RAPD 분석법에 의한 한국형 대장균파아지와 미국형 대장균파아지의 분자적 계통분류

권오식(Oh-Sik Kwon) 대한의생명과학회 2000 Biomedical Science Letters Vol.6 No.2

분리한 한국형 대장균파아지군 (ΦC1, ΦC2, ΦC3 및 ΦC4)과 잘 알려진 미국형 대장균 파아지군 (Φ T2, Φ T4, Φ T5, Φ T7 및 Φ λ)의 유전적 유연관계를 조사하기 위하여 분자적 계통분류를 위한 방법인 RAPD-PCR을 실시하고 컴퓨터분석을 하였다. 그 결과, 9개의 대장균파아지들은 5개의 그룹으로 나뉘어지면서 한국형 대장균파아지들만이 그들간의 유전적 유사도가 매우 높으면서 하나의 클러스터를 형성하였다. 반면 미국형 대장균파아지들은 오직 하나의 서브클러스터를 가지며 나누어졌다. 즉, 미국형 대장균파아지 중 Φ T2와 Φ T4 (Teven 파아지)만이 하나의 서브클라스터를 형성하면서 Φ T5, Φ T7 및 Φ λ들과 뚜렷히 구분되고 있었다. 그리고 한국형 대장균파아지들은 미국형 대장균파아지 중 오직 Φ λ와 유전적 유연관계를 갖고 있음을 확인하였다. 한편 한국형 대장균파아지의 게놈의 크기는 25,000 bp~35,000 bp 정도 였으며, 이 중 Φ C2가 그 크기가 가장 작고 Φ C1이 가장 컸다. 그리고 Φ C3과 Φ T4의 게놈은 중간 크기로 비슷하였다. RAPD-PCR was applied to identify the phylogenetic relationship between isolated Korean-type coliphages (Φ C1, Φ C2, Φ C3 and Φ C4) and well-known American coliphages (Φ T2, Φ T4, Φ T5, Φ T7 and Φ λ). Subsequently, a computer analysis was carried out with the results of RAPD-PCR. As a result, 9 individuals were divided into five groups. The Korean-type coliphages formed a single cluster which showed very high genetic similarity but the American-type coliphages revealed very low genetic similarity among them. In particular, the Φ T2 and Φ T4 (Teven phages) made one sub-cluster among American coliphages, and they were very distant from Φ T5, Φ T7 and Φ λ. However, Φ λ made a cluster with the Korean-type coliphages that we isolated. The genome size of Korean-type coliphages was ranged from 25,000 bp to 35,000 bp. Among them, the genome of Φ C2 was the smallest and that of Φ C1 was the biggest, while others were in the middle of the size.

(φ,ψ)―BIFLAT AND (φ,ψ)―AMENABLE BANACH ALGEBRAS

( Javad Baradaran ),( Zahra Ghorbani ) 호남수학회 2019 호남수학학술지 Vol.41 No.4

The article studies the concept of a (φ,ψ)―biflat and(φ,ψ)―amenable Banach algebra A, where φ is a continuous ho-momorphism on A and ψ ∈ ФA. We show if A has a (φ,ψ)―virtual diagonal, then A is (φ,ψ)― biflat. In the case where φ(A) is com-mutative we prove that (φ,ψ)― biatness of A implies that A has a (φ,ψ)―virtual diagonal.

‘A는 φ 할 이유가 있다’에 대한 두 종류의 해석

최민영(Minyoung Choi) 한국현상학회 2017 철학과 현상학 연구 Vol.74 No.-

윌리엄스는 ‘A는 φ 할 이유가 있다’라는 형식의 진술에 관하여 외재적(external) 해석을 거부하고 내재적(internal) 해석을 지지한다. 그는 가장 단순한 내재주의 정식화를 ‘흄의 아류 모형’으로 명명하고 이것을 보완 및 수정한다. 그리고 ‘A는 자신의 실제 동기의 집합 안에 있는 동기로부터 건전한 숙고 과정에 의해 φ 할 결론에 도달할 수 있을 때에만 φ 할 이유가 있다’라는 내재주의 정식화를 완성한다. 그러면서 외재적 해석이 가능하려면 “사태를 올바르게 고려하여 이유 진술을 믿고 그것 때문에 동기를 획득해야” 함을 입증해 보일 것을 요구한다. 맥도웰은 윌리엄스가 상정한 외재적 해석을 거부하고 대안적인 외재적 이유 정식화를 제안하면서 ‘교육(upbringing)’과 ‘전향(conversion)’을 예로 든다. 그러나 맥도웰이 적절하게 교육된 자로 염두에 두는 ‘프로니모스(phronimos)’의 행위 이유는 설명적 측면과 규범적 측면에서 검토한 결과 행위자 A의 행위 이유로 전환되기에 어려운 것으로 분석된다. 행위 이유는 특정 행위자의 동기 및 숙고적 제약에 의존할 수밖에 없으며 따라서 설명적 이유와 규범적 이유는 분리되지 않는다. 이 둘을 분리할 경우 별도의 합리성이 요구된다. 그러나 외재주의 자가 원하는 ‘합리성’의 자리는 따로 마련되어 있지 않으며, ‘A는 φ 할 이유가 있다’라는 사람들의 발화 안에서 발견되는 ‘이유’만이 있을 뿐이다. Concerning the statement of form, ‘A has a reason to φ’, Williams rejects an external interpretation and supports the internal interpretation. He modifies the internal reason of the simplest formulation named as ‘sub-Humean model’, so that complements a formulation that ‘A has a reason to φ only if A should φ (or a conclusion to φ) by a sound deliberative route from the motivation that he has in his actual motivational set.’ He, on the other hand, asks an externalist that the agent should acquire the motivation because he comes to believe the reason statement, and that he should do the latter, moreover, because, in some way, he is considering the matter aright. McDowell rejects Williams’s assumed external interpretation and suggests an alternative external reasons formulation, challenging Williams’ claim that only internals reason is true. He suggests ‘upbringing’ and ‘conversion’ as examples of the fact that the external reason statement is true. However, McDowell’s reason for action of ‘phronimos’ seems to be difficult to be transformed into agent A’ s reason for action as a result of examining from the aspect of explanatory reason and normative reason. The reason for the act is dependent on the motive and deliberative constraints of the particular agent and therefore the explanatory reason and the normative reason are not separated. McDowell’s external interpretation assumes another normative reason, separate from the explanatory reason. Another rationality is required when separating the two reason. However, there is no place for rationality that externalists want, and there is only a reason to be found in people’s utterances that ‘A has a reason to φ’.

ON φ-PSEUDO ALMOST VALUATION RINGS

Afsaneh Esmaeelnezhad,Parviz Sahandi 대한수학회 2015 대한수학회보 Vol.52 No.3

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new class of rings that is closely related to the classes of pseudo valuation rings (PVRs) and pseudo-almost valuation domains (PAVDs). A commutative ring R is said to be a φ-ring if its nilradical Nil(R) is both prime and comparable with each principal ideal. The name is derived from the natural map φ from the total quotient ring T(R) to R localized at Nil(R). A prime ideal P of a φ-ring R is said to be a φ-pseudo-strongly prime ideal if, whenever x, y ∈ RNil(R) and (xy)φ(P) ⊆ φ(P), then there exists an integer m ≥ 1 such that either xm ∈ φ(R) or ymφ(P) ⊆ φ(P). If each prime ideal of R is a φ-pseudo strongly prime ideal, then we say that R is a φ-pseudo-almost valuation ring (φ-PAVR). Among the properties of φ-PAVRs, we show that a quasilocal φ-ring R with regular maximal ideal M is a φ-PAVR if and only if V = (M : M) is a φ-almost chained ring with maximal ideal √MV . We also investigate the overrings of a φ-PAVR.

φ-FRAMES AND φ-RIESZ BASES ON LOCALLY COMPACT ABELIAN GROUPS

Rajab Ali Kamyabi Gol,Reihaneh Raisi Tousi 대한수학회 2011 대한수학회지 Vol.48 No.5

We introduce φ-frames in L^2(G), as a generalization of a-frames dened in [8], where G is a locally compact Abelian group and φ is a topological automorphism on G. We give a characterization of φ-frames with regard to usual frames in L^2(G) and show that φ-frames share several useful properties with frames. We dene the associated φ-analysis and φ-preframe operators, with which we obtain criteria for a sequence to be a φ-frame or a φ-Bessel sequence. We also define φ-Riesz bases in L^2(G) and establish equivalent conditions for a sequence in L^2(G) to be a φ-Riesz basis.

엔트로피 개념에 의한 부정류 유량 산정에 관한 연구

추태호(Choo, Tai-Ho),채수권(Chae, Soo Kwon) 한국산학기술학회 2012 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.13 No.12

수자원에서 특히 중요한 홍수기에 대한 유량 측정은 어려움이 있고 모든 하천에 대한 지속적인 유량측정은 현재 시스템상에서는 불가능하다. 그래서 유량의 생산을 위해서 그동안 수위유량 관계 곡선이 사용되어 왔다. 하지만 수위-유량 관계 곡선은 그 편리성에도 불구하고 수위와 유량만의 관계를 사용하므로 정확성 면에서 항상 문제가 있 어왔다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Chiu의 엔트로피 개념의 2차원 유속공식을 사용하여 새로운 평균유속공식을 유도하였 다. 본 공식은 수심, 중력가속도, 동수경사, 에너지경사, 동점성 계수 등 하천의 수리적 특성을 잘 반영하고 최대유속 도 산정할 수 있다. 또한 최대유속과 평균유속사이의 선형관계를 검증할 수 있었고 그 결과로써 하천단면의 특성을 잘 나타내는 평형상태의 Φ(M)을 산정하였다. 평형상태의 Φ(M)을 사용하여 평균유속을 산정하였고 이를 바탕으로 유량을 산정하였다. 본 공식의 검증을 위해서 고리형 특성을 보이는 부정류 상황에서의 실험실 측정 데이터를 사용 하여 계산된 유량과 실측된 유량을 비교하였고 그 결과는 매우 잘 일치함을 알 수 있었다. 향후 다양한 실험실 데이 터 및 하천 데이터를 이용하여 연구가 지속되어 진다면 수자원 분야에 널리 이용될 것으로 판단된다. A discharge measurement is difficult in flood season which is especially important in the water resources field and the continuous discharge measurement for all rivers is impossible on the present system. So, the stage-discharge curve has been used for a long time to produce discharge data of rivers. However, there has been problems from a reliability angle due to the fact that this method uses only stage-discharge relationship, although the stage-discharge curve has the convenience. Therefore, a new mean velocity equation was derived by using Chiu's 2D velocity formula of the entropy concept in this paper. The derived equation reflected hydraulic characteristics such as the depth, gravity acceleration, hydraulic radius, energy slope, kinematic coefficient of viscosity, etc. and estimated also a maximum velocity. In addition, this method verified the relationship between a mean and maximum velocity and estimates an equilibrium state Φ(M) well presenting properties of a river cross section as the results. The mean velocity was estimated by using the equilibrium state Φ(M), and then the discharge was estimated. To prove this equation to be accurate, the comparison between the measured and estimated discharge is conducted by using the measured laboratory data in the unsteady condition flow showing loop state and the results are consistent. If this study is constantly carried out by using various laboratory and river data, this method will be widely utilized in water resources field.

Second-order univex functions and generalized duality models for multiobjective programming problems containing arbitrary norms

G. J. Zalmai 대한수학회 2013 대한수학회지 Vol.50 No.4

In this paper, we introduce three new broad classes of secondordergeneralized convex functions, namely, (F, b, φ, ρ, θ)-sounivex functions,(F, b, φ, ρ, θ)-pseudosounivex functions, and (F, b, φ, ρ, θ)-quasisounivexfunctions; formulate eight general second-order duality models;and prove appropriate duality theorems under various generalized (F, b, φ, ρ, θ)-sounivexity assumptions for a multiobjective programming problemcontaining arbitrary norms.

古代日本語の主格助詞の変化 - 平安~中世までを対象に -

김은주 한국일본어문학회 2022 日本語文學 Vol.95 No.-

This paper investigates the diachronic changes of the three subject markers φ, no, and ga from the Heian period to the end of the Middle age in Japanese. The researches about the Japanese subject markers’ historical changes have mainly focused on comparisons between no and ga. However, this paper points out thatφ and no were the primary subject markers before the end of the Middle age. The two forms φ and no shows different tendency according to the structure, namely, φ tendency to a sentence structure and no tendency to a noun clause structure. This paper argues the reason for the tendency comes from the structural size that the two forms can consist of. Ga extended its usage and became a central subject marker along with φ by the end of the Middle age. However, ga was used in a narrower sentence range than φ. Further investigation is needed on a structural change of ga. 本稿では,平安時代から中世末までを対象として,無助詞と「の」「が」の三者の使用状況の変化を,特に,構造的な側面に注目して明らかにした。論じた点は次のようである。①主語を表す形態は,無助詞と「の」の役割分担から,無助詞と「が」に移行する様相を見せている。②無助詞は文構造,「の」は連体構造に偏った用いられ方を示しており,このような傾向は主語と述語との間に介在出来る要素の幅,すなわち「構造の大きさ」を基準にしたものと考えられる。③「の」が用いられる連体節に見られる変化は,連体節における無助詞の用例の減少および人や物を表す準体節の衰退の二つの要因が考えられる。④「が」の構造は無助詞より小さく,中世以降の変化に注目する必要がある。

φ-prime Subsemimodules of Semimodules over Commutative Semirings

Fatemeh Fatahi,Reza Safakish 경북대학교 자연과학대학 수학과 2020 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.60 No.3

Let R be a commutative semiring with identity and M be a unitary Rsemimodule.Let φ : S(M) →S(M) ∪ {∅} be a function, where S(M) is the set of all subsemimodules of M. A proper subsemimodule N of M is called φ-prime subsemimodule, if r ∈ R and x ∈ M with rx ∈ N \φ(N) implies that r ∈ (N :R M) or x ∈ N. So if we take φ(N) = ∅ (resp., φ(N) = {0}), a φ-prime subsemimodule is prime (resp., weakly prime). In this article we study the properties of several generalizations of prime subsemimodules.

Output Impedance Network Based Design in 10MHz Isolated DC-DC Converter of Class Φ₂

Yongsu Han,Kyung-Hwan Lee,Euihoon Chung,Jung-Ik Ha 전력전자학회 2015 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2015 No.6

This paper proposes the design method of a high frequency dc-dc isolated Class Φ₂ converter with a transformer and rectifiers. In the proposed design method, the relation between the ClassΦ₂ inverter, which has an AC load such as a resistor, and the dc-dc type one is derived and used for a certain degree accurate output power regulation. Also, the input impedance between the switch drain and source nodes is designed for the reduced switch voltage stress and a ZVS operation. Here, since the input impedance is determined while considering the output impedance network, the voltage waveform applied to the switch is almost uniform and not varied by the output impedance network design. In this paper, the isolated type of the dc-dc Class Φ₂ converter is analyzed and the design procedure is specifically presented. To verify the feasibility of the proposed design method and analysis, simulation results are presented from a 10MHz isolated dc-dc converter of Class Φ₂ at an input voltage of 50 V, an output voltage of 19V, and a power level up to 20W.