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The Impact of Municipal Mergers on Local Public Spending: Evidence from Remote-Sensing Data
Steve Pickering,Seiki Tanaka,Kyohei Yamada 동아시아연구원 2020 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.20 No.2
How are resources distributed when administrative units merge? We take advantage of recent, large-scale municipal mergers in Japan to systematically study the impact of municipal mergers within merged municipalities and, in particular, what politicians do when their districts and constituencies suddenly change. We argue that when rural and sparsely populated municipalities merge with more urban and densely populated municipalities, residents of the former are likely to see a reduced share of public spending because they lost political leverage through the merger. Our empirical analyses detect changes in public spending before and after the municipal mergers with remote sensing data, which allows for flexible units of analysis and enables us to proxy for spending within merged municipalities. Overall, our results show that politicians tend to reduce benefits allocated to areas where there are a small number of voters, while increasing the allocation to more populous areas. The micro-foundation of our argument is also corroborated by survey data. The finding suggests that, all things being equal, the quantity rather than quality of electorates matters for politicians immediately after political units change.
Deregulation of DNA Damage Signal Transduction by Herpesvirus Latency-Associated M2
Liang, Xiaozhen,Pickering, Mary T.,Cho, Nam-Hyuk,Chang, Heesoon,Volkert, Michael R.,Kowalik, Timothy F.,Jung, Jae U. American Society for Microbiology 2006 Journal of virology Vol.80 No.12
<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>Infected cells recognize viral replication as a DNA damage stress and elicit a DNA damage response that ultimately induces apoptosis as part of host immune surveillance. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism where the murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) latency-associated, anti-interferon M2 protein inhibits DNA damage-induced apoptosis by interacting with the DDB1/COP9/cullin repair complex and the ATM DNA damage signal transducer. M2 expression constitutively induced DDB1 nuclear localization and ATM kinase activation in the absence of DNA damage. Activated ATM subsequently induced Chk activation and p53 phosphorylation and stabilization without eliciting H2AX phosphorylation and MRN recruitment to foci upon DNA damage. Consequently, M2 expression inhibited DNA repair, rendered cells resistant to DNA damage-induced apoptosis, and induced a G1 cell cycle arrest. Our results suggest that γHV68 M2 blocks apoptosis-mediated intracellular innate immunity, which might ultimately contribute to its role in latent infection.</P>
The IR - induced Mechanism of Crevice Corrosion of Iron in the Various Electrolytes
Cho, Kye Hyun,Pickering, Howard W. 한국부식학회 1998 Corrosion Science and Technology Vol.27 No.4
In this paper, we demonstrate the experimental proof of the IR-induced mechanism on crevice corrosion process that operates for iron in various electrolytes. This mechanism was proven to be accommodated the alternative mechanism in acid electrolyte and in the absence of chloride ion, e.g., acidification of the cavity electrolyte, in some degree. Therefore, the key parameters of the localized corrosion (acidification and accumulation of chloride ion) are interpreted by modelling experimental results for their role in promoting localized corrosion in terms of the IR drop mechanism. In order to confirm IR-drop mechanism, the local electrode potential inside the crevice and the pH of the solution were measured and correlated to visually observed changes occurring within the crevice of an iron sample during the crevice corrosion process. Chloride anions enhance crevice corrosion process by increasing the size of active loop and, thus, the magnitude of the current flowing out of the artificial crevice (increase of IR), and they cause a modest shift of E_(pass) in the noble direction which produces a small decrease in IR^*. Also, the role of the solution resistance on localized corrosion process was compared with the values of I and/or E in order to confirm this mechanism.
Understanding Himalayan erosion and the significance of the Nicobar Fan
McNeill, Lisa C.,Dugan, Brandon,Backman, Jan,Pickering, Kevin T.,Pouderoux, Hugo F.A.,Henstock, Timothy J.,Petronotis, Katerina E.,Carter, Andrew,Chemale Jr., Farid,Milliken Jr., Kitty L.,Kutterolf Jr Elsevier 2017 Earth and planetary science letters Vol.475 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A holistic view of the Bengal–Nicobar Fan system requires sampling the full sedimentary section of the Nicobar Fan, which was achieved for the first time by International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 362 west of North Sumatra. We identified a distinct rise in sediment accumulation rate (SAR) beginning ∼9.5 Ma and reaching 250–350 m/Myr in the 9.5–2 Ma interval, which equal or far exceed rates on the Bengal Fan at similar latitudes. This marked rise in SAR and a constant Himalayan-derived provenance necessitates a major restructuring of sediment routing in the Bengal–Nicobar submarine fan. This coincides with the inversion of the Eastern Himalayan Shillong Plateau and encroachment of the west-propagating Indo–Burmese wedge, which reduced continental accommodation space and increased sediment supply directly to the fan. Our results challenge a commonly held view that changes in sediment flux seen in the Bengal–Nicobar submarine fan were caused by discrete tectonic or climatic events acting on the Himalayan–Tibetan Plateau. Instead, an interplay of tectonic and climatic processes caused the fan system to develop by punctuated changes rather than gradual progradation.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Sediment accumulation rates in Nicobar Fan abruptly increase 9.5 Ma. </LI> <LI> Increased sediment flux to eastern Indian Ocean and restructuring of sediment routing. </LI> <LI> Nicobar Fan holds significant record of Indian Ocean sedimentation in late Neogene. </LI> <LI> Shillong Plateau and Indo–Burmese wedge uplift drive sediment south in late Miocene. </LI> </UL> </P>
Investigation of dead-time behaviour in GaN DC-DC buck converter with a negative gate voltage
Philipp Marc Roschatt,Richard A. McMahon,Stephen Pickering 전력전자학회 2015 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2015 No.6
The low threshold voltage of Gallium Nitride enhancement mode FETs is a concern in high current high frequency synchronous DC-DC buck converters. Applying a negative gate voltage to the low side FET to improve the dV/dt robustness increases the voltage drop between source and drain during dead-time conduction. This has consequences not only on the efficiency, but more importantly on the bootstrap voltage. Even with precise dead-timing, the large voltage drop from drain to source still results in a significant variation of the bootstrap voltage. This results in a change of gate turn on speed and increases the dV/dt stress. The very short dead-time needed to avoid great variations in the bootstrap voltage means that the voltage drop from source to drain can no longer bet treated as a constant as it varies greatly during the dead-time.