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Mohamed El-Agamy Farh,Jeong A. Han,Yeon Ju Kim,Jae Chun Kim,Priyanka Singh,DEOK-CHUN YANG 고려인삼학회 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.1
Background: Korean ginseng is an important cash crop in Asian countries. However, plant yield is reduced by pathogens. Among the Ilyonectria radicicola-species complex, I. mors-panacis is responsible for root-rot and replant failure of ginseng in Asia. The development of new methods to reveal the existence of the pathogen before cultivation is started is essential. Therefore, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method was developed to detect and quantify the pathogen in ginseng soils. Methods: In this study, a species-specific histone H3 primer set was developed for the quantification of I. mors-panacis. The primer set was used on DNA from other microbes to evaluate its sensitivity and selectivity for I. mors-panacis DNA. Sterilized soil samples artificially infected with the pathogen at different concentrations were used to evaluate the ability of the primer set to detect the pathogen population in the soil DNA. Finally, the pathogen was quantified in many natural soil samples. Results: The designed primer set was found to be sensitive and selective for I. mors-panacis DNA. In artificially infected sterilized soil samples, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction the estimated amount of template was positively correlated with the pathogen concentration in soil samples (R2 ¼ 0.95), disease severity index (R2 ¼ 0.99), and colony-forming units (R2 ¼ 0.87). In natural soils, the pathogen was recorded in most fields producing bad yields at a range of 5.82 2.35 pg/g to 892.34 103.70 pg/g of soil. Conclusion: According to these results, the proposed primer set is applicable for estimating soil quality before ginseng cultivation. This will contribute to disease management and crop protection in the future.
Farh, Mohamed El-Agamy,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Kim, Yu-Jin,Yang, Deok-Chun The Korean Society of Ginseng 2018 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.42 No.1
Cylindrocarpon destructans/Ilyonectria radicicola is thought to cause both rusty symptom and root-rot disease of American and Korean ginseng. Root-rot disease poses a more serious threat to ginseng roots than rusty symptoms, which we argue result from the plant defense response to pathogen attack. Therefore, strains causing rotten root are characterized as more aggressive than strains causing rusty symptoms. In this review, we state 1- the molecular evidence indicating that the root-rot causing strains are genetically distinct considering them as a separate species of Ilyonectria, namely I. mors-panacis and 2- the physiological and biochemical differences between the weakly and highly aggressive species as well as those between rusty and rotten ginseng plants. Eventually, we postulated that rusty symptom occurs on ginseng roots due to incompatible interactions with the weakly aggressive species of Ilyonectria, by the established iron-phenolic compound complexes while root-rot is developed by I. morspanacis infection due to the production of high quantities of hydrolytic and oxidative fungal enzymes which destroy the plant defensive barriers, in parallel with the pathogen growth stimulation by utilizing the available iron. Furthermore, we highlight future areas for study that will help elucidate the complete mechanism of root-rot disease development.
Farh, Mohamed El-Agamy,Kim, Yu-Jin,Abbai, Ragavendran,Singh, Priyanka,Jung, Ki-Hong,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Yang, Deok-Chun The Korean Society of Ginseng 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.2
Background: The valuable medicinal plant Panax ginseng has high pharmaceutical efficacy because it produces ginsenosides. However, its yields decline because of a root-rot disease caused by Ilyonectria mors-panacis. Because species within Ilyonectria showed variable aggressiveness by altering ginsenoside concentrations in inoculated plants, we investigated how such infections might regulate the biosynthesis of ginsenosides and their related signaling molecules. Methods: Two-year-old ginseng seedlings were treated with I. mors-panacis and I. robusta. Roots from infected and pathogen-free plants were harvested at 4 and 16 days after inoculation. We then examined levels or/and expression of genes of ginsenosides, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also checked the susceptibility of those pathogens to ROS. Results: Ginsenoside biosynthesis was significantly suppressed and increased in response to infection by I. mors-panacis and I. robusta, respectively. Regulation of JA was significantly higher in I. robusta-infected roots, while levels of SA and ROS were significantly higher in I. mors-panacis-infected roots. Catalase activity was significantly higher in I. robusta-infected roots followed in order by mock roots and those infected by I. mors-panacis. Moreover, I. mors-panacis was resistant to ROS compared with I. robusta. Conclusion: Infection by the weakly aggressive I. robusta led to the upregulation of ginsenoside production and biosynthesis, probably because only a low level of ROS was induced. In contrast, the more aggressive I. mors-panacis suppressed ginsenoside biosynthesis, probably because of higher ROS levels and subsequent induction of programmed cell death pathways. Furthermore, I. mors-panacis may have increased its virulence by resisting the cytotoxicity of ROS.
Antifungal Activity of Bacteria Against Root Rot Causing Fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans
Mohamed El Agamy Farh(파 모하마드 엘 아제미),Jong Pyo Kang(강종표),Gokulanathan Anandapadmanaban(아난다파드마나반 고클라나탄),Jong Chan Ahn(안종찬),Johan Sukweenadhi(스위즈키 조한),Yeon Ju Kim(김연주),Deok Chun Yang(양덕춘) 한국약용작물학회 2017 한국약용작물학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.2
Mohamed El-Agamy Farh,Yu-Jin Kim,Ragavendran Abbai,Priyanka Singh,Ki-Hong Jung,Yeon-Ju Kim,Deok Chun Yang 고려인삼학회 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.2
Background: The valuable medicinal plant Panax ginseng has high pharmaceutical efficacy because itproduces ginsenosides. However, its yields decline because of a root-rot disease caused by Ilyonectriamors-panacis. Because species within Ilyonectria showed variable aggressiveness by altering ginsenosideconcentrations in inoculated plants, we investigated how such infections might regulate the biosynthesisof ginsenosides and their related signaling molecules. Methods: Two-year-old ginseng seedlings were treated with I. mors-panacis and I. robusta. Roots frominfected and pathogen-free plants were harvested at 4 and 16 days after inoculation. We then examinedlevels or/and expression of genes of ginsenosides, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and reactiveoxygen species (ROS). We also checked the susceptibility of those pathogens to ROS. Results: Ginsenoside biosynthesis was significantly suppressed and increased in response to infection byI. mors-panacis and I. robusta, respectively. Regulation of JA was significantly higher in I. robustaeinfectedroots, while levels of SA and ROS were significantly higher in I. mors-panaciseinfected roots. Catalaseactivity was significantly higher in I. robustaeinfected roots followed in order by mock roots and thoseinfected by I. mors-panacis. Moreover, I. mors-panacis was resistant to ROS compared with I. robusta. Conclusion: Infection by the weakly aggressive I. robusta led to the upregulation of ginsenoside productionand biosynthesis, probably because only a low level of ROS was induced. In contrast, the moreaggressive I. mors-panacis suppressed ginsenoside biosynthesis, probably because of higher ROS levelsand subsequent induction of programmed cell death pathways. Furthermore, I. mors-panacis may haveincreased its virulence by resisting the cytotoxicity of ROS.
Mohamed El-Agamy Farh,김연주,Priyanka Singh,정선영,강종표,양덕춘 한국미생물학회 2017 The journal of microbiology Vol.55 No.10
Gram-staining-negative, uniflagellated, rod-shaped, designated as DCY110T, was isolated from sludge located in Gangwon province, Republic of Korea. The phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain DCY110T belonged to the genus Rhodoferax with a close similarity to Rhodoferax saidenbachensis DSM 22694T (97.7%), Rhodoferax antarcticus DSM 24876T (97.5%), Rhodoferax ferrireducens DSM 15236T (97.3%), and Rhodoferax fermentans JCM 7819T (96.7%). The predominant isoprenoid quinine was ubiquinone (Q-8). DNA G + C content was 62.8 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified phospholipids. The major fatty acids (> 10%) were C12:0, C16:0, summed feature 3 (which comprised C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between the strain DCY110T and the closely related relatives used in this study were lower than 70%. Based on the following polyphasic analysis, the strain DCY110T is considered as a novel species of the genus Rhodoferax, for which the name Rhodoferax koreense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCY- 110T (= KCTC 52288T = JCM 31441T).
Roles of Fungal Volatiles from Perspective of Distinct Lifestyles in Filamentous Fungi
Mohamed El-Agamy Farh,Junhyun Jeon 한국식물병리학회 2020 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.36 No.3
Volatile compounds (VOCs) are not only media for communication within a species but also effective tools for sender to manipulate behavior and physiology of receiver species. Although the influence of VOCs on the interactions among organisms is evident, types of VOCs and specific mechanisms through which VOCs work during such interactions are only beginning to become clear. Here, we review the fungal volatile compounds (FVOCs) and their impacts on different recipient or- ganisms from perspective of distinct lifestyles of the fila- mentous fungi. Particularly, we discuss the possibility that different lifestyles are intimately associated with an ability to produce a repertoire of FVOCs in fungi. The FVOCs discussed here have been identified and ana- lyzed as relevant signals under a range of experimental settings. However, mechanistic insight into how specific interactions are mediated by such FVOCs at the molec- ular levels, amidst complex community of microbes and plants, requires further testing. Experimental designs and advanced technologies that attempt to address this question will facilitate our understanding and applica- tions of FVOCs to agriculture and ecosystem manage- ment.
Farh, Mohamed El-Agamy,Han, Jeong A.,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Kim, Jae Chun,Singh, Priyanka,Yang, Deok-Chun The Korean Society of Ginseng 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.1
Background: Korean ginseng is an important cash crop in Asian countries. However, plant yield is reduced by pathogens. Among the Ilyonectria radicicola-species complex, I. mors-panacis is responsible for root-rot and replant failure of ginseng in Asia. The development of new methods to reveal the existence of the pathogen before cultivation is started is essential. Therefore, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method was developed to detect and quantify the pathogen in ginseng soils. Methods: In this study, a species-specific histone H3 primer set was developed for the quantification of I. mors-panacis. The primer set was used on DNA from other microbes to evaluate its sensitivity and selectivity for I. mors-panacis DNA. Sterilized soil samples artificially infected with the pathogen at different concentrations were used to evaluate the ability of the primer set to detect the pathogen population in the soil DNA. Finally, the pathogen was quantified in many natural soil samples. Results: The designed primer set was found to be sensitive and selective for I. mors-panacis DNA. In artificially infected sterilized soil samples, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction the estimated amount of template was positively correlated with the pathogen concentration in soil samples ($R^2=0.95$), disease severity index ($R^2=0.99$), and colony-forming units ($R^2=0.87$). In natural soils, the pathogen was recorded in most fields producing bad yields at a range of $5.82{\pm}2.35pg/g$ to $892.34{\pm}103.70pg/g$ of soil. Conclusion: According to these results, the proposed primer set is applicable for estimating soil quality before ginseng cultivation. This will contribute to disease management and crop protection in the future.