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A Study of the Determinants of Outbound Travel Expenditure of Malaysian Travelers
Leng,Kan-Lye,Leng,Soo-Keng 세계문화관광학회 2009 International Journal of Culture and tourism Resea Vol.2 No.1
There is a growing trend of Malaysian traveling abroad despite the limited literature available on Malaysian outbound travel and its expenditure patterns. Hence, this paper attempts to study if there is any significant difference in the average expenditure of outbound travelers of different income level, socio-demographic factors and travel related behavior. It also examines the relationship between travelers' expenditure patterns and their income level, and identifies other determinants that influence travel expenditure. There is a significant difference in the average expenditure for different samples of income level, marital status, age group and travel group size. Total travel expenditure, accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, entertainment and recreation and gift expenses are found to have significant positive relationships with income level. There is also a significant relationship documented for gender and marital status with total travel expenditure. Some of these results are consistent with previous findings. The study further discusses its limitations and provides some recommendations for future research.
Petr Slobodian,Vladimír Pavlínek,Aneźka Lengálová,Petr Sáha 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.1
Polystyrene and polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites, PS/MWNT, with MWNT content up to 1 wt.% were prepared in the form of microspheres through in situ suspension polymerization. The morphology of the fraction of 32–64 lm was examined by SEM and TEM microscopy. On the surface of the spheres the presence of MWNT was not observed. The microspheres intersections showed the structure of aggregates of sintered beads a few micrometers in size with heterogeneous interface. No MWNT material was observed inside the beads; it seemed to be situated in the heterogeneous phase of microspheres. Suspensions of PS/MWNT in silicone oil show electrorheological effect, whose intensity strongly depends on MWNT content in composite microspheres. Polystyrene and polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites, PS/MWNT, with MWNT content up to 1 wt.% were prepared in the form of microspheres through in situ suspension polymerization. The morphology of the fraction of 32–64 lm was examined by SEM and TEM microscopy. On the surface of the spheres the presence of MWNT was not observed. The microspheres intersections showed the structure of aggregates of sintered beads a few micrometers in size with heterogeneous interface. No MWNT material was observed inside the beads; it seemed to be situated in the heterogeneous phase of microspheres. Suspensions of PS/MWNT in silicone oil show electrorheological effect, whose intensity strongly depends on MWNT content in composite microspheres.
LiCOI1 mediates the biosynthesis of monoterpenes induced by methyl jasmonate in Lilium ‘Siberia’
Leng Zhuo,Li Ying-Ying,Fu Yu-Chen,Wu Jing,Leng Ping-Sheng,Hu Zeng-Hui 한국원예학회 2024 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.65 No.2
As a volatile hormone signal, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can regulate the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. But in f l oral fragrance, the eff ect and mechanisms of MeJA on monoterpenes, the major components of many plants, are largely unknown. In this paper, we measured the release of monoterpenes from petals of Lilium ‘Siberia’ after MeJA treatment, as well as the expressions of monoterpene pathway genes and Lilium coronatine-insensitive ( LiCOI1 ) gene. Then the LiCOI1 gene was cloned, and using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology, its function in monoterpene biosynthesis in response to MeJA was validated. The results showed that MeJA signifi cantly improved the release amounts of myrcene, ocimene, and linalool. The expression levels of synthase genes [ Lilium myrcene synthase ( LiMYS ), Lilium ocimene syn thase ( LiOCS ), as well as Lilium linalool synthase ( LiLIS )], two pathway genes [ Lilium 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase ( LiDXS ) and Lilium 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase ( LiDXR )] were enhanced. Moreover, the LiCOI1 gene exhibited a remarkably increased expression level, which suggested its signaling role. Based on the analysis, the full length of LiCOI1 gene was 1809 bp, whose deduced protein contained 602 amino acids and was mainly located in the nucleus. Silencing the expression of LiCOI1 in petals signifi cantly depressed not only the gene expressions of LiMYS , LiOCS , LiLIS , LiDXS , and LiDXR , but also the release amounts of myrcene, ocimene, and linalool. These results confi rm that LiCOI1 plays an important signaling role in MeJA-induced enhancement of monoterpene biosynthesis in Lilium ‘Siberia’.
A STUDY OF THE DETERMINANTS OF OUTBOUND TRAVEL EXPENDITURE OF MALAYSIAN TRAVELERS
Kan Lye Leng,Soo Keng Leng 세계문화관광학회 2009 Conference Proceedings Vol.10 No.0
There is a growing trend of Malaysian traveling abroad despite the limited literature available on Malaysian outbound travel and its expenditure patterns. Hence, this paper attempts to study if there is any significant difference in the average expenditure of outbound travelers of different income level, socio-demographic factors and travel related behavior. It also examines the relationship between travelers' expenditure patterns and their income level, and identifies other determinants that influence travel expenditure. There is a significant difference in the average expenditure for different samples of income level, marital status, age group and travel group size. Total travel expenditure, accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, entertainment and recreation and gift expenses are found to have significant positive relationships with income level. There is also a significant relationship documented for gender and marital status with total travel expenditure. Some of these results are consistent with previous findings. The study further discusses its limitations and provides some recommendations for future research.
A Study of the Determinants of Outbound Travel Expenditure of Malaysian Travelers
( Kan Lye Leng ),( Soo Keng Leng ) 세계문화관광학회 2009 International Journal of Culture and tourism Resea Vol.2 No.1
There is a growing trend of Malaysian traveling abroad despite the limited literature available on Malaysian outbound travel and its expenditure patterns. Hence, this paper attempts to study if there is any significant difference in the average expenditure of outbound travelers of different income level, socio-demographic factors and travel related behavior. It also examines the relationship between travelers’ expenditure patterns and their income level, and identifies other determinants that influence travel expenditure. There is a significant difference in the average expenditure for different samples of income level, marital status, age group and travel group size. Total travel expenditure, accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, entertainment and recreation and gift expenses are found to have significant positive relationships with income level. There is also a significant relationship documented for gender and marital status with total travel expenditure. Some of these results are consistent with previous findings. The study further discusses its limitations and provides some recommendations for future research.
Leng, Tan Chee,Haw, Ang Boon,Chan, Lai-Keng 한국식물학회 2004 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.47 No.1
Nodal explants of Spilanthes acmella produced normal multiple shoots when cultured vertically on Murashige and Skoog medium (1962) supplemented with 0.5 ㎎L^(-1) BA. The number of shoots formed from each explant was doubled after first 5-week subculture. The nodal explants placed vertically in Erlenmeyer flask (250,500, or lo00 ml) produced more multiple shoots than those cultured in 350 mL jam bottles and 500 mL tex-Z flask. Temperature above 28℃ caused abnormalities of in vitro plantlets. All in vitro plantlets survived after acclimatized and transferred to the outside environment. The survived plantlets did not show any morphological abnormalities in the field condition.
FIXED POINT THEOREMS ON GENERALIZED CONE METRIC SPACES OVER BANACH ALGEBRAS AND APPLICATIONS
Leng, Qianqian,Yin, Jiandong Korean Mathematical Society 2018 대한수학회지 Vol.55 No.6
The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of generalized cone metric spaces over Banach algebras as a generalization of generalized metric spaces and present several fixed point results of a class of contractive mappings in generalized cone metric spaces over Banach algebras. Moreover, in order to support our main results, one example is given at the end of this paper.
Leng Ya-Jun,Huang Yuan-Hai 대한전기학회 2022 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.17 No.4
Black-start decision making plays an important role in power system restoration after a large-area blackout. However, most studies focused on the black-start decision making problem with complete information. In this article, a novel black-start decision making method based on back-propagation neural network and genetic algorithm, called BPNN-GA, is proposed to deal with the black-start decision making problem with incomplete information. In the proposed method BPNN-GA, back-propagation neural network is used to predict the missing values in the black-start decision matrix, and a complete decision matrix is obtained. Then, the weights of indexes are assumed to be a group of variables, and two weighted normalized decision matrices are constructed. Finally, the genetic algorithm is used to determine the optimal solution of the index weights, and the best black-start scheme is selected. Based on the data of Guangdong power system of China, experiments were carried out to investigate the eff ectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method even performs better than some black-start decision making methods considering complete information.
A MEMS/NEMS sensor for human skin temperature measurement
Leng, Hongjie,Lin, Yingzi Techno-Press 2011 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.8 No.1
Human state in human-machine systems highly affects the overall system performance, and should be detected and monitored. Physiological cues are essential indicators of human state and useful for the purpose of monitoring. The study presented in this paper was focused on developing a bio-inspired sensing system, i.e., Nano-Skin, to non-intrusively measure physiological cues on human-machine contact surfaces to detect human state. The paper is presented in three parts. The first part is to analyze the relationship between human state and physiological cues, and to introduce the conceptual design of Nano-Skin. Generally, heart rate, skin conductance, skin temperature, operating force, blood alcohol concentration, sweat rate, and electromyography are closely related with human state. They can be measured through human-machine contact surfaces using Nano-Skin. The second part is to discuss the technologies for skin temperature measurement. The third part is to introduce the design and manufacture of the Nano-Skin for skin temperature measurement. Experiments were performed to verify the performance of the Nano-Skin in temperature measurement. Overall, the study concludes that Nano-Skin is a promising product for measuring physiological cues on human-machine contact surfaces to detect human state.