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Taku M. Saitoh,Shin Nagai,Hibiki M. Noda,Hiroyuki Muraoka,Kenlo Nishida Nasahara 한국산림과학회 2012 Forest Science And Technology Vol.8 No.2
Leaf area index (LAI) is a crucial ecological parameter that represents canopy structure and controls many ecosystem functions and processes, but direct measurement and long-term monitoring of LAI are difficult, especially in forests. An indirect method to estimate the seasonal pattern of LAI in a given forest is to measure the attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by the canopy and then calculate LAI by the Beer–Lambert law. Use of this method requires an estimate of the PAR extinction coefficient (k), a parameter needed to calculate PAR attenuation. However, the determination of k itself requires direct measurement of LAI over seasons. Our goals were to determine (1) the best way to model k values that may vary seasonally in a forest, and (2) the sensitivity of estimates of canopy ecosystem functions to the errors in estimated LAI. We first analyzed the seasonal pattern of the ‘‘true’’ k (k_p) under cloudy and sunny conditions in a Japanese deciduous broadleaved forest by using the inverted form of the Beer–Lambert law with the true LAI and PAR. We next calculated the errors of PAR-based LAIs estimated with an assumed constant k (LAI_pred) and determined under what conditions we should expect k to be approximately constant during the growing period. Finally, we examined the effect of errors in LAI_pred on estimates of gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem production (NEP), and latent heat flux (LE) calculated with a land-surface model using LAI_pred as an input parameter. During the growing period, cloudy kp varied from 0.47 to 1.12 and sunny kp from 0.45 to 1.59. Results suggest that the value of LAI_pred was adequately estimated with the k_p obtained under cloudy conditions during the fully-leaved period (0.53–0.57). However, LAI_pred was overestimated by up to 0.6 m2 m–2 inMay and November. The errors in LAIpred propagated to errors in modeled carbon and latent heat fluxes of –0.21 to 0.32 g C m^–2 day^–1 in GPP, –0.09 to 0.19 g C m^–2 day^–1 in NEP, and –3.2 to 3.9 Wm^–2 in LE, which is close to the measurement errors recognized in the tower flux measurement. LAI_pred estimated with an assumed constant k can be useful for some ecosystem studies as a second-best alternative if k is equated to the value of k_p measured under cloudy conditions especially during the fully-leaved period.
Kino, M.,Takahara, F.,Hada, K.,Akiyama, K.,Nagai, H.,Sohn, B. W. IOP Publishing 2015 The Astrophysical journal Vol.803 No.1
<P>We explore the degree of magnetization at the jet base of M87 by using the observational data of the event horizon telescope (EHT) at 230 GHz obtained by Doeleman et al. By utilizing the method in Kino et al., we derive the energy densities of the magnetic fields (U-B) and electrons and positrons (U-+/-) in the compact region detected by EHT (the EHT region) with its FWHM size. 40 mu as. First, we assume that an optically thick region for synchrotron self-absorption (SSA) exists in the EHT. region. Then, we find that the SSA-thick region should not be too large, in order to. not. overproduce the Poynting power at the EHT. region. The allowed ranges of the angular size and the magnetic-field strength of the SSA-thick region are 21 mu as <= theta(thick) <= 26.3 mu as and 50 G <= B-tot <= 124 G, respectively. Correspondingly, U-B >> U-+/- is realized in this case. We further examine the composition of plasma and energy density of protons by utilizing the Faraday rotation measurement at 230 GHz obtained by Kuo et al. Then, we find that U-B >> U-+/- + U-p still holds in the SSA-thick region. Second, we examine the case when the EHT. region is fully SSA-thin. Then, we find that U-B >> U-+/- still holds unless protons are relativistic. Thus, we conclude that the magnetically driven jet scenario in M87 is viable in terms of energetics close to the Innermost Stable Circular Orbit scale unless the EHT. region is fully SSA-thin and relativistic protons dominated.</P>
Fossil shell emission in dying radio loud AGNs
Kino, M.,Ito, H.,Kawakatu, N.,Orienti, M.,Nagai, H.,Wajima, K.,Itoh, R. WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2016 Astronomische Nachrichten Vol.337 No.1
<P>We investigate shell emission associated with dying radio loud AGNs. First, based on our recent work by Ito et al. (2015), we describe the dynamical and spectral evolution of shells after stopping the jet energy injection. We find that the shell emission overwhelms that of the radio lobes soon after stopping the jet energy injection because fresh electrons are continuously supplied into the shell via the forward shock, while the radio lobes rapidly fade out without jet energy injection. We find that such fossil shells can be a new class of target sources for SKA telescope. Next, we apply the model to the nearby radio source 3C84. Then, we find that the fossil shell emission in 3C84 is less luminous in the radio band while it is bright in the TeV gamma-ray band and can be detectable by CTA. (C) 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim</P>
A Primary Role for Nucleus Accumbens and Related Limbic Network in Vocal Tics
McCairn, Kevin W.,Nagai, Y.,Hori, Y.,Ninomiya, T.,Kikuchi, E.,Lee, J.Y.,Suhara, T.,Iriki, A.,Minamimoto, T.,Takada, M.,Isoda, M.,Matsumoto, M. Cell Press 2016 Neuron Vol.89 No.2
<P>Inappropriate vocal expressions, e.g., vocal tics in Tourette syndrome, severely impact quality of life. Neural mechanisms underlying vocal tics remain unexplored because no established animal model representing the condition exists. We report that unilateral disinhibition of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) generates vocal tics in monkeys. Whole-brain PET imaging identified prominent, bilateral limbic cortico-subcortical activation. Local field potentials (LFPs) developed abnormal spikes in the NAc and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Vocalization could occur without obvious LFP spikes, however, when phase-phase coupling of alpha oscillations were accentuated between the NAc, ACC, and the primary motor cortex. These findings contrasted with myoclonic motor tics induced by disinhibition of the dorsolateral putamen, where PET activity was confined to the ipsilateral sensorimotor system and LFP spikes always preceded motor tics. We propose that vocal tics emerge as a consequence of dysrhythmic alpha coupling between critical nodes in the limbic and motor networks.</P>
Discovery of off-axis jet structure of TeV blazar Mrk 501 with mm-VLBI
Koyama, S.,Kino, M.,Giroletti, M.,Doi, A.,Giovannini, G.,Orienti, M.,Hada, K.,Ros, E.,Niinuma, K.,Nagai, H.,Savolainen, T.,Krichbaum, T. P.,Pé,rez-Torres, M. Á,. Springer-Verlag 2016 Astronomy and astrophysics Vol.586 No.-
High-Power ECRH Experiments in the GAMMA 10 Tandem Mirror
yoshinori Tatematsu,A. Itakura,D. Nagai,H. Higaki,H. Hojo,I. Katanuma,J. Kohagura,K. Nozaki,K. Sakamotoa,K. Ishii,M. Ichimura,M. Yoshikawa,M. Hirata,M. K. Islam,N. Machida,O. Watanabe,T. Imai,T. Numak 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.49 No.III
Power-up of gyrotrons was carried out and corresponding launcher systems were designed for plug and central-cell ECRH systems in the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror. Then, a high-power ECRH experiment was started. For the plug ECRH, new 500-kW gyrotrons produced a new record value of the confining potential. For the central-cell ECRH, development of a new antenna system has increased the transmission rate of incident microwave power and focused it onto the machine axis in the resonance surface. As a result, a clear increase of the diamagnetism was observed during the pulse of ECRH.
SAWADA-SATOH, S.,AKIYAMA, K.,NIINUMA, K.,NAGAI, H.,KINO, M.,D'AMMANDO, F.,KOYAMA, S.,HADA, K.,ORIENTI, M.,HONMA, M.,SHIBATA, K.M. The Korean Astronomical Society 2015 天文學論叢 Vol.30 No.2
We present a kinematic study of the parsec-scale radio jet in OJ 287, one of the most studied BL Lac objects, during ${\gamma}$-ray flares, to explore the relation between parsec-scale radio jet activity and ${\gamma}$-ray emission. The 22-GHz light curve of OJ 287 show three obvious flare events around 2011 May, 2011 October, and 2012 March. The second radio flare occurred during the ${\gamma}$-ray flaring period, and the third radio flare seemed to precede the ${\gamma}$-ray flare by one month. One jet component moved outward with respect to the core component with an apparent superluminal speed (~ 11c) from 2010 November to 2011 November. Then it changed direction, moving apparently inward in 2011 November, when the ${\gamma}$-ray flare occurred. The observed apparent inward motion of the jet at 22 GHz could be caused by a new jet component, unresolved at 22 GHz, in the innermost region.
Analysis on Surge Voltage in Inverter-fed Motor Using Frequency Response Analysis
M. Fujieda,Y. Takahashi,N. Kimura,T. Wakimoto,S. Nagai,N. Koshino,K. Takizawa 전력전자학회 2019 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2019 No.5
In this paper, distribution of voltages between coils in inverter-fed motor and its mechanism are discussed. Insulation reliability of inverter-fed motor is one of major problems in HEV application. To ensure the reliability of insulation, enough thickness of insulation layer of coil-wire is desired to avoid partial discharge in air gap between coilwires, though the voltages between coils changes complexly due to its high frequency response. To analyze distribution of the voltages between coils, the simultaneous measurements of the voltages in various points in motor were performed. In addition, frequency response analyses of the voltages between coils were performed to understand its high frequency response. From these measurements and analysis , the fact that the LC-resonance between coil inductance and its stray capacitance causes surge voltage in motor is revealed.