Development and physiological assessments of multimedia avian esophageal catheter system

Nakada, Kaoru,Hata, Jun-ichi Korea Multimedia Society 2018 The journal of multimedia information system Vol.5 No.2

We developed multimedia esophageal catheters for use with birds to measure and record ECG and angular velocity while anesthesized, at rest, and in flight. These catheters enable estimates of blood pressure based on readings given by an angular velocity sensor and by RR intervals of ECG affected by EMG. In our experiments, the catheters had the following characteristics: 1. Esophageal catheters offer a topological advantage with 8-dB SNR improvement due to elimination of electromyography (EMG). 2. We observed a very strong correlation between blood pressure and the angular velocity of esophageal catheter axial rotation. 3. The impulse conduction pathway (Purkinje fibers) of the cardiac ventricle has a direction opposite to that of the mammalian pathway. 4. Sympathetic nerves predominate in flight, and RR interval variations are strongly suppressed. The electrophysiological data obtained by this study provided especially the state of the avian autonomic nervous system activity, so we can suspect individual's health condition. If the change of the RR interval was small, we can perform an isolation or screening from the group that prevent the pandemics of avian influenza. This catheter shall be useful to analysis an avian autonomic system, to perform a screening, and to make a positive policy against the massive infected avian influenza.

Packet Transceiver on 2.4GHz for Whooper Swan

Nakada, Kaoru,Nakajima, Isao,Hata, Jun-ichi,Ta, Masuhisa Korea Multimedia Society 2018 The journal of multimedia information system Vol.5 No.2

We devised a bird-borne transceiver unit for S-band packet radio communications based on the CC2500 transceiver, a device manufactured by Texas Instruments (TI). Our assessments determined the optimal parameters needed to achieve successful bird-to-center communication over a distance of 18 km and bird-to-bird communication over a distance of 200 m. These parameters included optimal modulation methods, transmission rates, and antennas. We equipped the transceiver unit with a modified dipole antenna (collinear antenna), which we tested in a 10 m anechoic chamber. Our experimental assessments and circuit design review identified the following parameters: 2FSK modulation method; 14.28 kHz frequency shift; 101.56 kHz IF reception bandwidth; and Manchester encoding (+). Our assessments showed bird-to-bird communications could be achieved over a distance of 200 m assuming MSK, FEC (+), and 500 kbps. Following tests by an official body, we obtained 28 sets of a type approval license for 2.4 GHz. In cooperation with the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, we attempted to tag and release six or more swans. This unit gives us the ability to obtain vital data on swans. We expect this data to provide significant benefits, including clues on improving screening for infected individuals.

System for Monitoring Avian Cardiac Output and Breathing Patterns Using Transmission-Type Microwaves

Isao Nakajima,Ichiro Kuwahira,Jun-ichi Hata 한국멀티미디어학회 2022 The journal of multimedia information system Vol.9 No.4

We report the development of a non-contact monitoring device for avian cardiac output and breathing patterns based on the anterior thoracic air sac pressure that uses transmission-type microwaves (2,400−2,500 MHz, continuous wave). Since the phase waveform represents the dielectric constant change, the phase reflects −j/ωc and the dielectric constant change is related to blood flow. The magnitude waveform is reflected from the electronic resistance of tissues due to the expansion of the anterior thoracic air sac, which mainly consists of the thoracic wall. To confirm these waveforms, pigeons and chickens were used for testing. To validate the output waveforms of the developed transmission- type microwave device, data from esophageal catheters and pressure sensors in the anterior thoracic air sac, abdominal air sac, and intraoral cavity were obtained. The waveform for the esophageal catheter, where electrocardiogram electrodes and an angular velocity sensor were installed, correlates with cardiac output. A heart sound microphone was used to confirm the closing sound of the arterial and mitral valves. The experimental results confirm that a linear waveform synchronized with the cardiac blood flow and the anterior thoracic air sac pressure of birds was obtained using transmission-type microwaves. The proposed device, which can monitor cardiac output and respiratory patterns, may enable the early screening of cytokine storms caused by avian influenza viruses. Existing devices use Doppler radar in the 10 to 77 GHz band; these high frequencies are reflected by the chest wall and do not reach deep into body, making it impossible to monitor the blood flow inside the body.

Study on Vibration Energy Harvesting with Small Coil for Embedded Avian Multimedia Application

Nakada, Kaoru,Nakajima, Isao,Hata, Jun-ichi,Ta, Masuhisa Korea Multimedia Society 2018 The journal of multimedia information system Vol.5 No.1

We have developed an electromagnetic generator to bury in subcutaneous area or abdominal cavity of the birds. As we can't use a solar battery, it is extremely difficult to supply a power for subcutaneous implantation such as biosensors under the skin due to the darkness environment. We are aiming to test the antigen-antibody reaction to confirm an avian influenza. One solution is a very small generator with the electromagnetic induction coil. We attached the developed coil to chickens and pheasants and recorded the electric potential generated as the chicken walked and the pheasant flew. The electric potential generated with physical simulator is equal to or exceeds the 7 V peak-to-peak at maximum by 560/min of flapping of wings. Even if we account for the junction voltage of the diode (200 mV), efficient charging of the double-layer capacitor is possible with the voltage doubler rectifier. If we increase the voltage, other problems arise, including the high-voltage insulation of the double-layer capacitor. For this reason, we believe the power generated to be sufficient for subcutaneous area of birds. The efficiency, magnetic 2 mm in length and coil 15mm in length, if axial direction is rectified, the magnetic flux density given to the coil could calculated to 7.1 % and generated power average 0.47mW. The improvements in size and wire insulation are expected in the future.

Detecting of Periodic Fasciculations of Avian Muscles Using Magnetic and Other Multimedia Devices

Isao Nakajima,Sachie Tanaka,Kokuryo Mitsuhashi,Jun-ichi Hata,Tomo Nakajima 한국멀티미디어학회 2019 The journal of multimedia information system Vol.6 No.4

In the past, there was a theory that influenza wasn’t transmitted directly from birds but was infected to humans via swains. Recently, molecular level research has progressed, and it was confirmed that the avian influenza virus can directly infected to human lung and intestinal epithelial cells. Three pandemics in the past 100 years were also infected to humans directly from birds. In view of such scientific background, we are developing a method for screening sick birds by monitoring the physiological characteristics of birds in a contactless manner with sensors. Here, the movement of respiratory muscles and abdominal muscles under autonomic innervation was monitored using a magnet and Hall sensor sewn on the thoracic wall, and other multimedia devices. This paper presents and discusses the results of experiments involving continuous periodic noise discovered during flight experiments with a data logger mounted on a Japanese pheasant from 2012 to 2015. A brief summary is given as the below: 1. Magnet and Hall sensor sewn to the left and right chest walls, bipolar electrocardiograms between the thoracic walls, posterior thoracic air sac pressure, angular velocity sensors sewn on the back and hips, and optical reflection of LEDs (blue and green) from the skin of the hips allow observation of periodic vibrations(fasciculations) in the waves. No such analysis has been reported before. 2. These fasciculations are presumed to be derived from muscle to maintain and control air sac pressure. 3. Since each muscle fiber is spatially Gaussian distributed from the sympathetic nerve, the envelope is assumed to plot a Gaussian curve. 4. Since avian trunk muscles contract periodically at all time, we assume that the sympathetic nerve dominates in their control. 5. The technique of sewing a magnet to the thoracic wall and measuring the strength of the magnetic field with a Hall sensor can be applied to screen for early stage of avian influenza, with a sensor attached to the chicken enclosure.