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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Martin Beckmann (검색결과 4 건)
- 무료
- 기관 내 무료
- 유료
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ALLOCATION AND PRICING IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION AND THE FREE RIDER THEOREM
Martin J. Beckmann 한국경영과학회 1978 한국경영과학회지 Vol.3 No.1
Consider a time interval during which the demand for trips is fixed (e.g. the rush hour period). The traveller has a choice between various public modes, whose travel times and fares are fixed, and the automobile mode, for which travel time and cost depend on the volume of traffic flow on those roads, which are subject to congestion. We consider the equilibrium in terms of a representative traveller, who choses for any trip the mode and route with the least combined money and time cost. When several (parallel) modes or routes are chosen, then the combined cost of money and time must be equal among these. Our problem is first, to find the optimal flows of cars and of public mode carriers on the various links of their networks and second the optimal fares for trips by the variousmodes. The object is to minimize the total operating costs of the carriers and cars plus the total time costs to travellers. The optimal fares are related to, but not identical with the dual variables of the underlying Nonlinear Program. They are equal to these dual variables only in the cose, when congestion tolls on trips or on the use of specific roads are collected from automobile users. When such tolls are not collected, they must be passed on as subsidies to travellers using competing modes. The optimal fares of public modes are then reduced by the amounts of these subsidies. Note that subsidies are not a flat payment to public carriers, but are calculated on the basis of tickets sold. Fares and subsidies depend in general on the period considered. They will be higher during periods of higher demand. When the assumption of fixed trip demand is relaxed, this fare system is no longer best, but only second best since too much traffic will, in be generated. The Free Rider Theorem states the following: Suppose road tolls can be charged, so that a best pricing system for public modes is possible. Then there may exist free rides on some routes and modes, but never on a complete round trip.
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정철,Karl Wackerbauer,Martin Beckmann,장기효,강순아 한국생물공학회 2008 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.13 No.6
The effects of variations in cultivation conditions on trehalose concentration and the viability of brewing yeasts following preservation by filter paper or lyophilization methods were evaluated. In case of filter paper preservation, the cultivation period had no affect on yeast viability, while agitation and aeration during cultivation had a positive effect regarding viability of the bottom-fermenting strains, Rh and Frank. For effective preservation, it was necessary to harvest yeast cells from the stationary phase during cultivation. For lyophilization preservation, the yeast strains tested showed a negative effect on viability, independent of strain or cultivation method. No significant correlation was found between trehalose concentration and yeast viability following either filter paper or lyophilization preservation. However, the filter paper preservation method was suitable for both bottom and top brewing yeast strains with regard to feasibility, viability, and maintenance of the yeast’s specific character.
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Influence of preserved brewing yeast strains on fermentation behavior and flocculation capacity
Chul Cheong,Karl Wackerbauer,Martin Beckmann,Soon Ah Kang 한국영양학회 2007 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.1 No.4
Preservation methods on the physiological and brewing technical characters in bottom and top brewing yeast strains were investigated. The preserved yeasts were reactivated after 24 months storage and grown up to stationary phase. The samples of filter paper storage indicated a higher cell growth and viability during propagation than those of nitrogen and lyophilization storage independent on propagation temperature. In addition, the filter paper storage demonstrated a faster absorption of free amino nitrogen and a highest level of higher aliphatic alcohols production during propagation than other preservation methods, which can be attributed to intensive cell growth during propagation. Moreover, the filter paper storage showed a faster accumulation for glycogen and trehalose during propagation, whereas, in particular, lyophilization storage noted a longer adaptation time regarding synthesis of glycogen and trehalose with delayed cell growth. In beer analysis, the filter paper storage formed an increased higher aliphatic alcohols than control. In conclusion, the preservation of filter paper affected positively on yeast growth, viability and beer quality independent on propagation temperature. In addition, in this study, it was obtained that the HICF and Helm-test can be involved as rapid methods for determination of flocculation capacity.
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