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Economic Impact of Disasters and the Role of the Governments
( Yasuhide Okuyama ) 성균관대학교 국정전문대학원 2014 국정관리연구 Vol.9 No.2
The economic impact of disasters has been received increased interests and attention, based mostly on the frequent occurrences of catastrophic disasters in the recent decades. Whereas the issues of the models and methods to derive the estimates of disaster impact have been discussed (for example, Albala-Bertrand, 2013; and Okuyama and Santos, 2014), the objectives and the application of such estimates for public policy purpose have also been examined to some extent (for example, the World Bank, 2010). The economic impact estimates of disasters, by and large, have been carried out for 1) the post-event estimation toward the planning of recovery and reconstruction; and 2) the pre-event evaluation of preparedness and mitigation measures for the future events. Since the disaster policies are made in the political process, the effectiveness and efficiency of such process need to be investigated. This paper summarizes and discusses a few aspects of the political issues, such as the allocation between relief and preparedness spending and the relationship between development and disasters. The paper also provides what need to be considered for the further utilization of impact estimates.
처음 만난 한국인 여성에 대한 일본인 여성의 자기표명화 종류와 양에 관한 분석 -한일 대학생간의 녹화자료를 토대로
( Okuyama Yoko ) 한국일어교육학회 2011 일본어교육연구 Vol.0 No.20
來韓1ヶ月の日本語母語話者である、日本人女子大生4年生1名(以下J)と、まだ滯日經驗のない日本語學習者である韓國人女子大生3年生4名、K1(中級)、K2(上級)、K3(中級)、K4(上級)を被驗者とし、韓國人4名が日本人1名とそれぞれ12分前後の初對面の會話を2008年9月上旬、ソウル市內の大學で行なったものを錄音錄畵した。その結果、K4(上級)とK4J(K4と會話を行なったJ、以下同樣)の會話が最も彈んで見えた。その要因として、K4が話題を自發的に展開させる際に他の被驗者達より非常に多く使用した自己開示①に對し、K4Jが呼應して開示した自己開示②の文節數と割合が最も高かった点があげられる。二番目に會話が彈んで見えたK1とK1Jでは、K1(中級)からの質問に應じて、應答したあとで自ら追加するK1Jの自己開示③の多さが特徵的だった。文節數の總數もK1Jの方がK1より突出して多く、これは他の3例には見られなかった。一人で自ら自己開示で話題を進めていくことにまだ慣れていないK1を氣使いK1Jが手助けしていると考えられる。韓國人學習者が自己開示①を使って話題を自ら展開できるくらいの日本語能力が十分にあれば、自己開示①で發話量を多くさせることが、韓國人の初對面のポライトネス·ストラテジ―になりえる。一方、日本人は韓國人の自己開示①に呼應して、自己開示②を多用し、開示量を多くすると、日本人の韓國人に對するポライトネス·ストラテジ―になりえる。しかし、韓國人の日本語能力が、自己開示①を使いこなすことがまだ難しいならば、その代りに質問を多くするという選擇をするだろう。この選擇は自身の日本語能力を補足させる面と、はじめて會う日本人である相手に關心を示すというポライトネス·ストラテジ―になりえる。日本人は韓國人の質問に應答を行ないながら、その應答に自己開示③を追加し、會話が盛り上がるように氣づかうと、日本人の韓國人に對するポライトネス·ストラテジ―になりえる。
Okuyama, Masaru,Endo, Jun,Take, Seisho,Itoi, Yasuhiko,Kambe, Satoshi 한국부식방식학회 2002 Corrosion Science and Technology Vol.31 No.6
Utilizing of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy for implant materials has been world-widely studied. It is, however, known that Ni-Ti alloy is easily attacked by chloride ion contained in body liquid. To prevent Ni dissolution, the authors tried to coat the alloy surface with titanium metal by means of plasma-spray coating method. The plasma coating films resulted in rather accelerating pitting corrosion because of their high porosity. Therefore, sealing of the porous films was required. In order to solve this problem and satisfy prolonged lifetime in the body, the authors tried to use the vacuum evaporation technique of titanium metal. Two types of Ti vacuum evaporation procedures were employed. The one was to cover a thin film on Ni-Ti alloy surface prior to massive Ti plasma spray coating. The other was to first coat plasma spray films on Ni-Ti alloy and then to cover them with vacuum evaporation films of Ti. Protective ability against pitting corrosion was examined by electrochemical polarization measurement in physiological solution and the coating films were characterized by microscopic and SEM observation and EPMA analysis. Vacuum evaporation thin films could not protect Ni-Ti alloy from pitting corrosion. In the case of plasma spray coating over the Ti vacuum evaporation thin film, the substrate Ni-Ti alloy could not be better protected. On the contrary, vacuum evaporation of Ti over the porous plasma spray coating layer remarkably improved corrosion protective performance.
Miniature Ultrasonic and Tactile Sensors for Dexterous Robot
Okuyama, Masanori,Yamashita, Kaoru,Noda, Minoru,Sohgawa, Masayuki,Kanashima, Takeshi,Noma, Haruo The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic 2012 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.13 No.5
Miniature ultrasonic and tactile sensors on Si substrate have been proposed, fabricated and characterized to detect objects for a dexterous robot. The ultrasonic sensor consists of piezoelectric PZT thin film on a Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$ and/or Si diaphragm fabricated using a micromachining technique; the ultrasonic sensor detects the piezoelectric voltage as an ultrasonic wave. The sensitivity has been enhanced by improving the device structure, and the resonant frequency in the array sensor has been equalized. Position detection has been carried out by using a sensor array with high sensitivity and uniform resonant frequency. The tactile sensor consists of four or three warped cantilevers which have NiCr or $Si:B^+$ piezoresistive layer for stress detection. Normal and shear stresses can be estimated by calculation using resistance changes of the piezoresitive layers on the cantilevers. Gripping state has been identified by using the tactile sensor which is installed on finger of a robot hand, and friction of objects has been measured by slipping the sensor.