http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
토마스린덴버거 ( Thomas Lindenberger ) 역사문제연구소 2004 역사문제연구 Vol.- No.13
The essay opens with a discussion of the notions of society and cultureand their application to a polity under the rule of a totalitarian state party such as the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in the GDR The middle section contains some basic factual information about the development of society and cultural life in the GDR: demographic development and social structure, gender and generations, the state controlled public, the infrastructure and practice of everyday life, the paramount importance of the socialist enterprise as the central site of socialization, and the role of the churches and dissident sub-cultures. The last section presents problems of an accurate historical interpretation of these data. Was the GDR rather a modern or a traditional society? What were the consequences of its close relations with the Western hemisphere? Where there limits of dictatorshipwithin society or should one rather speak of a dictatorship of limitsimposed on any attempts of autonomous societal practice? Finally: What was the mode of existence of GDR society(if there existed any): Immobilized and permeated by domination? Fragmented and insulated?
Numerical analysis of the effects of air on light distribution in a bubble column photobioreactor
McHardy, Christopher,Luzi, Giovanni,Lindenberger, Christoph,Agudo, Jose R.,Delgado, Antonio,Rauh, Cornelia Elsevier 2018 Algal research Vol.31 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Light distribution inside photobioreactors (PBR) is a crucial parameter for the determination of growth of phototropic microorganisms and reactor productivity. In order to compute the light propagation inside PBR, scattering due to the presence of microorganisms is often neglected, since it is difficult to measure experimentally and it is not trivial to handle numerically. Moreover, absorption is usually assumed constant, but it is affected by the concentration of microorganisms and the presence of gas bubbles. In the present contribution we study how the flow hydrodynamics and local gas fractions inside a bubble column PBR affect the light distribution. First, we perform numerical simulations of a bubble column flow at different gas superficial velocities. Afterwards, we use instantaneous air volume fractions to calculate the effective scattering and absorption coefficient of the mixture, as well as the effective scattering phase function. Finally, we compute the polychromatic light distribution inside the PBR by means of a Lattice-Boltzmann solver. On the one hand, we find that gas bubbles affect both spatial distribution and magnitude of the light intensity field and their impact increases at higher gas superficial velocity. On the other hand, we also observe that the biomass counteracts these effects already at concentrations less than 1 kg/m<SUP>3</SUP> so that the role of the gas phase on light fields seems to be of minor importance in PBR.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Hybrid numerical simulation of fluid flow and light distribution in a photobioreactor. </LI> <LI> Spatial distribution of gas bubbles affect symmetry and magnitude of the light intensity field. </LI> <LI> Increasing biomass concentration suppresses the effects of the gas phase. </LI> <LI> Role of the gas phase on light fields is of minor importance for cell growth in photobioreactors. </LI> </UL> </P>