The origin, evolution, and application of the megapolitan area concept

Robert E. Lang,임재원,Karen A. Danielsen 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2020 도시과학국제저널 Vol.24 No.1

The article explores the origin and evolution of the ‘megapolitan concept', the idea of a super-sized region that began in 1961 in Jean Gottmann's ‘megalopolis,' which he developed to explain large-scale urbanization in the Northeastern U.S. Jerome Picard, a researcher at the Urban Land Institute took up the megalopolis idea in 1967 and applied it to the entire U.S. and projected large-scale urban growth to 2000. The Regional Plan Association (RPA) also applied the megalopolis concept to The Second Regional Plan for New York in 1968. Lang in 2000s, then working with his colleagues at Virginia Tech developed the megapolitan concept and definition-in part to differential the concept from work being done by the University of Pennsylvania for RPA. Lang defined ‘megapolitan clusters’ as multiple megapolitan areas that are networked either by commuting, logistics, or dense air links, but where there is no more than three times the distance used to define a Megapolitan Area between anchor metropolitan areas at their furthest distance. The recent evolution of megapolitan area and megapolitan cluster concepts by Lang and the colleagues is applied to a series of projects, including ‘Sun Corridor’ in 2006 (Phoenix-Tucson) and the Southwest Triangle (SoCal-Sun Corridor-Las Vegas) in 2014. The article ends with the future application of megapolitan area concept in the rapidly growing Southwest Triangle megapolitan cluster.

Characterization of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides in the Scanning Electron Microscope Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry, Electron Backscatter Diffraction, and Atomic Force Microscopy

Lang, Christian,Hiscock, Matthew,Larsen, Kim,Moffat, Jonathan,Sundaram, Ravi Korean Society of Microscopy 2015 Applied microscopy Vol.20 No.1

Here we show how by processing energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) data obtained using highly sensitive, new generation EDS detectors in the AZtec LayerProbe software we can obtain data of sufficiently high quality to non-destructively measure the number of layers in two-dimensional (2D) $MoS_2$ and $MoS_2/WSe_2$ and thereby enable the characterization of working devices based on 2D materials. We compare the thickness measurements with EDS to results from atomic force microscopy measurements. We also show how we can use electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to address fabrication challenges of 2D materials. Results from EBSD analysis of individual flakes of exfoliated $MoS_2$ obtained using the Nordlys Nano detector are shown to aid a better understanding of the exfoliation process which is still widely used to produce 2D materials for research purposes.

Complete Guide to Immunisation : Part Ⅲ: Adults, Elderly and Immunocompromised

Lang, Selwyn,Singh, Kumar P. Medical Publications Korea 1990 Medical Progress Vol.12 No.9

A Vaccine for Hepatitis A

Lang, Selwyn Medical Publications Korea 1993 Medical Progress Vol.15 No.12

An algorithm for labia minora reduction based on a review of anatomical, configurational, and individual considerations

Lange Maurits DJ,Hage J. Joris,Karim Refaat B,Amant Frederic 대한성형외과학회 2023 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.50 No.1

A variety of labiaplasty techniques have been introduced to date, but no single technique will offer the optimal solution for every patient. Rather, the technique should be chosen based on anatomical, configurational, and technical considerations, as well as on patients’ personal preferences regarded maintenance of the labial rim, maintenance of labial sensitivity, and prevention of iatrogenic thickening of the labium. We reviewed, defined, and assessed labial configurational variety, neurovascular supply, reduction techniques, and patient’s preferences as the considerations relevant to the choice of labiaplasty technique. Based on this review, an algorithm was constructed that leads to a choice of reduction technique through five decisions to be made regarding (1) resection or (partial) retention of the labial free rim, (2) the measure of required labial width reduction, (3) labial vascular status, (4) prevention of iatrogenic labial thickening, and (5) preservation of labial sensibility. The choice of techniques includes edge trimming, central spindle form de-epithelialization or full thickness resection, and three modifications of the wedge resection or de-epithelialization technique. These three modifications comprised a modified anterior resection or de-epithelialization combined with posterior flap transposition, a custom flask resection or de-epithelialization, and a modified posterior wedge resection or de-epithelialization combined with anterior flap transposition. Use of the five decisional steps and the inclusion of modifications of all three conventional reduction techniques offer an improved algorithm for the choice of labioplasty technique.

Ex vivo Expansion of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Microcarrier Beads in a Stirred Bioreactor

Lang Zhou,Jiantao Kong,Ying-ping Zhuang,Ju Chu,Si-Liang Zhang,Mei-Jin Guo 한국생물공학회 2013 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.18 No.1

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs)have recently gained attention as a useful resource in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, the number of bmMSCs obtained from available donors is very low. Here we developed a culture strategy for in vitro expansion of bmMSCs in a 1.5 L stirred bioreactor with microcarrier beads. First, the microcarriers (Cytodex 3) were equilibrated in culture medium containing 3% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for at least 30 min prior to cell addition. After inoculation, the FBS concentration of the medium was maintained at 3% (v/v) in the first 24 h and thereafter maintained at 1% (v/v) and a developed feeding regimen was applied over 5 days. The maximum cell density of 2.6 × 106 cells/mL was achieved at day 5,corresponding to a 10.4 ± 0.8 fold increases in total cell number. Among the harvested cells, 98.95% expressed CD29and 84.48% expressed CD90, suggesting that the majority of expanded bmMSCs still retained their differentiation potential. Therefore, the developed microcarrier-based stirred bioreactor culture system is an effective method to generate significant numbers of bmMSCs for potential applications and research studies.

Infective Endocarditis : Current Concepts in Treatment

Lang, S.D.R. Medical Publications Korea 1977 Medical Progress Vol.4 No.11

Interpretations for China’s Weak Role in Managing the DPRK Nuclear Crisis

LANG KUN,이철호 21세기정치학회 2019 21세기 정치학회보 Vol.29 No.2

East Asian regional stability requires a peaceful solution to the DPRK nuclear crisis. Even though the ultimate rescue of this issue belongs to the US-DPRK rapprochement, Chin’s role in the DPRK denuclearization process turns out non-significant. This paper aims to interpret the reasons for China’s powerlessness in two dimensions: the Chinese-culture-born ‘all-under-heaven philosophy’ that influences Chinese diplomacy has not been provided China a Western-acceptable international relations theory to deal with the DPRK nuclear crisis; China’s changing strategy toward DPRK reduced the trust from relevant countries, which led to China’s voicelessness. Meanwhile, China’s efforts and contributions to improving the DPRK nuclear issue shouldn’t be ignored. As long as the pivot of the tribute system as a traditional peace management mechanism is ‘a rich China’ rather than ‘a forceful China’, the so-called ‘Chinese School’ should focus the efforts on economic issues that would benefit the relevant countries. In the same context, the stability of Korean peninsula should start from the exchange activities in the ‘low politics’ areas which would consolidate the public support for bilateral ties.

Surface Functionalization of Graphene Oxide via Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Its Effect on the Performance of Poly(lactic acid)

Lang Zheng,Weijun Zhen 한국고분자학회 2018 폴리머 Vol.42 No.4

An improved Hummers method was used to prepare graphene oxide (GO). Then, the orthogonal experiment design methods were used to select the optimum conditions of preparation for graphene oxide-polymethyl methacrylate (GO-PMMA) via activators regenerated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET-ATRP). The optimum preparation conditions were determined by orthogonal tests. Furthermore, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/GO-PMMA nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending to improve the comprehensive performance of PLA. Analysis results indicated that methyl methacrylate (MMA) was successfully grafted onto GO, and the addition of 0.3 wt% of GO-PMMA increased the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength of PLA/GO-PMMA nanocomposites by 7.82, 40.66, and 50.62%, respectively, compared with PLA. Moreover, GO-PMMA eliminated the cold crystallization of PLA matrix and improved the crystallinity of PLA by 27.55%. In all, this study provided an effective and feasible method for improving the comprehensive performance of PLA.

Der arge Weg der Erkenntnis : Zur Analysedes "Goya"-Romans von Lion Feuchtwanger auf dem Hintergrund seiner Biographie 리온 포이히트봥어의 생애를 배경으로 한 소설 "고야(Goya)"의 분석

Lange, Dietmar 단국대학교 1986 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

한국에는 리온 포이히트봥어(Lion Feuchtwanger)의 작품들이 아직 잘 알려져 있지 않는 편이다. 이 논문에서 논의된 그의 소설 「고야 또는 인식의 험난한 길」은 그의 전형적인 역사소설일 뿐만 아니라 그의 자서전적 요소들이 많이 내포되어 있으므로 제한된 범위에서나마 그의 인간과 작품을 이해하는 데 도움이 될 것이다. 뮨헨 출신의 유태인인 포이히트봥어는 일찍부터 연극 및 문예 비평과 더불어 희곡과 소설들을 쓰기 시작했다. 그러나 뮨헨의 떠돌이 문인에서 시작하여 독일 망명문학을 대표하는 세계적인 작가가 된다는 것은 멀고도 힘든 길이다. 포이히트봥어의 작품들 중에서는 역시 역사소설들이 큰 비중을 차지한다고 말할 수 있을 것이다. 이 논문에서 논의되고 있는 포이히트봥어의 소설 「고야 또는 인식의 험난한 길」의 주인공 고야(Goya)는 하층 사회에서 태어나 스페인의 가장 이름난 화가가 된 사람이다. 그러나 포이히트봥어의 소설에서는 고야가 궁정화가로서 이미 큰 성공을 거둔 이후의 그의 내면세계가 그려져 있다. 고야는 본의 아니게 정치에 말려들어 까이에따나 데 알바 공작부인과의 사랑과 증오의 감정이 뒤섞인 관계로 고통을 당하게 되고, 사랑하는 딸을 잃게 되고, 종교재판의 위협을 받게 되는 등 온갖 정신적 좌절을 경험하게 될 뿐만 아니라 청력까지 잃게 된다. 하지만 이 모든 어려움과 싸우는 동안 그의 시력은 더욱 날카로와져 그 시대를 풍미하던 의고전주의를 극복함으로써 인간의 본질을 꿰뚫어 보고 그것을 그릴 수 있게 된다. 고야는 그의 <관념들>을 형상화함으로써 스페인의 중세적 상황을 비유적으로 그릴 수 있었고, 그 결과 그의 그림을 보는 사람은 그러한 중세적 상황의 사악함과 그 극복의 필요성을 인식할 수 있게 되는 것이다. 왜냐하면 그의 그림에 나타난 <관념들>은 누가나 이해할 수 있는 世界語이기 때문이다. 소설「고야 」는 발전소설이다. 그러나 그 주인공은 직선적으로 발전하거나 이상적인 인간으로 승화되는 것이 아니라 내면적인 발전을 거듭하면서도 끝까지 모순투성이의 인간으로 남는다. 이 소설은 주인공의 내면적 갈등과 18세기 말 스페인의 절망적인 사회상을 强弱格(Trocha¨us)의 反語的인 사용과 視角 및 場面들의 다양한 변화를 통하여 생생하게 그리고 있다는 점에서 전형적인 20세기 유럽 소설이라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 무엇보다도 소설의 주인공이 사회적인 문제들에 말려들게 되고, 이에 대한 내면적 성향 과정을 통하여 예술적으로 완숙한 경지에 이른다는 것은 1차대전 이후에 씌어진 소설들의 공동광장(Topos)의 하나이기 때문이다. 그런 의미에서 이 소설의 주인공이 걷는 길은 망명작가 포이히트봥어 자신이 걸어간 길이었다. 또한〈이성을 위하여--우매와 폭력을 반대하여〉라는 포이히트봥어 작품들의 주도동기(Leitmotiv)가 이 소설에서 만큼 선명하게 부각된 곳은 없을 것이다.