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Impact of contact resistance on memory window in phase-change random access memory (PCRAM)
An, J. s.,Choi, C. m.,Shindo, S.,Sutou, Y.,Kwon, Y. w.,Song, Y. h. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 Journal of Computational Electronics Vol.15 No.4
<P>This paper investigates the impact of contact resistance on the memory window in phase-change random access memories (PCRAMs) using (GST). We discuss the increase of contact resistance, as device is scaled down to a nanometer size and the effects of contact resistivity changes with respect to the resistance window between the set and reset states. In a contact area of , the contact resistance in the set state occupies more than 80 % of the total resistance, and the occupied area increases as the contact area is scaled upward. The memory window is significantly degraded as the set resistance increases because of the increasing contact resistance. To maintain the memory window with more than two orders of magnitude of the resistance in a area, the contact resistance should be decreased to less than 60 % of that of a area by reducing contact resistivity or by some other method. We examine the reduction of contact resistance achieved by adopting a three-dimensional contact structure, and we propose this structure as a candidate for the scaled PCRAM.</P>
An, J.S.,Choi, C.M.,Shindo, Y.,Sutou, Y.,Jeong, H.S.,Song, Y.H. IET 2016 Electronics letters Vol.52 No.18
<P>The gradual erasing operation from reset state to set state adjusting pulse amplitude, duration time and falling time respectively in phase change device using Ge1Cu2Te3 is investigated. For this procedure, a relatively high voltage and increased falling time, which was able to produce both long-term potential and long-term depression in the time interval between pre-spike and post-spike is choosing. The results suggested that the presence of synaptic behaviour was due to controlled falling time rather than pulse amplitude.</P>
Electron Holography of Advanced Nanomaterials
Shindo, D.,Park, H.S.,Kim, J.J.,Oikawa, T.,Tomita, T. Korean Society of Electron Microscopy 2006 Applied microscopy Vol.36 No.2
By utilizing a field emission gun and a biprism installed on a transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron holography is extensively carried out to visualize the electric and magnetic fields of nanomaterials. In the electric field analysis, the distribution of electric potential in a sharp tip made of W coated with $ZrO_2$ is visualized by applying the voltage to the tip. Denser contour lines due to the electric potential are observed with an increase in the bias voltage. In the magnetic field analysis by producing the strong magnetic field with a sharp magnetic needle made of a permanent magnet, the in situ experiment is carried out to investigate the magnetization of hard magnetic materials. The results of these experiments clearly demonstrate that electron holography is a promising advanced transmission electron microscopy technique to characterize the electric and magnetic properties of nanomaterials.
( Hiroshi Yamawaki ),( Seiji Futagami ),( Mayumi Shimpuku ),( Tomotaka Shindo ),( Yuuta Maruki ),( Hiroyuki Nagoya ),( Yasuhiro Kodaka ),( Hitomi Sato ),( Katya Gudis ),( Tetsuro Kawagoe ),( Choitsu S 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2015 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.21 No.1
Background/Aims There are no available data about the relationship between ghrelin gene genotypes and early phase of gastric emptying in functional dyspepsia (FD) as defined by Rome III classification. Methods We enrolled 74 patients presenting with typical symptoms of FD and 64 healthy volunteers. Gastric motility was evaluated using the 13C-acetate breath test. We used Rome III criteria to evaluate upper abdominal symptoms and self-rating questionnaires for depression (SRQ-D) scores to determine status of depression. The Arg51Gln (346G>A), preproghrelin (3056T>C), Leu72Met (408C>A), Gln90Leu (3412T>A) and G-protein 3 (825C>T) polymorphisms were analyzed in the DNA from blood samples of enrolled subjects. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Results There was a significant relationship between the Gln90Leu3412 genotype and SRQ-D score in FD patients (P = 0.009). Area under the curve at 15 minutes (AUC15) value was significantly associated with the Leu72Met408 genotype (P = 0.015) but not with entire gastric emptying. Conclusions The Leu72Met (408C>A) single nucleotide polymorphism was significantly associated with early phase of gastric emptying in FD patients. Further studies will be necessary to clarify the association between ghrelin gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and early phase of gastric emptying in FD patients.
Deposition Process of Sulfate and Elemental Carbon in Japanese and Thai Forests
Hiroyuki Sase,Kazuhide Matsuda,Thiti Visaratana,Hathairatana Garivait,Naoyuki Yamashita,Bopit Kietvuttinon,Bundit Hongthong,Jesada Luangjame,Pojanie Khummongkol,Junko Shindo,Tomomi Endo,Keiichi Sato,S 한국대기환경학회 2012 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.6 No.4
Particulate matter deposited on leaf surfaces may cause erosion/abrasion of epicuticular wax and the malfunction of stomata. However, the deposition processes of particulate matter, such as elemental carbon (EC), has not been studied sufficiently in Asian forest ecosystems. Deposition processes for particulate SO42- and EC were studied in a Japanese cedar forest in Kajikawa, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, and in a dry evergreen forest and a dry deciduous forest in Sakaerat, Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand. The SO42- fluxes attributed to rainfall outside the forest canopy (RF), throughfall (TF), and stemflow (SF)showed distinct seasonalities at both sites, increasing from November to February at the Kajikawa site and in March/April at the Sakaerat site. Seasonal west/northwest winds in winter may transport sulfur compounds across the Sea of Japan to the Kajikawa site. At the Sakaerat site, pollutants suspended in the air or dry deposits from the dry season might have been washed away by the first precipitations of the wet season. The EC fluxes from RF and TF showed similar variations by season at the Kajikawa site, while the flux from TF was frequently lower than that from RF at the Sakaerat site. Particulate matter strongly adsorbed onto leaf surfaces is not washed away by rainfall and contributes to the EC flux. At the Kajikawa site, Japanese cedar leaf surfaces accumulated the highest levels of particulate matter and could not be neglected when calculating the total flux. When such leaf-surface particles were considered, the contribution of dry deposition to the total EC flux was estimated to be 67%, 77%, and 82% at the Kajikawa site,and at the evergreen and deciduous forests of the Sakaerat site, respectively. Leaf-surface particles must be included when evaluating the dry and total fluxes of particulate matter, in particular for waterinsoluble constituents such as EC.