VERTICAL FLOATING PINS IN OTC ROUTING

Peters, I.,Molitor, P.,Weber, M. 대한전자공학회 1996 APCCAS:Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits And Sys Vol.1 No.1

We present a generalized center terminal cell model and propose ove-th-cell (OTC) routing algorithms, utilizing the new feature of the model, i.e., Vertical Floating Pins (VFP's). We approach the problem by linear integer programming and by dynamic programming. For further channel density reduction, both approaches have been combined with linear channel pin assignment. Experiments show a total density reduction by 45% compared to other OTC routing algorithms for center terminal cells.

Preparing DNA-mimicking multi-line nanocaterpillars via in situ nanoparticlisation of fully conjugated polymers

Lee, I. H.,Amaladass, P.,Choi, I.,Bergmann, V.,Weber, S. L.,Choi, T. L. Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Polymer chemistry Vol.7 No.7

<P>A unique hierarchical evolution from single-line nanocaterpillars to multi-line nanocaterpillars and then to multi-line nanocaterpillars bearing a few long-chain branches was demonstrated by in situ nanoparticlisation of fully conjugated poly(2,5-dihexyloxy-1,4-phenylene)-block-poly(3-methylthiophene) (PPP-b-P3MT). PPP-b-P3MTs of various block ratios were successfully synthesised by the Grignard metathesis polymerization method; moreover, these block copolymers underwent spontaneous self-assembly during the polymerization owing to the solvophobicity or strong p-p interactions of the core block, i.e. P3MT. These in situ generated PPP-b-P3MT NPs were quite different from the previously reported NPs generated from poly(2,5-dihexyloxy-1,4-phenylene)-block-polythiophene (PPP-b-PT). AFM and TEM images revealed that PPP-b-P3MTs formed single-to multi-line nanocaterpillars, whereas PPP-b-PTs only formed shorter single-line nanocaterpillars. On the basis of PXRD and UV-vis data, we speculated that this interesting morphology of multi-line nanocaterpillars, resembling duplex DNA, arose from different packing modes and crystallinity as well as improved solubility of the P3MT core compared with the NPs containing the PT core.</P>

Utility of Seated Lateral Radiographs in the Diagnosis and Classification of Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis

Issa Tariq Z.,Lee Yunsoo,Berthiaume Emily,Lambrechts Mark J.,Zaworski Caroline,Qadiri Qudratallah S.,Spracklen Henley,Padovano Richard,Weber Jackson,Mangan John J.,Canseco Jose A.,Woods Barrett I.,Kay 대한척추외과학회 2023 Asian Spine Journal Vol.17 No.4

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.Purpose: Our goal was to determine which radiographic images are most essential for degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) classification and instability detection.Overview of Literature: The heterogeneity in DS requires multiple imaging views to evaluate vertebral translation, disc space, slip angle, and instability. However, there are several restrictions on frequently used imaging perspectives such as flexion-extension and upright radiography.Methods: We assessed baseline neutral upright, standing flexion, seated lateral radiographs, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients identified with spondylolisthesis from January 2021 to May 2022 by a single spine surgeon. DS was classified by Meyerding and Clinical and Radiographic Degenerative Spondylolisthesis classifications. A difference of >10° or >8% between views, respectively, was used to characterize angular and translational instability. Analysis of variance and paired chi-square tests were utilized to compare modalities.Results: A total of 136 patients were included. Seated lateral and standing flexion radiographs showed the greatest slip percentage (16.0% and 16.7%), while MRI revealed the lowest (12.2%, <i>p</i> <0.001). Standing flexion and lateral radiographs when seated produced more kyphosis (4.66° and 4.97°, respectively) than neutral upright and MRI (7.19° and 7.20°, <i>p</i> <0.001). Seated lateral performed similarly to standing flexion in detecting all measurement parameters and categorizing DS (all <i>p</i> >0.05). Translational instability was shown to be more prevalent when associated with seated lateral or standing flexion than when combined with neutral upright (31.5% vs. 20.2%, <i>p</i> =0.041; and 28.1% vs. 14.6%, <i>p</i> =0.014, respectively). There were no differences between seated lateral or standing flexion in the detection of instability (all <i>p</i> >0.20).Conclusions: Seated lateral radiographs are appropriate alternatives for standing flexion radiographs. Films taken when standing up straight do not offer any more information for DS detection. Rather than standing flexion-extension radiographs, instability can be detected using an MRI, which is often performed preoperatively, paired with a single seated lateral radiograph.

Peculiarities of the electronic transport in Co2CrAl and Co2CrGa halfmetallic ferromagnets

N.I. Kourov,V.V. Marchenkov,A.V. Korolev,K.A. Belozerova,H.W. Weber 한국물리학회 2015 Current Applied Physics Vol.15 No.7

We present results on the transport properties of the half-metallic ferromagnetic Heusler alloys Co2CrAl and Co2CrGa in the temperature range from 4 to 900 K. The peculiarities of the resistivity and the absolute differential thermoelectric power are considered within a two-current model of conductivity, taking into account the energy gap at the Fermi level in the electronic spectrum of alloys for electrons with spin opposite to the direction of the magnetization vector.

Recent variability of the solar spectral irradiance and its impact on climate modelling

Ermolli, I.,Matthes, K.,Dudok de Wit, T.,Krivova, N. A.,Tourpali, K.,Weber, M.,Unruh, Y. C.,Gray, L.,Langematz, U.,Pilewskie, P.,Rozanov, E.,Schmutz, W.,Shapiro, A.,Solanki, S. K.,Woods, T. N. Copernicus GmbH 2013 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.13 No.8

<P>Abstract. The lack of long and reliable time series of solar spectral irradiance (SSI) measurements makes an accurate quantification of solar contributions to recent climate change difficult. Whereas earlier SSI observations and models provided a qualitatively consistent picture of the SSI variability, recent measurements by the SORCE (SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment) satellite suggest a significantly stronger variability in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range and changes in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands in anti-phase with the solar cycle. A number of recent chemistry-climate model (CCM) simulations have shown that this might have significant implications on the Earth's atmosphere. Motivated by these results, we summarize here our current knowledge of SSI variability and its impact on Earth's climate. We present a detailed overview of existing SSI measurements and provide thorough comparison of models available to date. SSI changes influence the Earth's atmosphere, both directly, through changes in shortwave (SW) heating and therefore, temperature and ozone distributions in the stratosphere, and indirectly, through dynamical feedbacks. We investigate these direct and indirect effects using several state-of-the art CCM simulations forced with measured and modelled SSI changes. A unique asset of this study is the use of a common comprehensive approach for an issue that is usually addressed separately by different communities. We show that the SORCE measurements are difficult to reconcile with earlier observations and with SSI models. Of the five SSI models discussed here, specifically NRLSSI (Naval Research Laboratory Solar Spectral Irradiance), SATIRE-S (Spectral And Total Irradiance REconstructions for the Satellite era), COSI (COde for Solar Irradiance), SRPM (Solar Radiation Physical Modelling), and OAR (Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma), only one shows a behaviour of the UV and visible irradiance qualitatively resembling that of the recent SORCE measurements. However, the integral of the SSI computed with this model over the entire spectral range does not reproduce the measured cyclical changes of the total solar irradiance, which is an essential requisite for realistic evaluations of solar effects on the Earth's climate in CCMs. We show that within the range provided by the recent SSI observations and semi-empirical models discussed here, the NRLSSI model and SORCE observations represent the lower and upper limits in the magnitude of the SSI solar cycle variation. The results of the CCM simulations, forced with the SSI solar cycle variations estimated from the NRLSSI model and from SORCE measurements, show that the direct solar response in the stratosphere is larger for the SORCE than for the NRLSSI data. Correspondingly, larger UV forcing also leads to a larger surface response. Finally, we discuss the reliability of the available data and we propose additional coordinated work, first to build composite SSI data sets out of scattered observations and to refine current SSI models, and second, to run coordinated CCM experiments. </P>

International Trials of Vertical Flow Reactors for Coal Mine Water Treatment

Blanco, I.,Sapsford, D. J.,Trumm, D.,Pope, J.,Kruse, N.,Cheong, Y. w.,McLauchlan, H.,Sinclair, E.,Weber, P.,Olds, W. Springer Science + Business Media 2018 Mine water and the environment Vol.37 No.1

<P>Vertical flow reactors (VFRs) were tested at coal mine sites in New Zealand, South Korea, and the USA. The objective was to evaluate the iron removal efficiency and iron removal mechanisms during field trials at low pH and circumneutral pH, and to evaluate the potential use of VFRs as stand-alone systems or in combination with other passive treatment technologies. Total iron and manganese removal efficiencies at circumneutral pH (6-8) often exceeded 90%, with effluent concentrations less than 1 mg/L. This is attributed to both homogeneous and heterogenous Fe(II) oxidation and filtration of the precipitated ferrihydrite. Iron removal efficiencies at moderately acidic conditions (pH 3-4.5) averaged close to 40%, with an average 71.0% removal in one of the trials after iron removal capacity was stabilized. Microbial Fe(II) oxidation and precipitation as schwertmannite together with aggregation of colloidal and nano-particulate Fe(III) are suspected to be the main removal mechanisms. Iron solubility limited removal under very acidic conditions (pH < 3). The reproducibility of the results with respect to previous research confirmed that VFRs can be used as stand-alone passive treatment systems for iron removal from mine waters with a footprint less than half of the area required by a conventional aerobic wetland. A VFR can also provide useful iron pretreatment for other passive treatment systems under circumneutral conditions, but would have to be combined with alkaline generating systems to achieve full iron removal from acidic mine waters.</P>

Application of carbon nanotubes to silicon nitride matrix reinforcements

Cs. Bal?zsi,F. Weber,Zs. Kover,Z. Shen,Z. Konya,Zs Kasztovszky,Z. Vertesy,L.P. Biro,I. Kiricsi,P. Arato 한국물리학회 2006 Current Applied Physics Vol.6 No.2

tiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) reinforced silicon nitride composites. Morphological, structural, compositional investigations, aswell as mechanical characterization have been performed. The rst results show that carbon nanotubes have been preserved in com-posite structure during these two high-temperature processes. Carbon nanotubes have been found to have good adherence to thesilicon nitride grains as observed for both processing methods. Moreover, carbon nanotubes may serve as crystallization sitesand seeds for silicon nitride grain growth. Signicant dierences have been found between composites prepared by these two sin-obtained by spark plasma sintering. The conventional sintering resulted in partially densied composites with coarser grainstructure

A Single-Center Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Timing of Preparation for Capsule Enteroscopy

Katherine R. Black,Wiley Truss,Cynthia I. Joiner,Shajan Peter,Frederick H. Weber Jr 대한소화기내시경학회 2015 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.48 No.3

Background/Aims: Intestinal lavage (IL) administration immediately before capsule enteroscopy (CE) is superior to lavage the day before the procedure. We aimed to determine the effect of IL timing on CE diagnostic yield. Methods: Patients referred for CE were randomized prospectively into two equal groups according to the timing of IL with 2 L of polyethylene glycol solution. Group A and B underwent IL over 2 hours beginning 14 and 4 hours, respectively, before the scheduled CE. The primary outcome measure was preparation quality, measured with a predetermined validated grading scale. Results: A total of 34 patients were randomized. The frequency of mucosal abnormalities (77% vs. 82%, p=not significant [NS]) and diagnostic yield (47% vs. 53%, p=NS) were similar between the two groups. Moreover, no significant association between the quality of small bowel preparation and the timing at which the purgative for IL was administered was observed (overall fluid transparency, p=0.936; overall mucosal invisibility, p=0.091). Conclusions: Day-before IL is equivalent to same-day IL in terms of overall preparation quality, proportion of complete studies to cecum, small bowel transit time, frequency of identified mucosal abnormalities, and overall diagnostic yield.

The Crystal Structure of Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein Reveals the Location of a Frequent Mutation that Impairs Innate Immunity

Eckert, Jana K.,Kim, Young J.,Kim, Jung I.,Gurtler, K.,Oh, D.Y.,Sur, S.,Lundvall, L.,Hamann, L.,van der Ploeg, A.,Pickkers, P.,Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E.,Kubarenko, Andriy V.,Weber, Alexander N.,Kabes Cell Press 2013 Immunity Vol.39 No.4

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein (LBP) is an acute-phase protein that initiates an immune response after recognition of bacterial LPS. Here, we report the crystal structure of murine LBP at 2.9 A resolution. Several structural differences were observed between LBP and the related bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), and the LBP C-terminal domain contained a negatively charged groove and a hydrophobic ''phenylalanine core.'' A frequent human LBP SNP (allelic frequency 0.08) affected this region, potentially generating a proteinase cleavage site. The mutant protein had a reduced binding capacity for LPS and lipopeptides. SNP carriers displayed a reduced cytokine response after in vivo LPS exposure and lower cytokine concentrations in pneumonia. In a retrospective trial, the LBP SNP was associated with increased mortality rates during sepsis and pneumonia. Thus, the structural integrity of LBP may be crucial for fighting infections efficiently, and future patient stratification might help to develop better therapeutic strategies.

Setting the Standards for Haptic and Tactile Interactions: ISO's Work

van Erp, J.B.F.,Kyung, K.-U.,Kassner, S.,Carter, J.,Brewster, S.,Weber, G.,Andrew, I. SPRINGER-VERLAG 2010 Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol.6192 No.-