Progress Towards Control of a Mycobacterial Pathogen, Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis, the Causative Agent of Johne’s disease in Cattle and Humans

William C. Davis,Kun Taek Park 한국식품위생안전성학회 2018 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.33 No.4

19세기말 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis(Map)이 요네병(Johne’s disease)의 원인균임이 밝혀진 이후, 불현성 감염된 동물들의 국제적 이동은 요네병을 전 세계로 퍼뜨리기 시작하였다. 이러한 요네병이 축산분야에 나타남과 동시에 새로운 형태의 대장염으로서 요네병과 같은 증상을 나타내는 질병(크론병)이 사람에게서도 나타나기 시작하였다. 그러나 Map이 이러한 새로운 대장염의 원인균이며 인수공통전염병의 원인체라는 인식은 20세기 후반 이러한 질병을 앓고 있는 사람의 조직으로부터 Map을 검출할 수 있게 되고서야 나타나기 시작했다. 본 총설은 어떻게 Map이 축산분야와 사람의 공중보건 측면 에서 심각한 문제를 야기시키게 되었고, Map 감염에 의한 대장염 환자의 치료가 어떻게 발전되어 왔는지 간단히 요약하고, 축산에서 Map의 통제를 위한 새로운 백신개발 전략에 대하여 소개한다. Since the discovery that Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis(Map) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (JD) in cattle at the end of the nineteenth century, movement of livestock latently infected with Map has led to the spread of JD throughout the world. A new form of enteritis with clinical features of JD in cattle appeared in humans concurrent with the appearance of Map as a disease problem in livestock. The demonstration that Map is a zoonotic pathogen and the causative agent of the new form of enteritis in humans, however, wasn’t recognized until late in the twentieth century when methods were developed to detect the presence Map in tissues from patients with the new form of clinical enteritis. The objective of this short review is to provide a brief history explaining how Map has become a major disease problem in livestock and humans and then provide a review of the progress that has been made in treating patients with an enteritis caused by Map and the strategies underway to develop a vaccine to control infection in livestock.

Progress Towards Control of a Mycobacterial Pathogen, Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis, the Causative Agent of Johne's Disease in Cattle and Humans

Davis, William C.,Park, Kun Taek The Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety 2018 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.33 No.4

19세기말 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis(Map)이 요네병(Johne's disease)의 원인균임이 밝혀진 이후, 불현성 감염된 동물들의 국제적 이동은 요네병을 전세계로 퍼뜨리기 시작하였다. 이러한 요네병이 축산분야에 나타남과 동시에 새로운 형태의 대장염으로서 요네병과 같은 증상을 나타내는 질병(크론병)이 사람에게서도 나타나기 시작하였다. 그러나 Map이 이러한 새로운 대장염의 원인균이며 인수공통전염병의 원인체라는 인식은 20세기 후반 이러한 질병을 앓고 있는 사람의 조직으로부터 Map을 검출할 수 있게 되고서야 나타나기 시작했다. 본 총설은 어떻게 Map이 축산분야와 사람의 공중보건 측면에서 심각한 문제를 야기시키게 되었고, Map 감염에 의한 대장염 환자의 치료가 어떻게 발전되어 왔는지 간단히 요약하고, 축산에서 Map의 통제를 위한 새로운 백신개발 전략에 대하여 소개한다. Since the discovery that Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD) in cattle at the end of the nineteenth century, movement of livestock latently infected with Map has led to the spread of JD throughout the world. A new form of enteritis with clinical features of JD in cattle appeared in humans concurrent with the appearance of Map as a disease problem in livestock. The demonstration that Map is a zoonotic pathogen and the causative agent of the new form of enteritis in humans, however, wasn't recognized until late in the twentieth century when methods were developed to detect the presence Map in tissues from patients with the new form of clinical enteritis. The objective of this short review is to provide a brief history explaining how Map has become a major disease problem in livestock and humans and then provide a review of the progress that has been made in treating patients with an enteritis caused by Map and the strategies underway to develop a vaccine to control infection in livestock.

Use of flow cytometry to develop and characterize a set of monoclonal antibodies specific for rabbit leukocyte differentiation molecules

William C. Davis,Mary Jo Hamilton 대한수의학회 2008 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.9 No.1

Flow cytometry was used to identify and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that react with rabbit leukocyte differentiation molecules (LDM). Screening sets of mAbs, developed against LDM in other species, for reactivity with rabbit LDM yielded 11 mAbs that recognize conserved epitopes on rabbit LDM orthologues and multiple mAbs that recognize epitopes expressed on the major histocompatibility class I or class II molecules. Screening of mAbs submitted to the Animal Homologues Section of the Eighth Human Leukocyte Differentiation Workshop yielded 7 additional mAbs. Screening of mAbs generated from mice immunized with leukocytes from rabbit thymus or spleen or concanavalin A activated peripheral blood and/or spleen lymphocytes has yielded 42 mAbs that recognize species restricted epitopes expressed on one or more lineages of leukocytes. Screening of the anti-rabbit mAbs against leukocytes from other species yielded one additional mAb. The studies show that screening of existing sets of mAbs for reactivity with rabbit LDM will not be productive and that a direct approach will be needed to develop mAbs for research in rabbits. The flow cytometric approach we developed to screen for mAbs of interest offers a way for individual laboratories to identify and characterize mAbs to LDM in rabbits and other species. A web-based program we developed provides a source of information that will facilitate analysis. It contains a searchable data base on known CD molecules and a data base on mAbs, known to react with LDM in one or more species of artiodactyla, equidae, carnivora, and or lagomorpha. Flow cytometry was used to identify and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that react with rabbit leukocyte differentiation molecules (LDM). Screening sets of mAbs, developed against LDM in other species, for reactivity with rabbit LDM yielded 11 mAbs that recognize conserved epitopes on rabbit LDM orthologues and multiple mAbs that recognize epitopes expressed on the major histocompatibility class I or class II molecules. Screening of mAbs submitted to the Animal Homologues Section of the Eighth Human Leukocyte Differentiation Workshop yielded 7 additional mAbs. Screening of mAbs generated from mice immunized with leukocytes from rabbit thymus or spleen or concanavalin A activated peripheral blood and/or spleen lymphocytes has yielded 42 mAbs that recognize species restricted epitopes expressed on one or more lineages of leukocytes. Screening of the anti-rabbit mAbs against leukocytes from other species yielded one additional mAb. The studies show that screening of existing sets of mAbs for reactivity with rabbit LDM will not be productive and that a direct approach will be needed to develop mAbs for research in rabbits. The flow cytometric approach we developed to screen for mAbs of interest offers a way for individual laboratories to identify and characterize mAbs to LDM in rabbits and other species. A web-based program we developed provides a source of information that will facilitate analysis. It contains a searchable data base on known CD molecules and a data base on mAbs, known to react with LDM in one or more species of artiodactyla, equidae, carnivora, and or lagomorpha.

Mini-reviews : Understanding the Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis of Human and Bovine Tubeculosis

( William C. Davis ),( Kun Taek Park ),( Mary J. Hamilton ),( W. Ray Waters ) 대한인수공통전염병학회 2010 THE JOURNAL OF ZOONOSES Vol.1 No.1

Diagnosis and Control of Mycobacterium bovis and M. avium ssp. Paratuberculosis

William C. Davis 대한수의학회 2005 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2005 No.-

Characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations and major histocompatibility complex haplotypes of mastitis-resistant and susceptible cows

Christopher J.Davies,박용호,Yi Seok Joo,Joo Youn Park,Jin San Moon,So Hyun Kim,Nam Hoon Kwon,Jong Sam Ahn,William C.Davis 대한수의학회 2004 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.5 No.1

Bovine mastitis is an infectious disease with a major economic influence on the dairy industry worldwide. Many factors such as environment, pathogen, and host affect susceptibility or resistance of an individual cow to bovine mastitis. Recently, there has been considerable interest in defining genetic and immunological markers that could be used to select for improved disease resistance. In this study we have analyzed the lymphocyte subpopulations of mastitis-resistant and susceptible cows using monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine leukocyte differentiation antigens and flow cytometry. We have also used a microarray typing technique to define the bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) class I and class II haplotypes associated with resistance or susceptibility to bovine mastitis. A striking finding of the present study is that susceptibility to mastitis was associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes that have only a single set of DQ genes. The study also revealed that susceptible cows had CD4:CD8 ratios of less than one in both their mammary gland secretions and peripheral blood. These results raise the possibility that the number of DQ genes that a cow has and/or a cow’s CD4:CD8 ratio could be used as indicators of susceptibility to bovine mastitis.

Inhibition of Testosterone-Induced Hyperplasia of the Prostate of Sprague-Dawley Rats by Pumpkin Seed Oil

M. Gossell-Williams,A. Davis,N. O'Connor 한국식품영양과학회 2006 Journal of medicinal food Vol.9 No.2

The oil from the pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seed is claimed to be useful in the management of benign pro-static hyperplasia. This investigation seeks to examine the effect of pumpkin seed oil on testosterone-induced hyperplasia ofthe prostate of rats. Hyperplasia was induced by subcutaneous administration of testosterone (0.3 mg/100 g of body weight)for 20 days. Simultaneous oral administration of either pumpkin seed oil (2.0 and 4.0 mg/100 g of body weight) or corn oil(vehicle) was also given for 20 days. The weights of the rats were recorded weekly, and the influence of testosterone andpumpkin seed oil on the weight gain of the rats was examined. On day 21, rats were sacrificed, and the prostate was removed,cleaned, and weighed. The prostate size ratio (prostate weight/rat body weight) was then calculated. Neither testosterone norpumpkin seed oil had any significant influence on the weight gain of the rats. Testosterone significantly increased prostatesize ratio (P. .05), and this induced increase was inhibited in rats fed with pumpkin seed oil at 2.0 mg/100 g of body weight.The protective effect of pumpkin seed oil was significant at the higher pumpkin seed oil dose (P. .02). We conclude pump-kin seed oil can inhibit testosterone-induced hyperplasia of the prostate and therefore may be beneficial in the managementof benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Articles : Sentential (and Other Non-nominal) Subjects in English

Stanley Dubinsky,William D. Davies 현대문법학회 2006 현대문법연구 Vol.45 No.-

Interaction of factors affecting vibration transmission to skeleton during standing: A narrative review

( Harshvardhan Singh ),( William R. Reed ),( Donald H. Lein ),( Shannon L. Mathis ),( Richard D. Davis ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2018 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.30 No.1

There is a lack of consensus on the effects of vibration therapy on bone outcome measures. Vibration is a mechanical stimulus and can produce mechanical loading on bone. Similar to site-specific effects of mechanical loading on bone, vibration therapy can also produce site-specific effects. Notably, skeletal effects of vibration therapy could depend on the degree of vibration signal that is received by respective skeletal sites. Thus, vibration transmissibility can dictate, in part, effects of vibration therapy on bone outcome measures. Factors at various levels such as the type of vibration, type of population receiving vibration, and their interaction could affect vibration transmission. In addition, vibration amplitude, vibration frequency, joint position, body posture, resonance frequency of skeletal sites, tissue composition of human body including bone geometry can affect vibration transmission across the human body. The main aim of this review is to summarize the published evidence of various factors that affect vibration transmission which will help to inform future evidence based vibration therapy protocols for skeletal rehabilitation in various populations.

Analysis of the seroprevalence of bovine paratuberculosis and the application of modified absorbed ELISA to field sample testing in Korea

박용호,박건택,안종삼,William C. Davis,구혜정,권남훈,정우경,김준만,홍순근 대한수의학회 2006 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.7 No.4

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a major disease problem worldwide, and causes major economic losses in the dairy industry. Although PTB has been reported in Korea, no studies have been conducted to determine its prevalence and no program has been developed to control the disease. In this study, the sera of beef (n = 1,056) and dairy cattle (n = 1,105) from all provinces in Korea were tested to determine the prevalence of PTB using two different ELISA: an ‘in house’ modified absorbed ELISA (P-ELISA) based on sonicated antigen from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ATCC 19698, and a commercial ELISA (C-ELISA). Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the cutoff point for P-ELISA. Based on C-ELISA results, the area under the curve for P-ELISA was 0.913 (95% CI, 0.883 to 0.943). Using a cutoff point of 0.100, P-ELISA showed a sensitivity of 62.0% and a specificity of 93.7%. The kappa value and the percent agreement between the two ELISAs were 0.322 and 92.5%, respectively. Both ELISAs showed a significant correlation between age and seropositivity (p < 0.01). According to C-ELISA, 71 of 2,161 sera (3.3%, 95 CI, 2.6% to 4.1%) were test-positive. The national true prevalence of PTB was estimated to be 7.1%. The findings suggest that a control program should be implemented to limit the spread of this disease, and that P-ELISA could be used as a screening test that produces results similar to C-ELISA.