation. The remedy would be that the separate entity concept applies, however, exempted income of a corporation which has net loss or carryforwarded loss for the current taxable year and the preceding year is excluded in the computation of consolidated tax exemption. Second, in determining foreign tax credit and minimum tax, single entity concept should apply in case that consolidated tax exemption is being determined in accordance with single entity concept.

종속회사 및 해외자회사 보유가 연결기업실체의 조세부담 수준에 미치는 영향

김준현 한국세무사회 부설 한국조세연구소 2018 세무와 회계 연구 Vol.7 No.1

An increasing number of researchers have been paying interest to the issue of tax avoidance using related parties and foreign subsidiaries. However, empirical research focusing on the effect of the tax strategies at the level of the entire company group is sparse. In this regard, this study examines the influence of holding subordinate affiliates and foreign subsidiaries on the net tax burden for the company group, utilizing the detailed information on subsidiary companies that has been available on the footnote of the consolidated financial statements since the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards. The primary test results show that the corporate tax burden as measures in terms of the cash effective tax rate is higher for firms with subordinate companies and higher share of the subsidiaries’ asset in the total firm assets, but not significantly associated with the related-party transactions. This result indicates that the expansive holding of subsidiaries contributes to increasing the tax burden for the entire company group, rather than reducing its overall tax payment by way of income transfer between related parties. Within the sample of firms with subsidiaries, the share of foreign subsidiaries’ assets in the total firm assets is significantly positively related to the cash effective tax rate, which implies that the positive association between the total tax burden and the subsidiary holding is mainly attributed to holding foreign subsidiaries. Additional analysis results present no significant relationship between the entire corporate tax burden and the country characteristics for the foreign subsidiaries including the corporate statutory tax rate and the GDP growth, accordingly implying the possibility that the taxation system for the foreign-source income, not the individual foreign country characteristics, can be a critical factor of driving the results. This study expands the prior literature by investigating the net effect of tax strategies from the perspective of the entire company group and provides new empirical evidence on the tax effect of international strategies through foreign subsidiaries, further highlighting the need of improving the tax policy measure to induce the foreign-reserved corporate income back to Korea. 최근 관계회사 및 해외자회사 등을 이용한 조세회피 가능성에 대한 연구 관심이 증대되고 있으나, 기업집단 전체적 차원에서 조세전략의 효과에 대한 실증 연구들은 부족한 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 국제회계기준 도입에 따라 연결재무제표 주석에 공시되기 시작한 종속회사 세부정보를 활용하여 자회사 보유 여부 및 해외자회사 자산 비중 등을 측정하고, 종속회사 및 해외자회사 보유가 기업의 조세부담 수준에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 기업의 조세부담 수준을 나타내는 현금유효세율은 종속회사 보유 여부 및 자회사 자산 비중과 유의한 양(+)의 관계가 있으나, 관계회사 간 거래 비중과는 유의한 관련성이 나타나지 않는다. 이는 기업집단 전체 관점에서 볼 때는 자회사 보유 비중이 늘어남에 따라 관계사 간 소득이전 등을 통해 조세부담이 낮아지기보다는 오히려 전반적인 세부담이 커지는 현상이 있음을 의미한다. 한편, 종속회사를 보유한 표본 중에서는 해외자회사 자산 비중이 클수록 조세부담 수준이 높아지는 관계가 뚜렷하게 나타나며, 이는 종속회사 보유에 따른 세부담 증가 현상은 주로 해외자회사 보유 수준에 영향을 받은 것임을 시사한다. 한편 추가분석 결과 해외자회사 소재지국의 법정세율 및 경제성장률 등 국가별 특성은 기업의 전체적 조세부담 수준과 유의한 관련성이 없는 것으로 나타나, 자회사 소재지 특성 자체보다는 국외원천소득에 대한 과세체계가 보다 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구는 기업집단 전체 차원에서 조세전략의 순효과를 분석함으로써 선행연구를 확장하며, 우리나라 기업들의 해외자회사를 활용한 국제화전략의 조세 효과에 대한 새로운 실증 근거를 제시한다. 또한 해외 기업소득의 국내 환류를 촉진하기 위해 이중과세 방지 등 조세정책적 고려를 강화할 필요성이 있음을 시사한다.

최근 세법의 동향

이경근(Kyung Geun Lee),이미정(Mi Jung Lee) 한국국제조세협회 2008 조세학술논집 Vol.24 No.2

Since the end of 2007, against the backdrop of the new administration focused on creating a business-friendly environment, there have been numerous legal reforms effected in various areas of the law. Particularly, the reform efforts have been geared toward revitalizing investment by businesses and increasing global competitiveness of domestic enterprises. In the area of tax law, there have been ongoing efforts to adopt more tax-cut policies and ease regulations in order to promote investment by businesses and creation of new jobs. This Article examines the corporate tax cut, introduction of the consolidated tax return system, and advance ruling system that are currently under consideration by the government as part of its plan to revitalize the economy, and suggest desirable approaches from the viewpoint of international taxation. For instance, the corporate tax reduction is recommendable in terms of attracting foreign capital as other rival counties have lowered, or are in the process of lowering, their corporate income tax rates. On the other hand, introduction of the consolidated tax return system and advance ruling system, for which specific approaches have not yet been established, would require a meticulous and comprehensive review to ensure their effectiveness, which would depend greatly on the manner of their initial administration upon their introduction. Furthermore, this Article introduces the partnership taxation, the Advance Customs Valuation Arrangement ("ACVA"), which are either currently in effect or will become effective in the near future, points out problems and loopholes, and suggests complementary measures from the standpoint of economic policies. Lastly, this Article considers significant matters relating to the execution of tax treaties in various aspects. The National Tax Service and the Ministry of Strategy and Finance seem to be focused on preventing tax avoidance schemes by domestic and foreign investors, and reducing ambiguity and uncertainty in connection with tax administration and improving its predictability. In this regard, the second protocol to the Korea-China tax treaty entered into in 2006, which clarified the anti-abuse provisions aimed at preventing tax avoidance, may be viewed as a model for a benchmark when negotiating terms of the tax treaties with other countries. The future task requiring continuous efforts by the government would include amendment of the Korea-U.S. tax treaty, which is incompatible in many aspects with the current tax environment. Since the inception of the amendment efforts in 2000, there have been numerous negotiations, but it appears no progress has been made since 2003. In the future, the Korean government should take more active steps to accomplish the amendment of the Korea-U.S. tax treaty.

중국의 기업소득세 평균유효세율에 관한 분석

유호림 ( Ho Lim Yoo ),박일렬 ( Il Leol Park ) 한국재정정책학회 2008 財政政策論集 Vol.10 No.2

Based on such documentary analysis, in this thesis, by means to measure the level of tax burden and the level of equity of China`s corporation groups in each class, analysis by region, industry, and year using the average effective corporation tax rate following: First, the tax burden level of corporation groups in each class is considerably low. Second, there is considerable tax inequity problems within corporation groups of each class. Third, the difference in tax burden among corporation groups in different regions was relatively large. Forth, according to the regression analysis results of each class corporation group`s effective tax rate and it`s variable, among the financial factors that effects the effective tax rate of a corporation group, the long-term stock investment ratio was verified to be effective in both the corporation group based analysis.