Effects of microbial enzymes on starch and hemicellulose degradation in total mixed ration silages

Ning, Tingting,Wang, Huili,Zheng, Mingli,Niu, Dongze,Zuo, Sasa,Xu, Chuncheng Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.2

Objective: This study investigated the association of enzyme-producing microbes and their enzymes with starch and hemicellulose degradation during fermentation of total mixed ration (TMR) silage. Methods: The TMRs were prepared with soybean curd residue, alfalfa hay (ATMR) or Leymus chinensis hay (LTMR), corn meal, soybean meal, vitamin-mineral supplements, and salt at a ratio of 25:40:30:4:0.5:0.5 on a dry matter basis. Laboratory-scale bag silos were randomly opened after 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days of ensiling and subjected to analyses of fermentation quality, carbohydrates loss, microbial amylase and hemicellulase activities, succession of dominant amylolytic or hemicellulolytic microbes, and their microbial and enzymatic properties. Results: Both ATMR and LTMR silages were well preserved, with low pH and high lactic acid concentrations. In addition to the substantial loss of water soluble carbohydrates, loss of starch and hemicellulose was also observed in both TMR silages with prolonged ensiling. The microbial amylase activity remained detectable throughout the ensiling in both TMR silages, whereas the microbial hemicellulase activity progressively decreased until it was inactive at day 14 post-ensiling in both TMR silages. During the early stage of fermentation, the main amylase-producing microbes were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B. amyloliquefaciens), B. cereus, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis in ATMR silage and B. flexus, B. licheniformis, and Paenibacillus xylanexedens (P. xylanexedens) in LTMR silage, whereas Enterococcus faecium was closely associated with starch hydrolysis at the later stage of fermentation in both TMR silages. B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, and P. xylanexedens were the main source of microbial hemicellulase during the early stage of fermentation in ATMR and LTMR silages, respectively. Conclusion: The microbial amylase contributes to starch hydrolysis during the ensiling process in both TMR silages, whereas the microbial hemicellulase participates in the hemicellulose degradation only at the early stage of ensiling.

Preparation of nano aluminum nitride powders by polymer network method

Ning Zhang,Tingting Fu,Feiyi Yang,Hongmin Kan,Xiaoyang Wang,Haibo Long,Liuyan Wang 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2014 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.15 No.2

In this work, aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3), active carbon and C12H22O11 were used as raw materials. The nano aluminum nitride powders (AlN) were synthesis by polymer network method. Aluminum nitride (AlN) exhibits high thermal conductivity, low dielectric permittivity and good electric insulativity. It has a very high synthetic temperature, however, results in a high cost. The aim of this investigation is to develop a new method of fabricating ultra-fine AlN powders to lower the synthetic temperature of AlN. The influences of different carbon sources and the synthetic temperature on fabricating AlN powders via polymer network method were investigated, and the mechanism of AlN formation was also identified. The results indicated that as using sucrose (C12H22O11) as the carbon source, the optimum synthetic process condition for fabricating ultrafine AlN powders was at 1500 °C for 2 h. Comparing with the mechanical ball-milling method, the temperature of synthesizing AlN powders was lowered about 100 °C. Furthermore, the size of as-synthesized AlN was finer from 50 nm to 80 nm.

Rationally Designed Three-Dimensional NiMoO4/Polypyrrole Core–Shell Nanostructures for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Tingting Chen,Guangning Wang,Qianyan Ning 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2017 NANO Vol.12 No.5

Electrodes of rationally designed composite nanostructures can offer many opportunities for the enhanced performance in electrochemical energy storage. This paper attempts to illustrate the design and production of NiMoO4/polypyrrole core–shell nanostructures on nickel foam to be used in supercapacitor via a facile hydrothermal and electrodeposition process. It has been verified that this novel nanoscale morphology has outstanding capacitive performances. While employed as electrodes in supercapacitors, the composite nanostructures showed remarkable electrochemical performances with a great areal capacitance (3.2 F/cm2 at a current density of 5 mA/cm2 ), and a significant cycle stability (80% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles). The above results reveal that the composite nanostructures may be a likely electrode material for high-performance electrochemical capacitors.

Microstructural and Textural Differences Induced by Water and Furnace Cooling in Commercially Pure Zr Annealed in the α + β Region

Linjiang Chai,Tingting Wang,Yi Ren,Bo Song,Ning Guo,Liangyu Chen 대한금속·재료학회 2018 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.24 No.4

In this work, a commercially pure Zr sheet with a typical bimodal basal texture was annealed in an α + β region and thensubjected to Different coolings (in water and furnace). Microstructures and textures of both the as-received and the heat-treatedspecimens were investigated by electron channeling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diff raction techniques. Resultsshow that a duplex microstructure consisting of untransformed bulk α grains and twinned martensitic plates is produced inthe water-cooled specimen, which possesses a weakened texture compared to the initial one. For the specimen cooled in furnace,however, a uniform microstructure fully comprised of coarser equiaxed grains with a strengthened texture is obtained. Analyses reveal that the rapid cooling in water could suppress variant selection behaviors during β → α transformation andallow α plates with scattered orientations to be nucleated inside β phases, contributing to the weakened texture. In contrast,during slow cooling in furnace, β boundaries would act as preferred nucleation sites of α embryos, resulting in a strong variantselection that accounts for the intensifi ed texture.

Dynamics Associated with Prolonged Ensiling and Aerobic Deterioration of Total Mixed Ration Silage Containing Whole Crop Corn

Wang, Huili,Ning, Tingting,Hao, Wei,Zheng, Mingli,Xu, Chuncheng Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.1

This study investigated the dynamics associated with prolonged ensiling and aerobic deterioration of whole crop corn (WCC) silages and total mixed ration (TMR) silages containing WCC (C-TMR silages) to clarify the differences that account for the enhanced aerobic stability of TMR silages. Laboratory-scale barrel silos were randomly opened after 7, 14, 28, and 56 d of ensiling and were subjected to analyses of fermentation quality, microbial and temperature dynamics during aerobic exposure. WCC and C-TMR silages were both well preserved and microorganisms were inhibited with prolonged ensiling, including lactic acid bacteria. Yeast were inhibited to below the detection limit of 500 cfu/g fresh matter within 28 d of ensiling. Aerobic stability of both silages was enhanced with prolonged ensiling, whereas C-TMR silages were more aerobically stable than WCC silages for the same ensiling period. Besides the high moisture content, the weak aerobic stability of WCC silage is likely attributable to the higher lactic acid content and yeast count, which result from the high water-soluble carbohydrates content in WCC. After silo opening, yeast were the first to propagate and the increase in yeast levels is greater than that of other microorganisms in silages before deterioration. Besides, increased levels of aerobic bacteria were also detected before heating of WCC silages. The temperature dynamics also indicated that yeast are closely associated with the onset of the aerobic deterioration of C-TMR silage, whereas for WCC silages, besides yeast, aerobic bacteria also function in the aerobic deterioration. Therefore, the inclusion of WCC might contribute to the survival of yeast during ensiling but not influence the role of yeast in deterioration of C-TMR silages.

Dynamic Task Scheduling Via Policy Iteration Scheduling Approach for Cloud Computing

( Bin Hu ),( Ning Xie ),( Tingting Zhao ),( Xiaotong Zhang ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2017 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.11 No.3

Dynamic task scheduling is one of the most popular research topics in the cloud computing field. The cloud scheduler dynamically provides VM resources to variable cloud tasks with different scheduling strategies in cloud computing. In this study, we utilized a valid model to describe the dynamic changes of both computing facilities (such as hardware updating) and request task queuing. We built a novel approach called Policy Iteration Scheduling (PIS) to globally optimize the independent task scheduling scheme and minimize the total execution time of priority tasks. We performed experiments with randomly generated cloud task sets and varied the performance of VM resources using Poisson distributions. The results show that PIS outperforms other popular schedulers in a typical cloud computing environment.

Dynamic Recrystallization and Grain Refinement in Extruded AZ31 Rod During Hot Torsion Deformation at 150 °C

Hongbing Chen,Bo Song,Ning Guo,Tingting Liu,Tao Zhou,Jiejun He 대한금속·재료학회 2019 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.25 No.1

The dynamic recrystallization mechanism and microstructure evolution in an extruded AZ31 rod during hot torsion deformationat 150 °C were investigated. It indicated that several dynamic recrystallization mechanisms were initiated during hottorsion deformation, including discontinuous DRX (DDRX), continuous DRX (CDRX) and twinning induced DRX (TDRX). With increasing strain, CDRX became the dominant DRX mechanism and contributed to a remarkable refinement of grains. A gradient distribution of dynamic recrystallization grains on the cross section of samples generated due to the gradientshear strain in twisted samples. Hot torsion can also arouse the c-axis of grains to rotate towards the extrusion direction. From low strain to high strain, the recrystallized grains exhibited a similar texture development with the deformed grains. The relevant mechanisms were revealed.

Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation in Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism: A Prospective Study

Deng Erya,Jiang Tingting,Chai Huihui,Weng Ning,He Hongfeng,Zhang Zhengxian,Peng Chengzhong,Yue Wenwen,Xu Huixiong 대한영상의학회 2024 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.25 No.3

Objective: To prospectively evaluate the outcomes of ultrasound (US)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT). Materials and Methods: Patients with THPT underwent RFA between September 2017 and January 2022. Laboratory parameters, including serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels, were monitored for 48 months after RFA and compared with the levels at baseline. Complications related to RFA and changes in hyperparathyroidism-related clinical symptoms were recorded before and after RFA. Results: A total of 42 patients with THPT were recruited for this study. Ultimately, 36 patients with renal failure and 2 patients who underwent successful renal transplantation (male:female, 17:21; median age, 54.5 years) were enrolled. The follow-up time was 21.5 ± 19.0 months in the 36 patients with renal failure. In these 36 patients, iPTH levels were significantly decreased to 261.1 pg/mL at 48 months compared with the baseline value of 1284.9 pg/mL (P = 0.012). Persistent hyperparathyroidism, defined as iPTH levels maintained at > 585.0 pg/mL for 6 months after treatment, occurred in 4.0% of patients (1/25). Recurrent hyperparathyroidism, defined as iPTH levels > 585.0 pg/mL after 6 months, were 4.0% (1/25) and 0.0% (0/9) at 6 months and 4 years after treatment, respectively. In two patients with THPT after successful renal transplantation, iPTH decreased from the baseline value of 242.5 and 115.9 pg/mL to 171.0 and 62.0 pg/mL at 6 months after treatment. All complications resolved within 6 months of ablation without medical intervention, except in 10.5% (4/38) patients with permanent hypocalcemia. The overall symptom recovery rate was 58.8% (10/17). The severity scores for bone pain, arthralgia, and itchy skin associated with hyperparathyroidism improved after treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion: US-guided RFA is an effective and safe alternative to surgery in the treatment of patients with TPTH and improves hyperparathyroidism-related clinical symptoms.

Characterization of culturable yeast species associating with whole crop corn and total mixed ration silage

Huili Wang,Wei Hao,Tingting Ning,Mingli Zheng,C.C. Xu 아세아·태평양축산학회 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.2

Objective: This study investigated the association of yeast species with improved aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silages with prolonged ensiling, and clarified the characteristics of yeast species and their role during aerobic deterioration. Methods: Whole crop corn (WCC) silages and TMR silages formulated with WCC were ensiled for 7, 14, 28, and 56 d and used for an aerobic stability test. Predominant yeast species were isolated from different periods and identified by sequencing analyses of the 26S rRNA gene D1/D2 domain. Characteristics (assimilation and tolerance) of the yeast species and their role during aerobic deterioration were investigated. Results: In addition to species of Candida glabrata and Pichia kudriavzevii (P. kudriavzevii) previously isolated in WCC and TMR, Pichia manshurica (P. manshurica), Candida ethanolica (C. ethanolica), and Zygosaccharomyces bailii (Z. bailii) isolated at great frequency during deterioration, were capable of assimilating lactic or acetic acid and tolerant to acetic acid and might function more in deteriorating TMR silages at early fermentation (7 d and 14 d). With ensiling prolonged to 28 d, silages became more (p<0.01) stable when exposed to air, coinciding with the inhibition of yeast to below the detection limit. Species of P. manshurica that were predominant in deteriorating WCC silages were not detectable in TMR silages. In addition, the predominant yeast species of Z. bailii in deteriorating TMR silages at later fermentation (28 d and 56 d) were not observed in both WCC and WCC silages. Conclusion: The inhibition of yeasts, particularly P. kudriavzevii, probably account for the improved aerobic stability of TMR silages at later fermentation. Fewer species seemed to be involved in aerobic deterioration of silages at later fermentation and Z. bailii was most likely to initiate the aerobic deterioration of TMR silages at later fermentation. The use of WCC in TMR might not influence the predominant yeast species during aerobic deterioration of TMR silages.

Fermentation Characteristics and Lactic Acid Bacteria Succession of Total Mixed Ration Silages Formulated with Peach Pomace

Hu, Xiaodong,Hao, Wei,Wang, Huili,Ning, Tingting,Zheng, Mingli,Xu, Chuncheng Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2015 Animal Bioscience Vol.28 No.4

The objective of this study was to assess the use of peach pomace in total mixed ration (TMR) silages and clarify the differences in aerobic stability between TMR and TMR silages caused by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The TMR were prepared using peach pomace, alfalfa hay or Leymus chinensis hay, maize meal, soybean meal, cotton meal, limestone, a vitamin-mineral supplement, and salt in a ratio of 6.0:34.0:44.4:7.0:5.0:2.5:1.0:0.1 on a dry matter (DM) basis. Fermentation quality, microbial composition, and the predominant LAB were examined during ensiling and aerobic deterioration. The results indicated that the TMR silages with peach pomace were well fermented, with low pH and high lactic acid concentrations. The aerobic stability of TMR silages were significantly higher than that of TMR. Compared with TMR silages with alfalfa hay, TMR silage with Leymus chinensis hay was much more prone to deterioration. Although the dominant LAB were not identical in TMR, the same dominant species, Lactobacillus buchneri and Pediococcus acidilactici, were found in both types of TMR silages after 56 d of ensiling, and they may play an important role in the aerobic stability of TMR silages.