담배個體群의 生態學的 硏究 : 第三報 담배의 葉型에 따른 葉面積 測定方法에 關한 硏究 III. Methods of Measuring Leaf Area of Tobacco according to Leaf Shape

申周植 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1978 煙草硏究 Vol.5 No.-

This experiment was performed to study the methods of measuring the leaf area for the undetached leaf from the stem. According to leaf position and leaf shape, the relationship between precise leaf area (PLA) and leaf length×width (LL×LW) was analysed. In that relationship, leaf area coefficients (a) (PLA/LL×LW) were obtained. In addition to the above, some coefficients to correct the leaf area by leaf weight was obtained. The results are summarized as follows. 1.Coefficient (a) was varied according to leaf position and leaf shape index (LSI). The coefficient of the lower middle and upper leaves were 0.6464, 0.6527 and 0.6621 respectively. According to the LSI-I, the coefficient for the loaves below 45% in LSI-I was 0.6405, and that of the leaves above 45% was 0.6563. The average coefficient for all the leaves was 0. 2.The higher the LSI-III was, the higher the coefficient was. But the higher tnt SI-II was, the lower the coefficient was. 3.Six types of leaves was divided according to three LSI used in this experiment. Different types of leaves showed different value of coefficient. 4.In the relationship between the precise leaf area and the leaf area computed by leaf weight and weight of unit leaf area, regression coefficients and leaf area coefficients showed differences according to leaf position and leaf shape.

담배 個體群의 生態學的 硏究 : 第6報 個體群內 葉分布樣式 및 몇가지 形質에 미치는 栽植距離 및 密度의 影響 Part VI. The Effect of Plant Spacings and Density on the Leaf Distribution Pattern and on Some Agronomic Characteristics

申周植 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1982 煙草硏究 Vol.9 No.-

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of plants density and spacings on the leaf azimuth, number and percentage of leaves oriented to the right angle to the row and parallel to the row, the degree of midrib curvature, and some other agronomic. Hicks(flue-cured tobacco) and Burley-21(Burley tobacco) were applied in this experiment. The results are summarized as follows. The leaf azimuth was influenced by plants density and spacings. The prefered azimuth of the leaves tended to be towards the direction of greater spacing. The percentage of leaves oriented to the right angle to the row is greater than that oriented parallel to the row. And the percentage of leaves oriented to the right angle to the row increased in the case of high density and narrow spacing between plants in a row. Hicks had more leaves haying curved than Burley-21 did. There was no correlation between the percentage of leaves having curved midrib and the percentage of leaves oriented parallel to the row. And these were no differences of the percentage of loaves having curved midrib according to plants density and spacings. In the cane of middle leaves, weight of leaf lamina, weight per unit leaf area, percentage of dry matter and specific weight were larger in the larger part of the lamina than in the smeller part of the lamina of loaves having curved midrib.

播種期, 土壤水分 및 日射條件이 黃色種 담배의 生育 및 收量構成要素에 미치는 影響

申周植 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1986 煙草硏究 Vol.12 No.-

This study was conducted to study the effects of sowing time (transplanting time), soil moisture stress and shading after topping on the growth and yield components of flue-cured tobacco, The results are summarized as follows. 1.Leaf area of Cutter and Leaf of early sowing plot was increased by late soil moisture stress, but that of late sowing was increased by early soil moisture stress. Early soil moisture stress made the Lugs small and late soil moisture stress made the Green Tip small. 2.Soil moisture stress delayed the emergence of Leaf and Tip, the period from transplanting to topping and the beginning of maximum growth stage of Cutter and the upper leaves. But soil moisture stress before maximum growth stage of stem made the stem longer. 3.Dry weight per unit leaf area and percentage of dry matter were increased by early sowing and decreased by soil moisture stress. The decreasing rate of dry weight per unit leaf area and percentag of dry matter according to the soil moisture stress treatment were greater in the plot of early sowing than in the plot of late sowing. 4.Dry weight per unit leaf area and percentage of dry matter of the Leaf decreased by shading after topping. And those of the Cutter decreased by shading after 10 days from topping in the case of early sowing, but not in late sowing. 5.In the case of late sowing, the leaf thickness of all stalk positions decreased by soil moisture stress treatment. But in the case of early sowing, the leaf thickness of Lug, Cutter and Leaf was decreased by late stress, early stress and early to middle stress, respectively. 6.Dry weight of Lug and Green Tip was small in late soil moisture stress treatment, and that of Cutter in middle to late stress treatment. Middle to late soil moisture stress made the dry weight of Leaf large in the plot of early sowing, and made that small in late sowing. 7.Middle to late soil moisture stress decreased the leaf weight per plant. 8.Significant correlation coefficients between yield and quality components and crop growth rate at certain growing stage were shown. The growth amount of Lug for 10-day period after 20 days, that of Cutter for 10-day period after 10 days, that of Leaf for 10-day period after 40 days, and that of Tip for Tip for 10-day period after 50 and 80 days from transplanting, respectively, was shown critical to the yield and quality components of each stalk position.

담배個體群의 生態學的 硏究 : 第四報: 栽植密度, 移植時期, 施肥量 및 葉數가 담배 個體群內 光環境 및 收量構成要素 變異에 미치는 影響 IV. Effects of plant density, transplanting time, fertilization level and number leaves on the light condition in the tobacco population and yield constitutional element

申周植 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1979 煙草硏究 Vol.6 No.-

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of plant density, transplanting time, fertilization level and number of leaves per plant and per unit area on the light condition in the tobacco population and yield constitutional elements. The results were summarized as follows. 1.In the case of high plant density, leaf area and weight per a plant decreased, while yield and LAI increased. 2.Area and weight of the upper leaves increased by early transplanting, but leaf area and weight per a plant showed little differences at different transplanting time. 3.Leaf area and weight per a plant was small in the plot of decreased level of fertilization. 4.As the number of leaves per plant decreased, leaf area and weight of the upper leaves increased, while those per plant decreased. 5.Yield and LAI increased with the number of leaves per unit area. Reciprocally comparing the plots holding the same number of loaves per unit area, leaf area and weight of a leaf and weight per unit leaf area of the middle leaves were small in the case of high density, but LAI and yield showed little differences among the plots of different plant density and number of loaves per plant. 6.The wider the leaf area of the upper leaf layer was, the lower the relative light intensity in the tobacco population. The leaf area of the upper leaf layer increased in the case of high density and early transplanting. Number of leaves per a plant had little effects on the leaf area of the upper leaf layer. 7.The harmonized production of tobacco in yield as well as quality can be possibly achieved by increasing the number of leaves per plant rather than by increasing plant density.

담배 摘芯前 및 後의 腋芽發生의 品種間 差異

申周植 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1988 煙草硏究 Vol.13 No.-

1.Differences of ground sucker development among varieties were shown. The peak time of developing the ground suckers were eight weeks after transplanting influe-cured, and six weeks in local varieties. Burley varieties showed little development of ground suckers. 2.Dry weight per a ground sucker was large in local, medium in flue-cured, and seal 1 in burley varieties. 3.In flue-cured varieties, the dry matter of ground sucker was large in Coker 139, BY 4 and Va 115, and small in NC 82 and Nc2326. 4.Burley varieties had the most number of suckers and Cheongjuyub the least primary suckers of Ky10, secondary suckers of Burley 21 and Coker 139, and tertiary suckers of the other varieties were shown as the peak developing time, Local varieties had few or no quadratic suckers. 5.The growth rate of ground suckers and suckers of Hyangcho was remarkably larger than any other varieties. Burley varieties had small ground suckers relatively large suckers. Cheongjuyub had large ground suckers and small leers. Flue-cured varieties lay between the burley and local varieties.

발아율 향상을 위한 종자처리 중 담배 종자의 지방산 변화

신주식,김영신 충북대학교 연초연구소 2006 煙草硏究 Vol.20 No.-

본 연구에서는 발아력 향상을 위해 담배품종 Nicotiana tabacum cv. KF109와 cv. KB108 종자에 종자전처리방법 중 하나인 solid matrix priming (SMP)처리를 하여 전처리 효과를 알아보고 전처리과정 중 담배종자 발아시 에너지원으로 사용되는 지방산의 함량 변화를 조사한 결과 아래와 같다. 1. 발아시험결과 전처리에 의한 처리간 발아율 차이는 보이지 않았으나, 발아세, T50은 KF109의 경우 9일처리, KB108의 경우 7일처리에서 가장 높았다. 2. 종자내 지방산을 분석한 결과 처리기간동안 함량의 변화가 큰 지방산의 종류는 palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid+elaidic acid, linoleic acid+linolelaidic acid, α-linole nic acid였다. 3. 지방산 종류에 따라 다소 차이가 있으나 각 지방산의 함량은 KF109의 경우 8일 또는 9일에서, KB108의 경우 6일 또는 7일까지 증가하였다가 이후 감소하였다. 4. 특히 지방산 중 oleic acid+elaidic acid와 linoleic acid+linolelaidic acid 함량의 변화가 가장 컸으며 다른 지방산에 비하여 함량도 높았는데 KF109와 KB108 품종의 경우 8일과 6일처리까지 각각 증가하여 최고에 이른 후 급격히 감소하는 결과를 보여 종자전처리 진행과정을 확인하는 데에 이용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. We studied the effect of SMP(solid matrix priming) treatment, a pretreatment for germination enhancement, to tobacco seeds by measuring of germination rate and fatty acid, energy source for tobacco germination. The results were as follows. In result of germination test, germinative ability was the highest in KF109 at nine day treatment and in KB108 at seven day treatment. The composition of fatty acid in tobacco seed confirmed by gas chromatography were palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid+elaidic acid, linoleic acid+linolelaidic acid, and a-linolenic acid. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and elaidic acid, and linoleic acid and linolelaidic acid were highest in KF109 at eight or nine day treatment and in KB108 at six or seven day treatment. Especially, content of oleic acid + elaidic acid, and linoleic acid+linolelaidic acid were changed largely by treatment, so these might be used for index to examine treatment effect.

播種期 및 育苗日數가 黃色種 담배의 初期生育 및 收量에 미치는 影響

申周植,盧載榮,裵吉寬,朴相一 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1984 煙草硏究 Vol.11 No.-

This experiment was carried out to study the influence of different sowing time, seedling age (the degree of delayed setting) and seedlingbed materials on the growth and yield components of flue-cured tobacco. The variety applied was N.C. 2326, was sown on March 1,11,21 and 31. Those plants were transplanted on the seeding bed mixed humus with sand at the ratio of humus 9 : sand 1 and humus 3: sand 7, 25 days after sowing. Seedlings were grown for 40, 50, 60 and 70 days (from sowing to setting) on the seed bed and seedling bed, and set on the pots (1/5,000a) in the vinyl house. The results obtained were as forlows . 1.The amount of growth of seedlings increased by late sowing and delayed setting. 2.Until the time before the maximum growth stage after setting, stem heigth was larger in the plots of late sowing and delayed setting. After the middle part of maximum growth stage, the earner the sewing time was, the more remarkable the influence of seedling age on the stem elongation was and the larder the seedling age was, the more remarkable the influence of sowing time on the stem elongation was. 3.Stem diameter was large in the plot to late sowing until the early part of maximum growth stage but after the middle part of maximum growth stage the diameter was large in the plants sown at March 11 and March 21. 4.The number of leaves per plant increased by late sowing and delayed setting shown significant difference after maximum growth stage. 5.Late setting made the stem height high and number of leaves per plant more. The size of largest leaf was small in the plot of early sowing and large in the plot set after May 10. 6.It takes more days to reach a topping time from sowing and setting in the case of early sowing and early setting. 7.In early sowing plots, the leaf area of lugs and cutlers decreased by younger seedling age, and in late sowing plots, that decreased by older seedling age. The leaf area of leaf and tip at different treatments showed similar results, but in the plots sown at March 11 and 21, largest leaf was shown in the plot of 50- day seedlings. The area of green tip decreased by late seeding and delayed setting. As a result of theses the plant type showed sylindrical in the plot of early sowing and younger seedling age, and cone shape in the plot of late sewing and older seedling age. 8.The earlier the sowing time and the younger the seedling age were, the heavier the weight of unit leaf area of lugs and cutters, but there were little influences of different sowing time and seedling age on the weight of unit leaf area of leaf, tip and green tip. The percentage of dry matter showed similar tendency to the results of weight of unit leaf area. 9.Late sowing (March, 31) decreases the weight of a cured leaf. Weight of cured cutter was largest in the plots sowing March 1 and that of leaf tip and green tip was largest in the plots sowing March 11 and March 21. The weight of cured lugs was largest in 40 and 50-day seedlings, and that of tip and green tip was largest in 50-day seedlings. There were little differences of weight of a cutter and leaf among the treatments of different seedling age. 10.In 40- day seedlings, the area and weight of leaves per plant increased by late sowing, and in 70-day seedlings, those increased by early sowing. In 50 and 60-day seedlings, those were highest in the plots sown at March 11 and March 21. Largest weight and area of leaves per plant was shown in the plot set on May 10, and the plots set on April 10, and June 1 showed significantly low weight of loaves per plant. 11.Late sowing and older seedling age increased the leaf thickness of those leaves. Different sowing time and the seedling age did not influence on the leaf area contraction ratio and leaf thickness of leaf, tip and green tip. 12.There were significantly negative correlation between leaf area of lug and cutter and weight per unit leaf area, percentage of dry matter and leaf thickness of the lug and cutters, but no correlation between those characters of leaf, tip and green tip. Weight per unit leaf area correlated positively with percentage of dry matter and specific leaf weight in all stalk position. In the lug and cutter, weight per unit leaf area correlated positively with leaf thickness and negatively with leaf area contraction between weight per unit leaf area and leaf area contraction ratio. There were negative correlation between leaf thickness and leaf area contractions of lugs and cutters, and no correlation between those characters of leaf, tip and green tip. 13.There were not significant effects of seedling bed materials applied in this experiment on the growth after setting and yield components.

치근관 내 편성 혐기성 세균에 대한 서양산 고추냉이 뿌리 추출물의 항균효과

이원주,박호원,신일식,이주현,서현우 大韓小兒齒科學會 2009 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.36 No.2

치근단 감염 시 물리적인 작용으로 증상이 완화되지 않을 때, 근관 내 세균을 제거하기 위해 항균성을 지닌 소독제나 세척제가 필요하다. 천연항균제에 대한 관심이 증가하면서 여러 연구들에 의해 고추냉이 추출물의 구성 성분 중 하나인 allyl isothiocyanate에 대한 항균성이 밝혀졌다. 이에 본 연구에서는 근관내 감염시 자주 발견되는 세균들 중 편성혐기성 세균인 Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella nigrescence, 그리고 항생제에 내성이 커서 항균 작용 실험 시 대조균으로 자주 사용되는 Clostidial perfringens에 대한 서양산 고추냉이 뿌리 추출물의 항균효과를 알아보고, 대표적인 항균제인 클로르헥시딘과 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 본 연구에 사용된 3종의 편성 혐기성 세균에 대한 서양산 고추냉이 뿌리 추출물의 최소 억제 농도는 평균 87-470 ppm, 최소 살균 농도는 평균 156-625 ppm으로 F.nucleatum에 대해 가장 강한 항균효과를 나타내었으며, 항균제에 저항성이 큰 C. perfringens에도 항균효과를 나타내었다. 2. 본 연구에 사용된 3종의 편성 혐기성 세균에 대한 클로르헥시딘의 최소억제 농도는 평균 3.12-6.25 ppm, 최소 살균 농도는 평균 10.94 ppm이었다. 3. 서양산 고추냉이 뿌리 추출물은 87-470 ppm의 농도에서 3.12-6.25 ppm의 클로르헥시딘과 비슷한 세균성장 억제 효과를 가지며 156-625 ppm의 서양산 고추냉이 뿌리 추출물은 10.94 ppm의 클로르헥시딘과 비슷한 살균 효과를 보였다. When the symptom of periapical infection is not released by mechanical instrumentation, anti-microbial agents including antibiosis become necessary in order to remove microorganisms from the root canal. Since anti-microbial agents of natural origins are currently popular, more natural remedies are being sought out. As it turns out, it is welll known isothiocyanates (ITCs) in horseradish root extract have anti-microbial activity from many studies. In this research, anti-microbial effects of horseradish root extract and chlorhexidine, a typical anti-microbial agent, were investigated and compared against two kinds of obligate anaerobes, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella nigrescens, that are often discovered in infected root canal, and Clostridium perfringens, which is resistant to antibiotics and frequently used as a control strain for antibacterial studies. 1. The MIC and MBC of horseradish root extract were ranged from 87 to 470 ppm and from 156 to 625 ppm against three kinds of obligate anaerobes, respectively. Horseradish root extract showed the strongest anti-bacterial activity (MBC, 156 ppm) against F. nucleatum and also showed anti-bacterial activity against antibiotic resistant obligate anaerobes, C. perfringens. 2. The MIC and MBC of chlorhexidine were ranged from 3.12 to 6.25 ppm and 10.94 ppm aginst three kinds of obligate anaerobes, respectively. 3. The MIC with 87-470 ppm of horseradish root exact has the same growth inhibiting effect as the one of 3.12-6.25 ppm of chlorhexidine. Likewise, the MBC with 156-625 ppm of horseradish has the similar bactericidal effect as 10.94 ppm of chlorhexidine.

부상형 직파육묘방법에서 cell 크기에 따른 dibbling의 깊이가 담배 묘 생육에 미치는 영향

김영신,신주식,백기현,배길관 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 2001 煙草硏究 Vol.18 No.-

The objects of this study were to search ideal dibbling depth and cell size in direct-seeding improved float system. Percentage of dry cell was high in dibbling depth of 0.0mm and 7.5mm in every cell size. Dibbling treatment increased the seed germination rate. Germination power of the 128 cell was high in dibbling depth of 15.0mm or more, and that of the 162 cell and 200 cell was high in the depth of 12.5mm or more. Rate of usable plant of the 128 cell was high in dibbling depth of 15.0mm, and that of the 162 cell and 200 cell was high in the depth of 12.5mm. Compaction and low oxygen levels of media by deeper dibbling depth contribute significantly to spiral root. According to the interacting results of the treatments, dibbling depth of 15mm in 128 cell and that of 12.5mm in 162 cell and 200 cell were recommended to get high seed germination rate and good seedling growth.

국내에서 생산 판매되는 담배 각초에 존재하는 알칼로이드 함량과 주류연의 연기성분 비교 연구

박병주,신주식,임흥빈 충북대학교 연초연구소 2006 煙草硏究 Vol.20 No.-

국내에서 시판되고 있는 69종의 궐련담배 각초를 재료로 하여 궐련담배 각초에 함유되어 있는 alkaloid 함량을 측정하고 궐련담배 주류연의 tar 및 nicotine 함량을 측정하여 비교분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 국내에서 시판되고 있는 귈련담배는 tar와 nicotine의 함량이 각각 5 mg, 0.5 mg 수준인 담배가 가장 많았다. 2. 국내에서 시판되는 궐련담배 각초 alkaloid 성분의 평균함량은 nicotine 15.7±1.8 mg/g, nornicotine 432±182 μg/g, anabasine 63±28 μg/g, myosmine 52±17 μg/g이었다. 3. Alkaloid 성분 중 nornicotine 함량은 타사 제품에 비해 A사와 군소업체 제품담배에서 유의하게 높았다. 4. 국내에서 시판되는 궐련담배 각초에 존재하는 nicotine의 주류연으로의 이행율은 10 % 이하였다. This study was carried out to compare alkaloids contents existed in tobacco shred, with major components in tobacco smoke from 69 cigarette brands being on sale in Korea. Alkaloids and cigarette smoke components were analysed by gas chromatography. Cigarette brands with the level of tar 5 mg/cig and nicotine 0.5 mg/cig in mainstream smoke were major in Korea. Mean values of nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine, and myosmine contents existed in tobacco shred from 69 cigarette brand were 15.6 ± 1.9 mg/g, 431 ± 187 ug/g, 62 ± 28 ug/g, 53 ± 16 ug/g, respectively. Nornicotine contents existed in tobacco shred of cigarette brands manufactured by A company and some small companies were relatively higher than that other three major companies. Direct transfer rates of nicotine from shred to mainstream smoke in most cigarette being on sale in Korea was lower than 10%. These results indicates that alkaloids contents in tobacco shred from cigarette have something to do with cigarette smoke components and this analysis have to fulfil periodically in order to obtain a basic information for quality evaluation of cigarette smoke in connection with smoking and healths.