인공적 도덕행위자(AMA) 개발을 위한 윤리적 원칙 개발

최현철 ( Choi Hyun Cheol ) , 변순용 ( Byun Sunyong ) , 신현주 ( Shin Hyun Ju ) 한국윤리학회 2016 倫理硏究 Vol.111 No.1

스스로 도덕적 결정을 내리는 로봇을 가리켜 `인공적 도덕 행위자(Artificial Moral Agent: AMA)`라고 부르는데, 현재 인공적 도덕 행위자를 위한 윤리를 마련하고자 하는 접근은 크게 세 가지로 구분된다. 우선 전통적인 공리주의나 의무론적 윤리이론에 기반을 둔 하향식(top-down) 접근, 콜버그나 튜링의 방식을 따르는 상향식(bottom-up) 접근, 그리고 이 두 접근을 융합하려는 혼합식(hybrid) 접근이 있다. 인공적 도덕 행위자 설계에 대한 하향식 접근은 어떤 구체적 윤리이론을 선택한 다음, 그 이론을 구현할 수 있는 계산적 알고리즘과 시스템 설계를 이끌어내는 방식이다. 이 때 선택된 구체적 윤리이론은 도덕적 직관이 불확실할 때의 사례들을 인공적 도덕 행위자가 제대로 분류해낼 수 있도록 도와주는 중요한 역할을 한다. 반면 상향식 접근은 인공적인 도덕적 행위자가 다양한 기계-학습을 통해 도덕적인 추론을 배워나가도록 하는 방법을 모색한다. 상향식 접근의 중요한 전제는 아동이 적절한 발달 단계를 거치면서 도덕성과 도덕 추론을 배워나가듯이, 인공적 도덕 행위자도 적절한 교육을 통해 그와 같이 발전할 수 있다는 것이다. 이 글은 공리주의적 결과론에 바탕을 둔 의사결정의 모형과 규칙들을 칸트의 의무론적 윤리 추론 규칙과 조합하는 방식을 통해 인공적 도덕 행위자를 위한 하향식 접근의 윤리를 구상해 보았다. 그런 후 이렇게 마련된 윤리를 10세 수준의 소셜 로봇 시나리오에 적용해 봄으로써, 도덕적 민감성을 갖춘 인공적 도덕 행위자 로봇 개발에 이 윤리가 어떤 방식으로 활용될 수 있는지 제안하였다. Robots with the ability to make moral judgments on its own is called "Artificial Moral Agent(AMA)", and there are generally three approaches when it comes to establishing an ethics for the AMA. First, the top-down approach makes use of the traditional ethical theories such as utilitarian or deontological theories. Second, the bottom-up approach follows the central ideas proposed by L. Kohlberg or A. M. Turing. Finally, the hybrid approach is an attempt to unite the top-down and the bottom-up approaches. The top-down approach for the AMA begins with selecting an appropriate ethical theory, followed by coming up with computational algorithms and systems which can be said to incorporate the given theory. The role of the ethical theory in this approach is to provide the AMA with rules to follow in morally complex situations. On the other hand, the bottom-up approach focuses on developing various machine-learning methods for the AMA to learn ethical reasoning without giving it any available rules at hand. The basic idea for this approach is to regard the AMA as a human child who has the potential of obtaining moral reasoning as the child grows up according to proper developmental stages of morality. Among the three approaches mentioned above, this paper will adopt the first one to construct a top-down ethics for the AMA. To be precise, it will be a combination of utilitarian rules for decision-making and Kantian deontological rules for ethical reasoning. After this, the proposed top-down ethics for the AMA will be applied to case scenarios involving a health-care robot with the intelligence of a 10-years-old child so as to show the workings of the ethics.

고해상도 위성영상 GeoEye-1과 WorldView-2의 RPC 블록조정모델 정확도 분석

최선용(Choi, Sunyong),강준묵(Kang, Junmook) 한국측량학회 2012 한국측량학회지 Vol.30 No.2

One Million Cycle Durability Test of Electrochromic Devices Using Charge Balance Control

In-Gyu Choi,Dahyun Choi,Jang-Yeob Lee,Minji Lee,Sung-Ik Park,Doo-Man Chun,Caroline Sunyong Lee,Won-Shik Chu 한국정밀공학회 2020 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.7 No.1

We fabricated 10 mm × 10 mm WO3 electrochromic devices (ECDs) using a nanoparticle deposition system (NPDS), which is a coating method that uses kinetic spray. NPDS has the advantage of mass production due to its relatively low pressure and low temperature working conditions but can result in porous surfaces, which has a negative effect on device durability. We developed an optical transmittance measurement and voltage control system that allows dynamic control. Transmittance was measured by Optical Power Meter, 2936-R Newport, while voltage was dynamically applied by NI9477, National Instrument. Current was measured by high resolution current, National Instrument. This system enables ECDs to be feedback controlled depending on the measured electronic properties. We then characterized the WO3 ECDs, focusing on the relationship between transmittance and current under well-known static operating conditions. Finally, we proposed a new algorithm to extend durability performance by adopting charge balance control and conducted an accelerated life test over 1,000,000 cycles. According to our results, the optical performance was maintained until the test ended, and there was a 45.4% difference in the maximum and minimum transmittance of the sample after the accelerated life test. Therefore, the charge balance control enhanced the lifetime of the ECDs by avoiding negative charge accumulation, verifying that the durability of ECDs could be enhanced by adopting dynamic control.

KS 표준 개정에 따른 휨부재 설계에 대한 영향 평가

김선용(Kim, Sunyong),최상현(Choi, Sanghyun),최병호(Choi, Byung-Ho),김경식(Kim, Kyungsik) 대한토목학회 2017 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.10

Investigation of dry-deposited ion storage layers using various oxide particles to enhance electrochromic performance

Choi, Dahyun,Lee, Minji,Kim, Hyungsub,Chu, Won-shik,Chun, Doo-man,Ahn, Sung-Hoon,Lee, Caroline Sunyong North-Holland 2018 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Various ion storage layers were fabricated on ITO-glass substrates by a dry deposition process to study their effects in electrochromic devices. Dense nickel oxide (NiO) film was formed using micro-sized NiO particles, a porous film was formed using nano-sized NiO particles, and a porous antimony tin oxide (ATO) film was formed using nano-sized ATO particles. Electrochemical analyses revealed that the nano-porous NiO layer had a high charge capacity with a low charge transfer resistance. Moreover, an electrochromic device using a NiO film with nano-sized pores had an optical transmittance difference of 42% and a stable cyclic transmittance for 1h at a wavelength of 630nm. We assessed the effects of the different ion storage layers by evaluating the electrochromic device in terms of the following important properties: 1) high charge capacity, 2) low charge transfer resistance at the interface between film and electrolyte, and 3) high diffusion rate from film to electrolyte. Based on these criteria, we found that the ion storage layer formed with nano-sized NiO particles best satisfied these conditions. Finally, we confirmed that stable and high electrochromic performance can be achieved through improving these properties in ion storage layers.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Ion storage (IS) layer fabricated by dry deposition method using various sized NiO. </LI> <LI> NiO film resulting in nano-sized pores, showed high charge capacity with low transfer resistance. </LI> <LI> Device using Nano NiO film showed a transmittance difference of 42% with stable switching at 630nm. </LI> <LI> Stable and high electrochromic performance can be achieved by adding metal oxide based IS layers. </LI> </UL> </P>

Low-voltage modulated inorganic smart windows using solid polymer electrolyte

Choi, Dahyun,Kim, Hyojun,Lee, Minji,Son, Minhee,Ahn, Sung-hoon,Lee, Caroline Sunyong North-Holland 2019 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We have developed a low-voltage modulated inorganic electrochromic device using a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). UV-cured electrolytes with various ferrocene (Fc) concentrations of 0, 0.05, and 0.1 M were developed. The electrochromic evaluation of the device using an Fc concentration of 0.1 M indicated high transmittance changes of >60% under a low potential change of 2.5 V due to the Fc in the electrolyte assisting with ion transfer to thin films, resulting in the lowest resistance within the device. Moreover, this electrochromic device, with an excellent self-bleaching effect, showed improved transmittance by 37% for 2000 s.</P> <P>We have fabricated a large smart window with a size of 20 × 20 cm<SUP>2</SUP> using the optimized conditions, with stable cyclic transmittance change up to 100 cycles upon a potential change of 2.5 V. Therefore, an electrochromic device with high transmittance difference and stable switching performance was successfully demonstrated using 0.1 M Fc-based SPE.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> WO<SUB>3</SUB> electrochromic and ATO ion storage layers were deposited on the FTO-glass using a kinetically sprayed process. </LI> <LI> The electrochromic device with Ferrocene shows low resistance, resulting in a transmittance change of >60% upon low voltage. </LI> <LI> The ECD with 0.1 M Fc showed the highest self-bleaching effect for cyclic transmittance without additional external voltage. </LI> <LI> We have proven that a large-area smart window was fabricated and operated under the low voltage change of 2.5 V. </LI> </UL> </P>

Application of the Taguchi Method to Optimize Graphene Coatings on Copper Nanoparticles Formed Using a Solid Carbon Source

Choi, Dahyun,Pyo, Youngjun,Jung, Seung-Boo,Kim, Yongil,Yoon, Eric H.,Lee, Caroline Sunyong JAPAN INSTITUTE OF METALS 2016 MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol.57 No.7

<P>Graphene has attracted much recent interest as an electronic material due to its large electron mobility. Large-area graphene has been synthesized using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). however, it is difficult to apply this process to grow graphene on nanoparticles (NPs) because of their small radius of curvature, which results in a large defect density. In this work, we used the Taguchi method to optimize the deposition of graphene on nanoparticles. We used polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to coat copper NPs via CVD and optimized the process conditions using a minimal number of experiments. The PVP served as the solid carbon source, forming graphene when heated to 875 degrees C. To improve the quality of the graph one coatings on the Cu NPs, the following process parameters wore Ng-tried: gas conditions (ratio of Ar to H-2), process time and temperature, the amount of PVP solution, and the molecular weight of PVP. We identified optimal process conditions using only eight experiments. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the quality of the graphene coatings by comparing two-dimensional (20) spectra and I-D/I-G ratios of the different coatings. A decrease in I-D/I-G, in combination with sharper Raman bands, is indicative of the thickness and crystal quality of the graphene layer. The quality of the graphene layer was also evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SUM). The optimal conditions for the formation of graphene-coated Cu NPs were: a temperature of 875 degrees C, a deposition time of 2 minutes, an Ar-to-H-2 ratio of 1:1, PVP with a molecular weight of M-w = 3,500 (K-12) during the polyol process, and a 50-wt.% PVP solution with M-W = 45,000 (K-30). Using the Taguchi method, we identified trends relating defect density versus process conditions and successfully obtained a graphene coating with a minimal defect density.</P>

Fabrication of transparent conductive tri-composite film for electrochromic application

Choi, Dahyun,Lee, Minji,Kim, Hyungsub,Chu, Won-shik,Chun, Doo-man,Ahn, Sung-Hoon,Lee, Caroline Sunyong Elsevier 2017 APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE - Vol.425 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A transparent conductive electrode (TCE) based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was developed using a dry deposition method for application as an electrochromic (EC) device. To improve its electrical conductivity and stable EC performance, AgNW and TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanoparticles were included in the TCE film. The resulting TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/AgNW/PEDOT:PSS hybrid film showed electrical sheet resistivity of 23Ω/sq., similar to that of a commercial TCE film. When +2.0V was applied to the hybrid film, the response current was stable, maintaining a value of 2.0mA. We found that the hybrid film could be used as an EC device, without using commercial TCE film. Antimony-doped tin oxide on indium-doped tin oxide-glass as an ion-storage layer was combined with the hybrid film, with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI) injected into the EC device as an ionic liquid electrolyte. The optical transmittance difference between the colored and bleached states was 23% at 630nm; under applied voltages of −2.0V and +2.0V, the coloration efficiency was 127.83cm<SUP>2</SUP>/C. Moreover, cyclic transmittance with switching voltage for 3h showed stable optical transmittance of 31% at 630nm. Cyclic voltammetry measurements indicated stable behavior over 50 cycles. Thus, the proposed TCE configuration (TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/AgNW/PEDOT:PSS) shows great potential as a substitute for commercial TCEs, the cost of which depends on the availability of rare-earth materials.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Tri-composite film composed of TiO<SUB>2</SUB>/AgNW/PEDOT:PSS for transparent conductive electrode (TCE),was developed to be used for electrochromic device. </LI> <LI> This Tri-composite film showed low electrical sheet resistivity, comparable to that of TCE and maintained stable response current with voltage application of +2.0V. </LI> <LI> This electrochromic device using ITO-free TCE, showed coloration efficiency of 127.83cm<SUP>2</SUP>/C. </LI> <LI> Dry deposited TiO2 film shows nanoporous <I>p</I>-<I>n</I> heterostructure to improve electrochemical performance of the device. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

회전항체를 위한 확장 칼만 필터 기반 회전속도 추정기법 설계

이선용(Sunyong Lee),진미현(Mihyun Jin),최헌호(Heon Ho Choi),이상정(Sang Jeong Lee) 대한전기학회 2016 정보 및 제어 심포지엄 논문집 Vol.2016 No.10

Design of Roll Rate Estimator using GPS Signal for Spinning Vehicle

Lee, Sunyong,Jin, Mihyun,Choi, Heon Ho,Lee, Sang Jeong The Institute of Positioning 2016 Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Vol.5 No.3

The present paper proposes a method that can estimate a roll rate of spinning vehicles utilizing GPS receivers. The proposed method analyzes a relation between received signal and correlation value and utilizes a phenomenon that received signal power that changes according to a signal incident direction affects a correlation value. That is, a roll-rate estimation method using zero crossing detection method for correlation value, which has sinusoidal periodicity according to rotations of vehicles, is proposed. A correlation value in real environments experiences a jitter so that the proposed method includes a pre-processing filter and detection threshold setting way is also considered to reduce the effect of received signal power. In order to verify the operation of the proposed method and analyze the performance, a signal generator and software-defined receiver (SDR) are designed. The signal generator generates intermediate frequency (IF) signal by taking the rotation of vehicles, antenna gain, and signal power into consideration, and a correlation value is acquired by taking the generated IF signals into consideration. Using the generated correlation value, the operation of the proposed roll rate estimation method is verified and the performance is analyzed.