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Aristotle and Descartes on Perceiving that We See
Masashi Nakahata 한국서양고전학회 2014 西洋古典學硏究 Vol.53 No.3
The phenomenon described as “our perceiving that we see” or “perception of one’s own perception” (POP) has attracted the attention of many philosophers. In this article, I examine Aristotle’s and Descartes’ treatment of this phenomenon in order to clarify the distinctive features of the respective philosophers’ thought. In his Principia I, 9, Descartes points out that sense-perception is an ambiguous term; for example, ‘seeing’ (or ‘I am seeing’) can be taken as referring either to a ‘bodily activity’ or to ‘the sense-perception of seeing’. The latter, POP, is sense-perception in its proper (praecise) sense for Descartes and what he calls conscientia (consciousness). By restricting the sense-perception within one’s subjective experience, Descartes separates POP from the external object that one perceives. Though Aristotle explores POP in several passages (De anima III, 2, Ethica Nicomachea IX, 9 etc.), I pay special attention to De somno 2, 455a3-455a26, where Aristotle assumes that trans-modal discrimination by a common perceptual power (such as discrimination of sweet from white) implies this sort of second order perception. We can explain this implication as follows: when we discriminate, for example, sweet from white, we also discriminate the respective modes of perception, namely, (our) tasting in the perception of sweet on the one hand and (our) seeing in the perception of white on the other. This means that Aristotle understands POP as an integral part of the first order perception of an object. The second order recognition of one’s activity is involved intrinsically in the perception of the external world. This is why POP is a kind of sense-perception par excellence for Aristotle. Descartes elucidates the same sort of phenomena in an opposite way from Aristotle. He separated Aristotelian unity off between external objects and our inner activity. The Cartesian concept of consciousness is a historical product of this separation.
Search for proton decay viap→νK+using260 kiloton·yeardata of Super-Kamiokande
Abe, K.,Hayato, Y.,Iyogi, K.,Kameda, J.,Miura, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Nakayama, S.,Wendell, R. A.,Sekiya, H.,Shiozawa, M.,Suzuki, Y.,Takeda, A.,Takenaga, Y.,Ueno, K.,Yokozawa, T.,Kaji, H.,Kajita American Physical Society 2014 PHYSICAL REVIEW D - Vol.90 No.7
Search for sub-GeV dark matter by annual modulation using XMASS-I detector
Kobayashi, M.,Abe, K.,Hiraide, K.,Ichimura, K.,Kishimoto, Y.,Kobayashi, K.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Ogawa, H.,Sato, K.,Sekiya, H.,Suzuki, T.,Takeda, A.,Tasaka, S.,Yamashita, M.,Yang, B.S.,Kim, N.Y.,K North-Holland Pub. Co 2019 Physics letters. Section B Vol.795 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A search for dark matter (DM) with mass in the sub-GeV region (0.32–1 GeV) was conducted by looking for an annual modulation signal in XMASS, a single-phase liquid xenon detector. Inelastic nuclear scattering accompanied by bremsstrahlung emission was used to search down to an electron equivalent energy of 1 keV. The data used had a live time of 2.8 years (3.5 years in calendar time), resulting in a total exposure of 2.38 ton-years. No significant modulation signal was observed and 90% confidence level upper limits of 1.6 × <SUP> 10 − 33 </SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> at 0.5 GeV was set for the DM-nucleon cross section. This is the first experimental result of a search for DM mediated by the bremsstrahlung effect. In addition, a search for DM with mass in the multi-GeV region (4–20 GeV) was conducted with a lower energy threshold than previous analysis of XMASS. Elastic nuclear scattering was used to search down to a nuclear recoil equivalent energy of 2.3 keV, and upper limits of 2.9 × <SUP> 10 − 42 </SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> at 8 GeV was obtained.</P>
Abe, K.,Hiraide, K.,Ichimura, K.,Kishimoto, Y.,Kobayashi, K.,Kobayashi, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Norita, T.,Ogawa, H.,Sato, K.,Sekiya, H.,Takachio, O.,Takeda, A.,Tasaka, S.,Yamashita, M.,Yang, B.S Elsevier 2018 Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Vol.884 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We established a method to assay <SUP>210</SUP>Pb and <SUP>210</SUP>Po contaminations in the bulk of copper samples using a low-background alpha particle counter. The achieved sensitivity for the <SUP>210</SUP>Pb and <SUP>210</SUP>Po contaminations reaches a few mBq/kg. Due to this high sensitivity, the <SUP>210</SUP>Pb and <SUP>210</SUP>Po contaminations in oxygen free copper bulk were identified and measured for the first time. The <SUP>210</SUP>Pb contaminations of our oxygen free copper samples were 17–40 mBq/kg. Based on our investigation of copper samples in each production step, the <SUP>210</SUP>Pb in oxygen free copper was understood to be a small residual of an electrolysis process. This method to measure bulk contaminations of <SUP>210</SUP>Pb and <SUP>210</SUP>Po could be applied to other materials.</P>
Test of Lorentz invariance with atmospheric neutrinos
Abe, K.,Haga, Y.,Hayato, Y.,Ikeda, M.,Iyogi, K.,Kameda, J.,Kishimoto, Y.,Miura, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Nakano, Y.,Nakayama, S.,Sekiya, H.,Shiozawa, M.,Suzuki, Y.,Takeda, A.,Tanaka, H.,Tomura, T. American Physical Society 2015 PHYSICAL REVIEW D - Vol.91 No.5
Tanaka, T.,Abe, K.,Hayato, Y.,Iida, T.,Kameda, J.,Koshio, Y.,Kouzuma, Y.,Miura, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Nakayama, S.,Obayashi, Y.,Sekiya, H.,Shiozawa, M.,Suzuki, Y.,Takeda, A.,Takenaga, Y.,Ueno, IOP Publishing 2011 The Astrophysical journal Vol.742 No.2
<P>We present the result of an indirect search for high energy neutrinos from Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) annihilation in the Sun using upward-going muon (upmu) events at Super-Kamiokande. Data sets from SKI-SKIII (3109.6 days) were used for the analysis. We looked for an excess of neutrino signal from the Sun as compared with the expected atmospheric neutrino background in three upmu categories: stopping, non-showering, and showering. No significant excess was observed. The 90% C. L. upper limits of upmu flux induced by WIMPs of 100 GeV c(-2) were 6.4 x 10(-15) cm(-2) s(-1) and 4.0 x 10(-15) cm(-2) s(-1) for the soft and hard annihilation channels, respectively. These limits correspond to upper limits of 4.5 x 10(-39) cm(-2) and 2.7 x 10(-40) cm(-2) for spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon scattering cross sections in the soft and hard annihilation channels, respectively.</P>
Abe, K.,Hieda, K.,Hiraide, K.,Hirano, S.,Kishimoto, Y.,Kobayashi, K.,Moriyama, S.,Nakagawa, K.,Nakahata, M.,Ogawa, H.,Oka, N.,Sekiya, H.,Shinozaki, A.,Suzuki, Y.,Takeda, A.,Takachio, O.,Ueshima, K.,Um North-Holland Pub. Co 2013 Physics letters: B Vol.719 No.1
A search for light dark matter using low-threshold data from the single phase liquid xenon scintillation detector XMASS, has been conducted. Using the entire 835 kg inner volume as target, the analysis threshold can be lowered to 0.3 keVee (electron-equivalent) to search for light dark matter. With low-threshold data corresponding to a 5591.4 kg@?day exposure of the detector and without discriminating between nuclear-recoil and electronic events, XMASS excludes part of the parameter space favored by other experiments.