Comparison of Face Width and Frame Design between Korean and Chinese Spectacle Wearers

Zhen-Zhuo Zhang,Yee-Rin Jung,Byoung-Sun Chu,Hyung-Min Park 대한시과학회 2022 대한시과학회지 Vol.24 No.1

목적 : 본 연구는 한국과 중국 성인 남녀의 안면 크기와 동공 간 거리를 조사하고, 현재 착용하고 있는 안경테의 크기 및 디자인 형상에 대해 비교를 하고자 하였다. 방법 : 경북 경산에 위치한 안경원을 방문한 20~30대 성인 남녀 각각 100명, 중국 지린성에 위치한 안경원을 방문한 20~30대 성인 남녀 각각 100명, 총 400명에 자료를 전향적 방법으로 수집하였다. 대상자들의 안면 크기 는 모바일 애플리케이션(Eye measure 1.21, Dotty Digital 2018, USA)을 이용하여 측정하였으며, 동공 간 거 리는 수동식 동공 간 거리계(PD-5, TOPCON, Japan)를 이용하여 원용과 근용 각각의 동공간 거리를 측정하였 다. 착용하고 있는 안경테에 대한 크기는 boxing system에 준하여 측정하였고, 안경테의 종류는 모양(원형, 타원 형, 직사각형), 림의 형태(온테, 반무테, 무테), 재질(플라스틱, 금속, 콤비)로 구분하여 분류하였다. 결과 : 안면 크기 측정범위는 149.73±6.28 mm(중국 여성)~152.29±14.71 mm(한국 남성)이었으나, 그룹 간 통계적 유의성은 없었다(p=0.147). 원용 및 근용 동공 간 거리 측정에서는 모두 그룹 간 통계적 유의성이 있었 다(p<0.001). 안경테의 크기 측정인 렌즈 삽입부의 크기(eye size), 연결부의 길이(bridge size) 그리고 수직 길이 (vertical height)에서 모두 그룹 간 통계적 유의성이 있었다(p<0.001). 한국과 중국의 남녀 대상자들의 착용 중 인 안경테에서 콤비 재질을 제외하고(p=0.790), 모든 항목에서 통계적 유의성이 있었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 한국과 중국 성인 남녀 간의 안면 크기는 차이는 없었지만, 동공 간 거리는 차이가 있었다. 착용 중인 안경테의 크기는 한국과 중국 착용자 간의 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타났으며, 한국 성인은 상대적으로 원형 테를 많이 착용하고 있지만, 중국은 직사각형의 안경테를 더 많이 착용하고 있었다. 따라서 나라 간 선호도가 다 름을 이해하고, 기호에 맞는 제품을 추천할 수 있어야 하고, 수출을 위한 안경 디자인을 할 때 안면의 형상 및 현 지인의 기호를 고려해야 할 것이다. Purpose : This study aimed to compare the face width and pupillary distance between Korean and Chinese adults and to compare the frame size and design shape of the currently worn spectacle frame. Methods : Data were collected in a prospective manner for 100 adult men and women in their 20s and 30s, and 100 adult men and women in their 20s and 30s, respectively, who visited the Optometry office in Jilin Province China, Gyeongsan Korea. The face width was measured using a mobile application and PD meter was used to for far and near PD. The frame size was measured according to the Boxing system, and the frames design was e classified into shapes (round, oval, rectangle), rim shapes (full rim, half rim, no rim) and materials (plastic, metal, and combinations). For the analysis, one-way ANOVA for comparison among groups, Chi-Square analysis for frequency, Z-test for ration difference. Results : Range of face width was 149.73±6.28 (Chinese woman) ~ 152.29±14.71 <단위 앞 mm (Korean male), but there was no statistical significance between groups (p=0.147). There was statistical significance between groups in both far and near PD (p<0.001). There were statistical significance between groups for all of frame measurement (eye size, bridge size, vertical height) (p<0.001). There was statistical significance in all frame design except for the combination material (p=0.790). Conclusion : This study showed that there was no face width difference between Korean and Chinese adult, but there was a difference in PD measurement. Frame size from Korean and Chinese wearers were clearly different showing that more Korean worn round shape of frame while rectangle shape was preferred by Chinese. Therefore when Chinese customer visit optometric practice in Korea, practitioner should be able to understand the different preference of frame design. When designing frame for overseas market, it will be necessary to consider face shape and local preference.

A Comparative Study of Spectacles Purchase Pattern between Korean and Chinese Customers

Zhen-Zhuo Zhang,Yee-Rin Jung,Byoung-Sun Chu 대한시과학회 2021 대한시과학회지 Vol.23 No.4

목적 : 본 연구는 한국과 중국에 소재한 동일한 안경원 환경에서 한국 소비자와 중국 소비자간의 안경구매패턴의 차이를 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 한국 소비자와 중국 소비자의 안경 구매패턴의 차이를 비교하기 위해 한국(경기도)과 중국(지린성)에 위치한 동일한 프랜차이즈 안경원을 선정하였다. 4개 연령대(21~30세, 31~40세, 41~50세, 50세 이상)의 고객 800명(한국 400명, 중국 400명)의 안경 구매 내역을 후행적 방법으로 수집하였다. 구매 정보는 개인정보 데이터를 제외한 구매한 안경테 종류, 안경렌즈 종류 그리고 렌즈의 굴절률만을 수집하였다. 분석은 기술적 분석과 Chi-squar 및 Z-test 분석을 하였다. 결과 : 한국과 중국 소비자의 안경테 선택 비율 분포(Chi-Square =190.91, df=6, p<0.001)에 통계적 유의성이 있었다. Z-test 결과 한국 소비자는 콤비, 울템, 솔텍스 안경테를, 중국 소비자는 TR, 티타늄 안경테를 더 많이 구매한 것으로 나타났다. 안경 렌즈 종류의 경우, 한국과 중국 소비자 사이에 렌즈 선택 비율의 분포에 통계적 유의성이 있었다(Chi-Square =195.98, df=4, p<0.001). 중국 소비자가 한국 소비자보다 자외선 차단 렌즈를 더 많이 구매했고, 한국 소비자는 PAL(Progressive Addition Lens)을 더 많이 구매했다. 렌즈 굴절률의 경우 한국과 중국 소비자)간 구매 분포에 통계적 유의성이 있었으며(Chi-Square=13.98, df=2, p<0.001), 한국 소비자 의 54.50%가 1.6 렌즈를 구매하였고, 중국 소비자의 54.50%가 1.56 렌즈를 구매하였다. 결론 : 본 연구에서는 중국 소비자가 안경관련 제품을 구매할 때 한국 소비자와는 다른 소비자 구매 성향을 보인다는 사실이 확인됐다. 또한 연령대별로 구매되는 제품도 많은 차이가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 향후 해외 진출시 현지인의 기호를 정확하게 이해하고, 맞춤형 제품 구성 및 마케팅 활동이 필요하다. Purpose : To analyse the difference in spectacles purchase patterns between Korean and Chinese customers under the same optometric practice environment. Methods : The same brand of optometric practice in Korea (Gyeonggi Province) and China (Jilin Province) were selected. Spectacles purchase history of eight hundred customers from four different age groups (21~30, 31~40, 41~50 and over 50yrs) were collected retrospectively. Data included frame type, lens type and refractive index. Descriptive, Chi-square analysis and Z-test for the difference between Korea and China, age groups and gender were conducted. Results : There was statistical significance for the frequency distribution of frame type between Korean and Chinese consumers (Chi-Square=153.91, df=6, p<0.001). Z-test showed that Korean consumers purchased more Combi, Ultem and Soltex frames while Chinese consumers purchased more TR and Titanium frame. For lens type, there was statistical significance for the frequency distribution of lens type between Korean and Chinese consumers (Chi-Square=182.98, df=4, p<0.001). Chinese consumers purchased more UV blocker lenses while Korean consumers purchased more Progressive addition lenses (PAL). For lens refractive index, there was statistical significance for frequency distribution between Korean and Chinese consumers (Chi-Square=137.98, df=2, p<0.001). 54.50% of Korean consumer purchased 1.6 lens while 54.50% of Chinese consumer purchased 1.56 lens. Conclusion : This study confirmed that Chinese consumers showed different consumer behaviour compared to Korean when purchasing eyewear products. In addition, different age groups had different preference of purchasing eyewear. Therefore it is important to fully understand the local market when entering overseas markets in the future, and need to organize customized products and marketing activities accordingly.

Effect of Sub-Structure and Precipitation Behavior on Mechanical Properties of Al–xCu–Li Alloys

Yu‑zhuo Li,Guang‑jun Zeng,Ding‑ding Lu,Zhen‑zhen Liu,San‑xi Deng,Peng‑cheng Ma,Yong‑lai Chen,Rui‑feng Zhang,Jin‑feng Li 대한금속·재료학회 2023 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.29 No.11

The tensile properties and microstructure of extruded and cold rolled 2A55 Al–Li alloys with different Cu content werestudied. After solution treatment, the strength of extruded sheets is slightly higher than that of cold rolled sheets due to strongdeformation texture and high density of substructure. However, the strength change order is different with the increase of Cucontent with T6-24 h. The extruded sample with higher Cu content have higher strength due to many dense T1precipitates. The δ′/θ′/δ′ composite precipitates and θ′ precipitates suppress the formation of T1precipitates, which cause cold rolled samplewith higher Cu content shows lower strength. Additionally, many fine T1precipitates nucleate at the sub-grain boundariesformed in the extrusion process, which have a significant effect on the mechanical property.

Fucoidan inhibits LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice through regulating GSK-3β-Nrf2 signaling pathway

De-Zhang Zhu,Yan-Ting Wang,Yan-Li Zhuo,Kong-Juan Zhu,Xiang-Zhen Wang,Ai-Jie Liu 대한약학회 2020 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.43 No.6

The purpose of this study was to investigatethe protective eff ects of fucoidan on Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. The micewere divided into the control, LPS, and LPS + fucoidan(20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) groups. LPS was given by intrachealinstillation and fucoidan was given 1 h before LPS treatment. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species(ROS), glutathione (GSH) contents, and infl ammatorycytokine production were detected. The results showed thatLPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production, lung wet/dry (W/D) ratio, ROS, MDA content, and MPO activity weresuppressed by fucoidan. The levels of SOD and GSH wereincreased by fucoidan. Meanwhile, LPS-induced nuclearfactor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation was dose-dependentlyattenuated by fucoidan. Furthermore, fucoidan increasedthe expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor2 (Nrf2), Glycogen synthase kinase3β (GSK-3β), and hemeoxygenase (HO-1). In vitro, the results demonstrated thatfucoidan or GSK-3β inhibitor signifi cantly inhibited LPSinducedTNF-α production in A549 cells. And the inhibitionof fucoidan on TNF-α production was blocked by Nrf2siRNA. This study showed fucoidan protected mice againstLPS-induced ALI through inhibiting inflammatory andoxidative responses via regulating GSK-3β-Nrf2 signalingpathway.

Prognostic Values of Various Clinical Factors and Genetic Subtypes for Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of 227 Cases

Zhou, De,Xie, Wan-Zhuo,Hu, Ke-Yue,Huang, Wei-Jia,Wei, Guo-Qing,He, Jing-Song,Shi, Ji-Min,Luo, Yi,Li, Li,Zhu, Jing-Jing,Zhang, Jie,Lin, Mao-Fang,Ye, Xiu-Jin,Cai, Zhen,Huang, He Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.2

Aim: To analyze the significance of different clinical factors for prognostic prediction in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. Methods: Two hundred and twenty-seven DLBCL patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were managed with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) regimen or rituximab plus the CHOP (RCHOP) regimen. Results: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ${\beta}2$-microglobulin (${\beta}2$-M), B symptoms, Ann Arbor stage and genetic subtypes were statistically relevant in predicting the prognosis of the overall survival (OS). In the CHOP group, the OS in patients with germinal center B-cell-like (GCB)(76.2%) was significantly higher than that of the non-GCB group (51.9%, P=0.032). With RCHOP management, there was no statistical difference in OS between the GCB (88.4%) and non-GCB groups (81.9%, P=0.288). Conclusion: Elevated LDH and ${\beta}2$-M levels, positive B symptoms, Ann Arbor stage III/IV, and primary nodal lymphoma indicate an unfavorable prognosis of DLBCL patients. Patients with GCB-like DLBCL have a better prognosis than those with non-GCB when treated with the CHOP regimen. The RCHOP treatment with the addition of rituximab can improve the prognosis of patients with DLBCL.

Plasma metabolites associated with physiological and biochemical indexes indicate the effect of caging stress on mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Zheng Chao,Wu Yan,Liang Zhen Hua,Pi Jin Song,Cheng Shi Bin,Wei Wen Zhuo,Liu Jing Bo,Lu Li Zhi,Zhang Hao 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.2

Objective: Cage rearing has critical implications for the laying duck industry because it is convenient for feeding and management. However, caging stress is a type of chronic stress that induces maladaptation. Environmental stress responses have been extensively studied, but no detailed information is available about the comprehensive changes in plasma metabolites at different stages of caging stress in ducks. We designed this experiment to analyze the effects of caging stress on performance parameters and oxidative stress indexes in ducks. Methods: Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was used to determine the changes in metabolites in duck plasma at 5 (CR5), 10 (CR10), and 15 (CR15) days after cage rearing and traditional breeding (TB). The associated pathways of differentially altered metabolites were analyzed using Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database. Results: The results of this study indicate that caging stress decreased performance parameters, and the plasma total superoxide dismutase levels were increased in the CR10 group compared with the other groups. In addition, 1,431 metabolites were detected. Compared with the TB group, 134, 381, and 190 differentially produced metabolites were identified in the CR5, CR10, and CR15 groups, respectively. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) show that the selected components sufficiently distinguish the TB group and CR10 group. KEGG analysis results revealed that the differentially altered metabolites in duck plasma from the CR5 and TB groups were mainly associated with ovarian steroidogenesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and phenylalanine metabolism. Conclusion: In this study, the production performance, blood indexes, number of metabolites and PCA were compared to determine effect of the caging stress stage on ducks. We inferred from the experimental results that caging-stressed ducks were in the sensitive phase in the first 5 days after caging, caging for approximately 10 days was an important transition phase, and then the duck continually adapted. Objective: Cage rearing has critical implications for the laying duck industry because it is convenient for feeding and management. However, caging stress is a type of chronic stress that induces maladaptation. Environmental stress responses have been extensively studied, but no detailed information is available about the comprehensive changes in plasma metabolites at different stages of caging stress in ducks. We designed this experiment to analyze the effects of caging stress on performance parameters and oxidative stress indexes in ducks.Methods: Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was used to determine the changes in metabolites in duck plasma at 5 (CR5), 10 (CR10), and 15 (CR15) days after cage rearing and traditional breeding (TB). The associated pathways of differentially altered metabolites were analyzed using Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database.Results: The results of this study indicate that caging stress decreased performance parameters, and the plasma total superoxide dismutase levels were increased in the CR10 group compared with the other groups. In addition, 1,431 metabolites were detected. Compared with the TB group, 134, 381, and 190 differentially produced metabolites were identified in the CR5, CR10, and CR15 groups, respectively. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) show that the selected components sufficiently distinguish the TB group and CR10 group. KEGG analysis results revealed that the differentially altered metabolites in duck plasma from the CR5 and TB groups were mainly associated with ovarian steroidogenesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and phenylalanine metabolism.Conclusion: In this study, the production performance, blood indexes, number of metabolites and PCA were compared to determine effect of the caging stress stage on ducks. We inferred from the experimental results that caging-stressed ducks were in the sensitive phase in the first 5 days after caging, caging for approximately 10 days was an important transition phase, and then the duck continually adapted.

Endothelial Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) Expression Is Regulated by Transcription Factor Mef2c

Jiang, Yong,Liu, He,Liu, Wen-jing,Tong, Hai-bin,Chen, Chang-jun,Lin, Fu-gui,Zhuo, Yan-hang,Qian, Xiao-zhen,Wang, Zeng-bin,Wang, Yu,Zhang, Peng,Jia, Hong-liang Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2016 Molecules and cells Vol.39 No.4

Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is expressed in most microvasculature endothelial cells and forms water channels that play major roles in a variety of physiologic processes. This study aimed to delineate the transcriptional regulation of AQP1 by Mef2c in endothelial cells. Mef2c cooperated with Sp1 to activate human AQP1 transcription by binding to its proximal promoter in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Over-expression of Mef2c, Sp1, or Mef2c/Sp1 increased HUVEC migration and tube-forming ability, which can be abolished AQP1 knockdown. These data indicate that AQP1 is a direct target of Mef2c in regulating angiogenesis and vasculogenesis of endothelial cells.

Endothelial Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) Expression Is Regulated by Transcription Factor Mef2c

Yong Jiang,He Liu,Wen-jing Liu,Hai-bin Tong,Chang-jun Chen,Fu-gui Lin,Yan-hang Zhuo,Xiao-zhen Qian,Zeng-bin Wang,Yu Wang,Peng Zhang,Hong-liang Jia 한국분자세포생물학회 2016 Molecules and cells Vol.39 No.4

Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is expressed in most microvascula-ture endothelial cells and forms water channels that play major roles in a variety of physiologic processes. This study aimed to delineate the transcriptional regulation of AQP1 by Mef2c in endothelial cells. Mef2c cooperated with Sp1 to activate human AQP1 transcription by binding to its proximal promoter in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Over-expression of Mef2c, Sp1, or Mef2c/Sp1 increased HUVEC migration and tube-forming ability, which can be abolished AQP1 knockdown. These data indicate that AQP1 is a direct target of Mef2c in regulating angiogenesis and vasculogenesis of endothelial cells.