AVHRR Remote Sensing of Aerosol Microphysics in Global Scale

Higurashi, Akiko,Nakajima, Teruyuki 대한원격탐사학회 1996 International Symposium on Remote Sensing Vol.12 No.1

Satellite remote sensing of microphysical parameters of atmospheric aerosols starts drawing attention of climate community after findings of large global climate effects of aerosols (Charlson et al., 1992) and ship track trail clouds (Coakley et al., 1987). In this situation, there has been considerable effort for developing adequate remote sensing techniques of related aerosol parameters (e.g., Kaufman and Nakajima, 1993; Nakajima and Higurashi, 1996). In this paper, we study a design of retrieval scheme of microphysical parameters of aerosols from multichannel satellite imagers, such as NOAA/AVHRR, ADEOS/ OCTS and ADEOSII/GLI. In this scheme, the optical thickness and effective particle radius of aerosol can be inverted accura~ely from multi-channel analyses of radiances by an efficient look-up table algorithm (Higurashi and Nakajima, 1996; Nakajima et al., 1996) and an iterative inversion algorithm. We have applied our scheme to AVHRR radiance data to produce global map of aerosol microphysical parameters.

A Nationwide Study on Optical Analysis for Expecting HEOs to Support Ambulances

Nakajima, Isao,Tsuda, Kazuhide,Juzoji, Hiroshi,Ta, Masuhisa,Nakajima, Atsushi Korea Multimedia Society 2019 The journal of multimedia information system Vol.6 No.2

This paper deals with actual optical data from rural as well as urban areas in a nationwide study captured with Fisheye cameras. Simultaneously data was collected (of the receiving power density) from the mobile communications satellite N-STAR. The visibility of the satellite is easily determined by checking the value of the pixels in the binarized fisheye image of its position. The process of determining the visible satellite is automatically performed. Based on the analyses of the field data measured in Japan, we are expecting HEOs (Highly inclined Elliptical Orbiters) that would reduce blockage in the extreme northern region of Wakkanai City well as in the most crowded urban area, in Tokyo Ginza. In case of HEOs operation, the elevation angle will improve from 37 with N-STAR GEO to 75 degrees. HEOs could replace 5G/Ka-band or support in rural areas where broadband circuit is not available. We are proposing combination operations with HEOs and 5G/Ka-band to solve blockage problems, because HEOs can keep line-of-sight propagation with high elevation angle for long duration. In such operations, the communications profile on the vehicle based on actual optical data will be very useful to predict blockages and to select/switch a suitable circuit.

Looking Back over a Decade "Final Decision Call after the Accidents of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant"

Nakajima, Isao,Kurokawa, Kiyoshi Korea Multimedia Society 2020 The journal of multimedia information system Vol.7 No.2

The author Nakajima was involved in the field of disaster communications and emergency medical care as guest research scientist at the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission established by the National Diet of Japan and reviewer of the Commission's report, and Kurokawa was the chairman of this Commission. Looking back over a decade, we are on the liability issue of bureaucrats and telecom operators, so it's becoming clear what was hidden at the time. The battery of NTT DoCoMo's mobile phone repeaters had a capacity of only about 24 hours, and communication failures increased after one day. The Government also failed to issue an announcement of "Vent from reactor" under the Telecommunications Act Article No. 129. This mistake lost the opportunity to use the third-party telecommunications (e.g. taxi radios). Furthermore, as a result of LASCOM (telecommunications satellite network for local governments via GEO) and a variety of unexpected communication failures, the evacuation order "Escape!" could not be notified to the general public well. As a result, the general public was exposed to unnecessary radiation exposure. Such bureaucratic slow action in emergencies is common in the response to the 2020 coronavirus.

Detecting of Periodic Fasciculations of Avian Muscles Using Magnetic and Other Multimedia Devices

Isao Nakajima,Sachie Tanaka,Kokuryo Mitsuhashi,Jun-ichi Hata,Tomo Nakajima 한국멀티미디어학회 2019 The journal of multimedia information system Vol.6 No.4

In the past, there was a theory that influenza wasn’t transmitted directly from birds but was infected to humans via swains. Recently, molecular level research has progressed, and it was confirmed that the avian influenza virus can directly infected to human lung and intestinal epithelial cells. Three pandemics in the past 100 years were also infected to humans directly from birds. In view of such scientific background, we are developing a method for screening sick birds by monitoring the physiological characteristics of birds in a contactless manner with sensors. Here, the movement of respiratory muscles and abdominal muscles under autonomic innervation was monitored using a magnet and Hall sensor sewn on the thoracic wall, and other multimedia devices. This paper presents and discusses the results of experiments involving continuous periodic noise discovered during flight experiments with a data logger mounted on a Japanese pheasant from 2012 to 2015. A brief summary is given as the below: 1. Magnet and Hall sensor sewn to the left and right chest walls, bipolar electrocardiograms between the thoracic walls, posterior thoracic air sac pressure, angular velocity sensors sewn on the back and hips, and optical reflection of LEDs (blue and green) from the skin of the hips allow observation of periodic vibrations(fasciculations) in the waves. No such analysis has been reported before. 2. These fasciculations are presumed to be derived from muscle to maintain and control air sac pressure. 3. Since each muscle fiber is spatially Gaussian distributed from the sympathetic nerve, the envelope is assumed to plot a Gaussian curve. 4. Since avian trunk muscles contract periodically at all time, we assume that the sympathetic nerve dominates in their control. 5. The technique of sewing a magnet to the thoracic wall and measuring the strength of the magnetic field with a Hall sensor can be applied to screen for early stage of avian influenza, with a sensor attached to the chicken enclosure.

Synergistic Effect of Dexamethasone and Prolactin on VEGF Expression in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via p44/p42 MAP Kinase

Nakajima, Kei-Ichi,Nakamura, Masato,Ishisaki, Akira,Kozakai, Takaharu Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2009 Animal Bioscience Vol.22 No.6

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis under various physiological and pathological conditions. We found that the VEGF isoforms VEGF120, VEGF164, and VEGF188 were expressed in the bovine mammary gland and bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs). Expression of VEGF in the mammary gland was significantly higher during the lactation period than during the dry period. Although dexamethasone or prolactin alone had little effect on the expression of VEGF, that in dexamethasone-treated cells was significantly induced after additional treatment with prolactin. Furthermore, the VEGF expression induced by the combination of dexamethasone and prolactin was reduced by PD98059 in a dose-dependent manner. This combination also stimulated the phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase in these cells. These results strongly suggest that the combination of dexamethasone and prolactin stimulates VEGF expression in bMECs via p44/p42 MAP kinase.

East Asian Economic Integration and US East Asia Trade Policy

NAKAJIMA, Tomoyoshi 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2009 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.8

Mapping of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of neuronal populations in hippocampal slices using the GEVI, ArcLight

Nakajima, Ryuichi,Baker, Bradley J IOP 2018 Journal of physics. D, applied physics Vol.51 No.50

<P>To understand the circuitry of the brain, it is essential to clarify the functional connectivity among distinct neuronal populations. For this purpose, neuronal activity imaging using genetically-encoded calcium sensors such as GCaMP has been a powerful approach due to its cell-type specificity. However, calcium (Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>) is an indirect measure of neuronal activity. A more direct approach would be to use genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) to observe subthreshold, synaptic activities. The GEVI, ArcLight, which exhibits large fluorescence transients in response to voltage, was expressed in excitatory neurons of the mouse CA1 hippocampus. Fluorescent signals in response to the electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral axons were observed in brain slice preparations. ArcLight was able to map both excitatory and inhibitory inputs projected to excitatory neurons. In contrast, the Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> signal detected by GCaMP6f, was only associated with excitatory inputs. ArcLight and similar voltage sensing probes are also becoming powerful paradigms for functional connectivity mapping of brain circuitry.</P>

Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity of Extracts and Small Phenolic Compounds from Chaga [Inonotus obliquus (persoon) Pilat]

Nakajima, Yuki,Nishida, Hiroshi,Matsugo, Seiichi,Konishi, Tetsuya The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.3

Previously, we studied the antioxidant potential of Chaga mushroom [Inonotus obliquus (persoon) Pilat] extracts and isolated several small (poly)phenolic compounds as the major antioxidant components in the 80% methanol (MeOH) extract. In the present study, these isolated phenolic ingredients together with several other types of Chaga extracts were examined for cytotoxic effects against normal (IMR90) and cancer (A549, PA-1, U937, and HL-60) cell lines. Results revealed decoctions from both the fruiting body (FB) and sclerotium (ST) parts of Chaga, especially the ST part, showed considerable cytotoxicity toward tumor cells, but the cytotoxicity appeared to be stronger against normal cells than cancer cells. The 80% MeOH ST extract also showed the same trend. On the other hand, the 80% MeOH extract of FB showed significant cytotoxicity towards tumor cell lines without affecting normal cells, for example, the 50% lethal dose was $49.4\;{\pm}\;2.9\;{\mu}g/mL$ for PA-1 cells versus $123.6\;{\pm}\;13.8\;{\mu}g/mL$ for normal cells. The phenolic components isolated from the 80% MeOH extracts had markedly greater cancer cell toxicity than the extracts themselves. In particular, two out of seven compounds showed strong cytotoxicity towards several tumor cell lines without giving rise to significant cell toxicity toward normal cells. For example, the 50% lethal dose for 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone was $12.2\;{\mu}mmol/L$ in PA-1 cells but was $272.8\;{\mu}mmol/L$ in IMR90 cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis further revealed these phenolic ingredients have high potentiality for apoptosis induction in PA-1 cells.

Photometric redshift requirements for lens galaxies in galaxy–galaxy lensing analyses

Nakajima, R.,Mandelbaum, R.,Seljak, U.,Cohn, J. D.,Reyes, R.,Cool, R. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012 Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Vol.420 No.4

<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>Weak gravitational lensing is a valuable probe of galaxy formation and cosmology. Here we quantify the effects of using photometric redshifts (photo‐<I>z</I>) in galaxy–galaxy lensing, for both sources and lenses, both for the immediate goal of using galaxies with photo‐<I>z</I> as lenses in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and as a demonstration of methodology for large, upcoming weak lensing surveys that will by necessity be dominated by lens samples with photo‐<I>z</I>. We calculate the bias in the lensing mass calibration as well as consequences for absolute magnitude (i.e. <I>k</I>‐corrections) and stellar mass estimates for a large sample of SDSS Data Release 8 (DR8) galaxies. The redshifts are obtained with the template‐based photo‐<I>z</I> code <SMALL>zebra</SMALL> on the SDSS DR8 <I>ugriz</I> photometry. We assemble and characterize the calibration samples (∼9000 spectroscopic redshifts from four surveys) to obtain photometric redshift errors and lensing biases corresponding to our full SDSS DR8 lens and source catalogues. Our tests of the calibration sample also highlight the impact of observing conditions in the imaging survey when the spectroscopic calibration covers a small fraction of its footprint; atypical imaging conditions in calibration fields can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the photo‐<I>z</I> of the full survey.</P><P>For the SDSS DR8 catalogue, we find σ<SUB>Δ<I>z</I>/(1+<I>z</I>)</SUB>= 0.096 and 0.113 for the lens and source catalogues, with flux limits of <I>r</I>= 21 and 21.8, respectively. The photo‐<I>z</I> bias and scatter is a function of photo‐<I>z</I> and template types, which we exploit to apply photo‐<I>z</I> quality cuts. By using photo‐<I>z</I> rather than spectroscopy for lenses, dim blue galaxies and <I>L</I><SUB>*</SUB> galaxies up to <I>z</I>∼ 0.4 can be used as lenses, thus expanding into unexplored areas of parameter space. We also explore the systematic uncertainty in the lensing signal calibration when using source photo‐<I>z</I>, and both lens and source photo‐<I>z</I>; given the size of existing training samples, we can constrain the lensing signal calibration (and therefore the normalization of the surface mass density) to within 2 and 4 per cent, respectively.</P>

Phase diagrams adn stable structures of stranski-krastanov structure mode for III-V ternary quantum dots

Nakajima, Kazuo,Ujihara, Toru,Miyashita, Satoru,Sazaki, Gen The Korea Association of Crystal Growth 1999 한국결정성장학회지 Vol.9 No.4

The strain, surface and interfacial energies of III-V ternary systems were calculated for three kinds of structure modes: the Frank-van der Merwe(FM) mode, the Stanski-Krastanov(SK) mode and the Volmer-Weber(VW) mode. The free energy for each mode was estimated as functions of thickness and composition or lattice misfit. Through comparison of the free energy of each mode, it was found that the thickness-composition phase diagrams of III-V ternary systems can be determined only by considering the balance of the free energy and three kinds of structure modes appear in the phase diagrams. The SK mode appears only when the lattice misfit is large and/or the lattice layer is thick. The most stable structure of the SK mode is a cluster with four lattice layers or minimum thickness on a wetting layer of increasing lattice layers. The VW mode appears when the lattice misfit is large and the lattice layer is thin and only in the INPSb/InP and GaPSb/GaP system which have the largest lattice misfit of III-V ternary systems. The stable region of the SK mode in the GaPSb/GaP and InPSb/InP phase diagrams is largest of all because the composition dependence of the strain energy of these systems is stronger than that of the other systems. The critical number of lattice layers below which two-dimensional(2D) layers precede the three-dimensional(3D) nucleation in the SK mode at x=1.0 depends on the lattice misfit.