Models Describing Growth Characteristics of Holstein Dairy Cows Raised in Korea

Vijayakumar, Mayakrishnan,Choy, Yun-Ho,Kim, Tae-Il,Lim, Dong-Hyun,Park, Seong-Min,Alam, Mahboob,Choi, Hee-Chul,Ki, Kwang-Seok,Lee, Hyun-Jeong The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 2020 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.40 No.3

The objective of the present study was to determine the best model to describe and quantify the changes in live body weight, height at withers, height at rump, body length and chest girth of Holstein cows raised under Korean feeding conditions for 50 months. The five standard growth models namely polynomial linear regression models, regression of growth variables on the first and second-order of ages in days (model 1) and regression of growth variables on age covariates from first to the third-order (model 2) as well as non-linear models were fitted and evaluated for representing growth pattern of Holstein cows raised in Korean feeding circumstances. Nonlinear models fitted were three exponential growth curve models; Brody, Gompertz, and von Bertalanffy functional models. For this purpose, a total of 22 Holstein cows raised in Korea used in the period from April 2016 to May 2020. Each model fitted to monthly growth curve records of dairy cows by using PROC NLIN procedure in SAS program. On the basis of the results, nonlinear models showed the lower root mean square of error (RMSE) for live body weight, height at withers, height at rump, body length and chest girth (12.22, 1.95, 1.55, 4.04, 2.06) with higher correlation coefficiency (R²) values for live body weight, height at withers, height at rump, body length and chest girth (0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 1.00, 1.00). Overall, the evaluation of the different growth models indicated that the Gompertz model used in the study seemed to be the most appropriate one for standard growth of Holstein cows raised under Korean feeding system.

<i>In-vitro</i> assessment of the probiotic potential of <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> KCC-24 isolated from Italian rye-grass (<i>Lolium multiflorum</i>) forage

Vijayakumar, Mayakrishnan,Ilavenil, Soundharrajan,Kim, Da Hye,Arasu, Mariadhas Valan,Priya, Kannappan,Choi, Ki Choon Elsevier 2015 Anaerobe Vol.32 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The aim of the present study was to determine the probiotic potential of the lactic acid bacteria <I>Lactobacillus plantarum</I> KCC-24 (<I>L. plantarum</I> KCC-24), that was isolated and characterized from Italian ryegrass (<I>Lolium multiflorum</I>) forage. The following experiments were performed to assess the probiotic characteristics such as antifungal activity, antibiotic susceptibility, resistance to low pH, stimulated gastric juice and bile salts, proteolytic activity, auto-aggregation, cell surface hydrophobicity, and <I>in vitro</I> antioxidant property. The isolated <I>L. plantarum</I> KCC-24 exhibited significant antifungal activity against the various fungal strains of <I>Aspergillus fumigatus</I> (73.43%), <I>Penicillium chrysogenum</I> (59.04%), <I>Penicillium roqueforti</I> (56.67%), <I>Botrytis elliptica</I> (40.23%), <I>Fusarium oxysporum</I> (52.47%) and it was susceptible to numerous antibiotics, survived in low pH, was resistant to stimulated gastric juices and bile salts (0.3% w/v). Moreover, <I>L. plantarum</I> KCC-24 exhibited good proteolytic activity. In addition <I>L. plantarum</I> KCC-24 showed potent antioxidant and hydrogen peroxide resistant property. In conclusion, the isolated <I>L. plantarum</I> KCC-24 exhibited several characteristics to prove it's excellent as a potential probiotic candidate for developing quality food for ruminant animals and human.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Lactic acid bacteria have been used in food industries for food preservation. </LI> <LI> Potential probiotic of LAB isolated from Italian Rye-grass forage. </LI> <LI> KCC-24 revealed good antifungal activity against various fungal genera. </LI> <LI> Isolated lactic acid bacteria KCC-24 showed significant probiotic properties. </LI> <LI> <I>L. plantarum</I> KCC-24 showed the good free radical scavenging activity. </LI> </UL> </P>

The effect of lactation number, stage, length, and milking frequency on milk yield in Korean Holstein dairy cows using automatic milking system

Mayakrishnan Vijayakumar,박지후,기광석,임동현,김상범,박성민,정하연,박범영,김태일 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.8

Objective: The aim of the current study was to describe the relationship between milk yield and lactation number, stage, length and milking frequency in Korean Holstein dairy cows using an automatic milking system (AMS). Methods: The original data set consisted of observations from April to October 2016 of 780 Holstein cows, with a total of 10,751 milkings. Each time a cow was milked by an AMS during the 24 h, the AMS management system recorded identification numbers of the AMS unit, the cow being milking, date and time of the milking, and milk yield (kg) as measured by the milk meters installed on each AMS unit, date and time of the lactation, lactation stage, milking frequency (NoM). Lactation stage is defined as the number of days milking per cows per lactation. Milk yield was calculated per udder quarter in the AMS and was added to 1 record per cow and trait for each milking. Milking frequency was measured the number of milkings per cow per 24 hour. Results: From the study results, a significant relationship was found between the milk yield and lactation number (p<0.001), with the maximum milk yield occurring in the third lactation cows. We recorded the highest milk yield, in a greater lactation length period of early stage (55 to 90 days) at a 4× milking frequency/d, and the lowest milk yield was observed in the later stage (>201 days) of cows. Also, milking frequency had a significant influence on milk yield (p<0.001) in Korean Holstein cows using AMS. Conclusion: Detailed knowledge of these factors such as lactation number, stage, length, and milking frequency associated with increasing milk yield using AMS will help guide future recommendations to producers for maximizing milk yield in Korean Dairy industries.

Enhancement of Nutritional Quality of Italian Ryegrass Mediated Silage by Supplemented with Lactic Acid Bacteria and Chlorella

Vijayakumar, Mayakrishnan,Ilavenil, Soundarrajan,Arasu, Mariadhas Valan,Jung, Min-Woong,Park, Hyung Soo,Kim, Ji Hea,Lim, Young Cheol,Choi, Ki Choon The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 2014 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.34 No.3

The aim of present study was to improve the quality of silage using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and chlorella as a supplement. Italian ryegrass (IRG) mediated silage was prepared with lactic acid bacteria (L. plantarum) and different concentration of chlorella. We analyzed the nutritional profiles such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), microbial counts and fermentative acids such as lactic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid in the control and experimental silage after three months. It shows increased crude protein content and also maintains the rest of nutritional values as compared with control silage. LAB inoculation with chlorella as supplementation slightly reduced the pH of the silage. In addition, it increased the fermentative acids production as compared with control silage and inhibits the undesired microbial growth especially fungi in the silage. Therefore, we suggest that LAB inoculation and chlorella supplementation to the IRG mediated silage could be improved the nutritional quality of the silage which is an intrinsic feature for the application in the preparation of animal feeds and functional foods.

Covariance Among Lactation Number, Growth Performance, Calving Interval, and Milk Yield in Holstein Dairy Cows in Korea

김태일,Vijayakumar Mayakrishnan,배광수,정하연,박범영,임동현 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2017 농업생명과학연구 Vol.51 No.6

A diverse of recommendation has been made for the structure and management of dairy cows,despite demanding research, the relationship between lactation number and various factors is yetto be established. The present study was aimed to investigate the covariance among lactationnumber, growth performance, calving interval, and milk production was considered to increase anefficiency of selection schemes and to manage more efficiently Holstein dairy cows that havebeen raised on small-scale family farms in Republic of Korea. For that purpose, the data wereobserved from 850 Holstein dairy cows, which a total of 3929 milking, since April 2016 -January 2017. We measured the body weight, height, age, calving interval, and milk productionof the each dairy cow. Also, information about the date of lactation, calving interval, and milkproduction was recorded using an automatic milking system(AMS) with identification numbers. Milk production was calculated per udder quarter in the AMS. Our study results showed theincreased average body weight(p>0.05) in 1, 2, 3, and 4th lactating dairy cows and afterwards,we noticed the tendency on the average body weight(p<0.05) per lactation progressed. There wasno significant difference noticed on height measurement of dairy cows. From the processing dataof 850 Holstein dairy cows, the lactation number 1 and 7 had a greater calving interval withsignificantly lowered milk production, and the lactation number 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hadsignificantly lowered the calving interval(p<0.05) with a greater milk production. From our studyresults, we evidenced that there is a significant relationship between the lactation number, growthperformance, calving interval, and milk yield, and the maximum production of milk occurring inthe 3rd and 4th lactation dairy cows. The achieved results from this study can be used by thesmall-scale farmers to encourage the structure and management of growth performance, calvinginterval, and milk yield in Holstein dairy cows in Korea.

Assessment of probiotic, antifungal and cholesterol lowering properties of <i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i> KCC‐23 isolated from Italian ryegrass

Ilavenil, Soundharrajan,Vijayakumar, Mayakrishnan,Kim, Da Hye,Valan Arasu, Mariadhas,Park, Hyung Su,Ravikumar, Sivanesan,Choi, Ki Choon John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2016 Journal of the science of food and agriculture Vol.96 No.2

<P>BACKGROUNDLactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important for the processing of various food products. Although genetically modified organisms have contributed to improvements in various food products, there are some limitations. Thus, the discovery of wild strains from natural sources must be considered as the most suitable approach for identifying new LAB. Therefore, we planned to isolate and characterise the LAB from Italian ryegrass forage and evaluate their biological potential. RESULTSA total of 28 strains were isolated and screened for their anti-fungal and probiotic properties. A single strain was selected due to its antifungal and probiotic efficiency. The strain was identified as Pediococcus pentosaceusKCC-23. The strain KCC-23 showed effective inhibition against Aspergillus fumigatus, Pencillium chrysogenum, Pencillium roqueforti, Botrytis elliptica and Fusarium oxysporum. Further, it survived low pH, and the presence of bile salts and gastric juice. It exhibited significant aggregation and hydrophobicity properties. The KCC-23 effectively assimilated cholesterol and had the ability to utilise pre-biotics such as raffinose and inulin. Finally, KCC-23 exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity. CONCLUSIONP. pentosaceusKCC-23 showed effective anti-fungal, probiotic and anti-oxidant properties and would be a promising isolate for exploitation in the formulation of food for ruminants and humans. (c) 2015 Society of Chemical Industry</P>

Effect of Feeding Strategies on Milk Production of Holstein Dairy Cows Managed by Small-Farmers Alpine Grassland in Korea

Kim, Tae-Il,Mayakrishnan, Vijayakumar,Lim, Dong-Hyun,Park, Seong-Min,Park, Ji-Hoo,Kim, Sang-Bum,Jung, Jeong-Sung,Ki, Kwang-Seok The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 2018 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.38 No.3

The main objective of this experiment was to investigate effects of two different feeding systems on body weight, milk yield, milk composition, and mineral and fatty acids content of Holstein dairy cows' milk. Sixteen of 25 months-old Holstein dairy cows were assigned to two groups (n=8) to study effects of the feeding system for 150 days. Two feeding systems were compared for five months; Group 1 was housed indoors and mainly fed a concentrate diet, Group 2 was maintained outdoors for five-seven hours/day on various kinds grass in a pasture. The experiment was conducted June-October 2017. Results revealed the indoor-fed cows had higher body weight, that was significant compared with the outdoor-based feeding system of Holstein dairy cows (p<0.05). Indoor-raised milking cows had higher milk yield (32.45 kg) as compared with pasture-raised milk yield (26.44 kg). Cows fed indoors significantly increased milk yield, total protein content, lactose, citric acid level, and lowered level of total solid and free fatty acids relative to the pasture-fed milking cows (p>0.05). There were higher levels of mineral content and fatty acid content in the milk of indoor-fed dairy cows than the pasture-raised dairy cows (p>0.05). Our study results demonstrated the potential benefits of the indoor feeding system for increased body weight, milk yield, mineral and fatty acids content summer through autumn when low pasture growth rates and quality may otherwise limit production.

A comparative study on milk composition of Jersey and Holstein dairy cows during the early lactation

( Dong-hyun Lim ),( Vijayakumar Mayakrishnan ),( Hyun-jeong Lee ),( Kwang-seok Ki ),( Tae-il Kim ),( Younghoon Kim ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2020 한국축산학회지 Vol.62 No.4

Recently, Jersey cattle was introduced and produced by embryo transfer to Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the differences of milk compositions between Jersey and Holstein cows and the relationship between days in milk (DIM) and milk compositions during early lactation. Data were collected from twelve lactating cows from Department of Animal Resources Development at National Institute of Animal Science. Cows in parity 1 were used, and calved at spring from April to March of 2017. All cows were housed in two sections within a free-stall barn, which divided into six from each breed, and received a basal total mixed ration. Milk samples of each cow were collected at 3 DIM and 30 DIM for analyzing the milk compositions, including fatty acids (FA), amino acids and minerals. Total solids, citrate, and milk urea nitrogen level were differed between the breeds (p < 0.05). As DIM went from 3 to 30, milk protein, total solids, and somatic cell count decreased (p < 0.05), but lactose increased in all breed milk (p < 0.05). Citrate and free fatty acid (FFA) elevated in Jersey milk (p < 0.05), whereas reduced in Holstein milk (p < 0.05). Proportions of some individual FA varied from the breeds. Myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), and arachidonic acid (C20:4) in milk from all cows were higher at 3 DIM than at 30 DIM (p < 0.05). Also, stearic (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) were lower at 3 DIM than at 30 DIM (p < 0.05), and the C18:1 to C18:0 ratio was significantly differed in DIM × breed interactions (p < 0.05). The contents of the individual amino acids did not differ from the breeds. Calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, and zinc (Zn) contents was significantly increased in Holstein milk than Jersey milk at 3 DIM. Also, K and Zn concentrations were higher in Holstein milk than in Jersey milk at 30 DIM (p < 0.05). It was concluded that Jersey cows would produce more effective milk in processing dairy products and more proper energy status compared with Holstein cows in early lactation under the same environmental and nutritional conditions.

Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria Inoculation on Fermentation Characteristics of Whole Crop Barley Silage

Srigopalram, Srisesharam,Ilavenil, Soundharrajan,Vijayakumar, Mayakrishnan,Park, Hyung Soo,Lee, Kyung Dong,Choi, Ki Choon The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 2015 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.35 No.3

An experiment was carried out to determine the homofermentative activity of Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the ensiling of whole crop barley (WCB). The crude protein in the silages was slightly higher in the KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments compared to the control, but there was no significant difference between the two inoculant-treated silages. Nutrient parameters such as acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and in vitro dry matter digestibility in L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silages did not differ from those in the control silage. The lactic acid content increased in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silage when compared with the control silage but the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid produced in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silages were similar with the control silage. Further, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in KCC-10 treated silage demonstrated a significant increase when compared to the control. Especially, KCC-19 treated silage showed greater lactic acid bacterial growth potential. Other microbes such as yeast and fungi were not detected in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated WCB silages. Hence, this study suggests that the addition of L. Plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 to the WCB silage can improve fermentation quality for the production of high-quality silage.

Addition of Novel Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 to Improve Fermentation Quality and Characterization of Italian Ryegrass Silage

Srigopalram, Srisesharam,Ilavenil, Soundharrajan,Vijayakumar, Mayakrishnan,Park, Hyung Soo,Lee, Kyung Dong,Choi, Ki Choon The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 2015 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.35 No.3

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the potential role of Lactobacillus Plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the quality and fermentation characterization of Italian ryegrass (IRG) silages. The physiochemical properties of IRG silage such as crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total digestible nutrient and in vitro dry matter digestibility were not affected by KCC-10 and KCC-19. The pH of IRG silage in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments decreased compared to the control (p<0.05), while the lactic acid content in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments increased compared to the control (p<0.05). In addition, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the KCC-10 treatment increased compared to the control (p<0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria in KCC-19 increased, but there was no significant difference in all treatments. Therefore, we recommend L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 as potential additive candidates in IRG silage with lots of advantages.