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EURO-Ⅳ대응 상용디젤엔진의 SCR 시스템 적용에 따른 나노입자 배출 특성(Ⅱ)
이천환(Chunhwan Lee),오광철(Kwangchul Oh),김덕진(Deokjin Kim),이종인(Jongin Lee),전성용(Sungyong Jeon),이춘범(Chunbeom Lee),이동인(Dongin Lee),김상호(Sangho Kim),한현식(Hyunsik Han),배재호(Jaeho Bae),김은석(Eunseok Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
It is well known that two representative methods satisfy the condition of EURO-Ⅳ regulation from EURO-Ⅲ. The first method is the reduction of NOx in an engine operation by utilizing EGR and the elimination of increased PM by DPF. However, it results in bad fuel efficiency. The second is the strategy to reduce PM and emit the high NOx concentration. In other words, the concentration of PM produced by high efficiency combustion sufficiently meets the requirement of regulation, and NOx generated in this process can be removed by SCR system. While it has a good fuel efficiency relative to the first method mentioned above, its social infrastructure is demanded. In this paper, the number distribution of nano PM has been evaluated analyzed by Electrical Low Pressure Impactor(ELPI) in case of Urea-SCR system applied. From the results, The particle number was increased slightly in proportion to the amount of urea injection on Fine Particle Region, whether AOC is used or not.
EURO-Ⅳ대응 상용디젤엔진의 SCR 시스템 적용에 따른 나노입자 배출 특성
이천환(Chunhwan Lee),오광철(Kwangchul Oh),김덕진(Deokjin Kim),이종인(Jongin Lee),전성용(Sungyong Jeon),이춘범(Chunbeom Lee),이동인(Dongin Lee),김상호(Sangho Kim),한현식(Hyunsik Han),배재호(Jaeho Bae),김은석(Eunseok Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
It is well known that two representative methods satisfy the condition of EURO-Ⅳ regulation from EURO-Ⅲ. The first method is the reduction of NOx in an engine operation by utilizing EGR and the elimination of increased PM by DPF. However, it results in bad fuel efficiency. The second is the strategy to reduce PM and emit the high NOx concentration. In other words, the concentration of PM produced by high efficiency combustion sufficiently meets the requirement of regulation, and NOx generated in this process can be removed by SCR system. While it has a good fuel efficiency relative to the first method mentioned above, its social infrastructure is demanded. In this paper, the number distribution of nano PM has been evaluated analyzed by Electrical Low Pressure Impactor(ELPI) in two different case of engine condition, EURO-Ⅲ base engine with DPF system and EURO-Ⅳ level engine(modified from EURO-Ⅲ) with SCR system. From the result of this study, the number distribution of nano PM in a modified EURO-Ⅳ engine was similar level compared to the result of EURO-Ⅲ engine installed DPF system. In case of EURO-Ⅳ engine with SCR system, the particle number was increased slightly in proportion to the amount of urea injection on big size particles, whether AOC is used or not.
Lee Joohee,Cho Inn-Kyu,Lee Dongin,Kim Kyumin,Ahn Myung Hee,Chung Seockhoon 대한의학회 2022 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.37 No.21
Background: This study explores whether the intolerance of uncertainty among healthcare workers prompts viral anxiety, and whether this association is mediated by their reassuranceseeking behavior and preoccupation with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Korea. Methods: An online survey was conducted among healthcare workers in Asan Medical Center, on November 29, 2021. Demographic characteristics and responses to items from rating scales were collected, including Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9, Coronavirus Reassurance-Seeking Behaviors Scale (CRBS), Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Insomnia Severity Scale, and Intolerance of Uncertainty-12 (IUS-12). Results: Among the 329 participants, viral anxiety of healthcare workers was predicted by being female (β = 0.14, P = 0.002), CRBS (β = 0.30, P < 0.001), OCS (β = 0.32, P < 0.001), and IUS-12 (β = 0.15, P = 0.002) scores (adjusted R2 = 0.43, F = 31.1, P < 0.001). Mediation analysis showed that the intolerance of uncertainty directly influenced viral anxiety, and reassuranceseeking behavior and obsession with COVID-19 partially mediated the association. Conclusion: The intolerance of uncertainty among healthcare workers directly influenced their viral anxiety, and reassurance-seeking behavior and obsession with COVID-19 mediated this association in this era of “living with coronavirus” in Korea.
pH-sensitive short worm-like micelles targeting tumors based on the extracellular pH
Lee, Jung Ok,Oh, Kyung Taek,Kim, Dongin,Lee, Eun Seong The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Journal of Materials Chemistry B Vol.2 No.37
<P>We developed novel photosensitizing drug-carrying worm-like micelles using a pH-sensitive AB2 miktoarm block copolymer consisting of one methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) block (A) and two 3-diethylaminopropylated poly(l-lysine) [poly(Lys-DEAP)] blocks (B2). In particular, the Y-shaped AB2 miktoarm block copolymer structure mimicking the phospholipid structure enabled the facile preparation of worm-like micelles. The unique feature of pH-responsive DEAP as a hydrophobic moiety (non-protonated DEAP) at pH 7.4 and as a hydrophilic moiety (protonated DEAP) at pH 6.8 modulated acidic pH-activated micellar disintegration. These worm-like micelles serve as a basic transformer whose assembled conformation disintegrates in the acidic milieu (∼pH 6.8) of solid tumors, resulting in improved phototoxicity due to triggered drug release from disintegrated micelles at acidic tumor sites and high-yield generation of cytotoxic singlet oxygen from the photosensitizing drug. As a result, the tumor volume in the nude mice treated with these worm-like micelles was approximately 5.2 times smaller than those treated with free drug. We anticipate that this system will provide great potential for tumor therapy.</P>
A molecular zipping/unzipping nano-vehicles sensitive to tumor extracellular pH
Lee, Jung Ok,Lee, Min Ji,Kim, Dongin,Lee, Eun Seong Technomic Pub. Co 2014 Journal of bioactive and compatible polymers Vol.29 No.4
<P>A new class of pH-<I>responsive multivalent host</I>–guest interactions to manipulate polypeptide-based nano-vehicles was developed. Poly(<SMALL>l</SMALL>-lysine) (poly(Lys)) grafted with β-cyclodextrin and 2,3-dimethylmaleic acid was coupled with oleic acid. This new polymer was utilized to fabricate pH-responsive nano-vehicles for antitumor drug doxorubicin delivery. The host–guest (zipping) interaction between β-cyclodextrin and 2,3-dimethylmaleic acid moieties and the hydrophobic interaction between the oleic acid molecules contributed to form self-assembled nano-vehicles. 2,3-Dimethylmaleic acid moieties were highly degradable at a slightly acidic pH (~pH 6.8). These nano-vehicles increased the release of the encapsulated doxorubicin content (by the unzipping interaction between β-cyclodextrin and degraded 2,3-dimethylmaleic acid moieties) when the pH of the solution decreased to 6.8. This event caused a significant increase in the efficiency of cellular doxorubicin uptake and in vitro tumor inhibition.</P>
Lee Dongin,Kamaleddine Issa,Cho Inn-Kyu,Ahmed Oli,Cho Eulah 대한수면학회 2022 sleep medicine research Vol.13 No.3
Background and Objective We tested the psychometric properties of the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9 (SAVE-9) scale among healthcare workers who experienced patients’ deaths.Methods From June 2nd to 10th, 2022, an anonymous, online survey was administered to medical doctors and nursing professionals who witnessed the deaths of patients they cared for during the last two years. Participants demographic characteristics and responses to the SAVE-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were collected.Results A total of 267 responses were collected in this survey. The two-factor model of the SAVE-9 fits well among healthcare workers who witnessed patients’ death (CFI = 1.000, GFI = 0.996, RMSEA = 0.000, RSMR = 0.040). The SAVE-9 scale showed good reliability of internal consistency and convergent validity with the GAD-7 (r = 0.429, p = 0.001), PHQ-9 score (r = 0.414, p = 0.001), and ISI (r = 0.368, p = 0.001).Conclusions We observed that the SAVE-9 and its two subscales were valid and reliable tools for measuring work-related stress and viral anxiety among healthcare workers who witnessed the death of their patients.