The origin, evolution, and application of the megapolitan area concept

Robert E. Lang,임재원,Karen A. Danielsen 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2020 도시과학국제저널 Vol.24 No.1

The article explores the origin and evolution of the ‘megapolitan concept', the idea of a super-sized region that began in 1961 in Jean Gottmann's ‘megalopolis,' which he developed to explain large-scale urbanization in the Northeastern U.S. Jerome Picard, a researcher at the Urban Land Institute took up the megalopolis idea in 1967 and applied it to the entire U.S. and projected large-scale urban growth to 2000. The Regional Plan Association (RPA) also applied the megalopolis concept to The Second Regional Plan for New York in 1968. Lang in 2000s, then working with his colleagues at Virginia Tech developed the megapolitan concept and definition-in part to differential the concept from work being done by the University of Pennsylvania for RPA. Lang defined ‘megapolitan clusters’ as multiple megapolitan areas that are networked either by commuting, logistics, or dense air links, but where there is no more than three times the distance used to define a Megapolitan Area between anchor metropolitan areas at their furthest distance. The recent evolution of megapolitan area and megapolitan cluster concepts by Lang and the colleagues is applied to a series of projects, including ‘Sun Corridor’ in 2006 (Phoenix-Tucson) and the Southwest Triangle (SoCal-Sun Corridor-Las Vegas) in 2014. The article ends with the future application of megapolitan area concept in the rapidly growing Southwest Triangle megapolitan cluster.

Encoding-based brain-computer interface controlled by non-motor area of rat brain.

Lang, Yiran,Du, Ping,Shin, Hyung-Cheul Jointly published by Science China Press and Sprin 2011 Science China. Life sciences Vol.54 No.9

<P>As the needs of disabled patients are increasingly recognized in society, researchers have begun to use single neuron activity to construct brain-computer interfaces (BCI), designed to facilitate the daily lives of individuals with physical disabilities. BCI systems typically allow users to control computer programs or external devices via signals produced in the motor or pre-motor areas of the brain, rather than producing actual motor movements. However, impairments in these brain areas can hinder the application of BCI. The current paper demonstrates the feasibility of a one-dimensional (1D) machine controlled by rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons using an encoding method. In this novel system, rats are able to quench thirst by varying neuronal firing rate in the PFC to manipulate a water dish that can rotate in 1D. The results revealed that control commands generated by an appropriate firing frequency in rat PFC exhibited performance improvements with practice, indicated by increasing water-drinking duration and frequency. These results demonstrated that it is possible for rats to understand an encoding-based BCI system and control a 1D machine using PFC activity to obtain reward.</P>

Mathematical Modeling of Zombie Infection for Mathematics Courses: Using ODE`s, Sage, and Video Games

( Lang Victoria Lee ),( Sang Gu ) 한국수학교육학회 2014 뉴스레터 Vol.30 No.5

The notion of the reanimated dead (i.e. "zombies") has a strong historical basis that has fascinated the general public for centuries. The zombie still remains a popular figure in entertainment media; specifically, in video games. Expanding upon the well-known S.I.R. epidemiological model. we first examine basic models for zombie infection first introduced by Munz, Hudea, Imad & Smith? (2009). Specifically, we modify these models to be visualized online via Sage, an open-source mathematics software based in the Python programming language, that allows for direct user interaction. We then focus on viewing mathematically "realistic" population trajectories for the different classes of zombies from Left 4 Dead<http://www.14d.com/blog/> Valve Corporation`` s immensely popular video game series that revolves around human players surviving a pandemic of zombie infection. The respective strengths, weaknesses, and dynamics of each zombie class are mathematically established, and all outcomes are numerically realized with online Sage tools. These models are available for viewing, manipulation, and use in a mobile environment at <http://matrix. skku.ac.kr/2014-Zombie-Model>and, thus, can serve as an effective and exciting academic tool for the interested student of any college-level Ordinary Differential Equations course.

Interpretations for China’s Weak Role in Managing the DPRK Nuclear Crisis

LANG KUN,이철호 21세기정치학회 2019 21세기 정치학회보 Vol.29 No.2

East Asian regional stability requires a peaceful solution to the DPRK nuclear crisis. Even though the ultimate rescue of this issue belongs to the US-DPRK rapprochement, Chin’s role in the DPRK denuclearization process turns out non-significant. This paper aims to interpret the reasons for China’s powerlessness in two dimensions: the Chinese-culture-born ‘all-under-heaven philosophy’ that influences Chinese diplomacy has not been provided China a Western-acceptable international relations theory to deal with the DPRK nuclear crisis; China’s changing strategy toward DPRK reduced the trust from relevant countries, which led to China’s voicelessness. Meanwhile, China’s efforts and contributions to improving the DPRK nuclear issue shouldn’t be ignored. As long as the pivot of the tribute system as a traditional peace management mechanism is ‘a rich China’ rather than ‘a forceful China’, the so-called ‘Chinese School’ should focus the efforts on economic issues that would benefit the relevant countries. In the same context, the stability of Korean peninsula should start from the exchange activities in the ‘low politics’ areas which would consolidate the public support for bilateral ties.

Trimethoprim Comes of Age

Lang, Selwyn D.R. Medical Publications Korea 1978 Medical Progress Vol.5 No.4

HOW TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN BRAND RECOGNITION AND CUSTOMER PERCEIVED VALUE IN THE DIGITAL AGE?

Lang-lung Luke Chiang,Mia Hsiao-Wen Ho,Chun-Yueh Chang 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2023 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2023 No.07

While social media marketing opens a variety of new windows for enlightening brand–customer relationships, a gritty puzzle is that brand recognition does not invariably echo with customers’ perceived value. This provokes the need to uncover the missing pieces in bridging the gap between brand recognition and customer perceived value. This research falls within the innovative new work in the marketing literature in positing co-creation as a crucial mediator in facilitating the impact of brand recognition on customers’ perceived value. Based on social identity theory, we also investigated how co-creation is moderated by virtual communication identification in influencing customers’ perceived value towards a brand. We conducted a survey via a sample of 386 current Gogoro customers. Gogoro is the biggest and most well-known Taiwanese producer of electric scooters. Our findings contribute to the extant marketing research by emphasizing that the key stimulus of increased customer perceived value towards a brand is active co-creation initiatives via virtual brand communities, and that the effects of co-creation are further strengthened when customers’ virtual communication identification is high.

An algorithm for labia minora reduction based on a review of anatomical, configurational, and individual considerations

Lange Maurits DJ,Hage J. Joris,Karim Refaat B,Amant Frederic 대한성형외과학회 2023 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.50 No.1

A variety of labiaplasty techniques have been introduced to date, but no single technique will offer the optimal solution for every patient. Rather, the technique should be chosen based on anatomical, configurational, and technical considerations, as well as on patients’ personal preferences regarded maintenance of the labial rim, maintenance of labial sensitivity, and prevention of iatrogenic thickening of the labium. We reviewed, defined, and assessed labial configurational variety, neurovascular supply, reduction techniques, and patient’s preferences as the considerations relevant to the choice of labiaplasty technique. Based on this review, an algorithm was constructed that leads to a choice of reduction technique through five decisions to be made regarding (1) resection or (partial) retention of the labial free rim, (2) the measure of required labial width reduction, (3) labial vascular status, (4) prevention of iatrogenic labial thickening, and (5) preservation of labial sensibility. The choice of techniques includes edge trimming, central spindle form de-epithelialization or full thickness resection, and three modifications of the wedge resection or de-epithelialization technique. These three modifications comprised a modified anterior resection or de-epithelialization combined with posterior flap transposition, a custom flask resection or de-epithelialization, and a modified posterior wedge resection or de-epithelialization combined with anterior flap transposition. Use of the five decisional steps and the inclusion of modifications of all three conventional reduction techniques offer an improved algorithm for the choice of labioplasty technique.

[⁷⁶Br]BMK-I-152, a non-peptide analogue for PET imaging of corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CRHR1)

Lang, L.,Ma, Y.,Kim, B. M.,Jagoda, E. M.,Rice, K. C.,Szajek, L. P.,Contoreggi, C.,Gold, P. W.,Chrousos, G. P.,Eckelman, W. C.,Kiesewetter, D. O. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2009 Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceutica Vol.52 No.9

<P>The study of corticotropin-releasing hormone is of significant interest in mental health. We have developed a radiobromination procedure for the preparation of [<SUP>76</SUP>Br]BMK-I-152, a high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor antagonist. The radiobromination procedure resulted in the formation of two radiobrominated products from the same trialkyltin precursor. Utilizing the results of several reaction conditions and the chromatographic and mass spectral data obtained from Waters Acquity and Q-TOF, we determined that both 3-bromo and 4-bromo isomers could be obtained. The authentic sample of the 3-bromo isomer was prepared to confirm the identity of a previously unknown radioactive side product; affinity assays revealed that the 4-bromo isomer had ∼70 times higher affinity than that of the 3-bromo compound. By manipulation of reaction conditions, the individual products could be selected. Under no-carrier-added conditions at room temperature in aqueous acetonitrile, the major radioactive product (>80%) was identified as the 3-[<SUP>76</SUP>Br]bromo-4-tributylstannyl analogue of BMK-I-152. The 4-[<SUP>76</SUP>Br]bromo isomer accounted for less than 1% of the total activity. The 3-[<SUP>76</SUP>Br]bromo BMK-I-152 could be obtained by treating this intermediate with trifluoroacetic acid to effect removal of the trialkyltin. If the radiobromination was conducted after first evaporating the water from the aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution of [<SUP>76</SUP>Br]bromide, the desired 4-[<SUP>76</SUP>Br]bromo isomer was obtained with a 58% radiochemical yield. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Radiolabeling of tributyltin precursor yielded two radioactive products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. <img src='wiley_img/03624803-2009-52-9-JLCR1616-gra001.gif' alt='wiley_img/03624803-2009-52-9-JLCR1616-gra001'> </P>

Can Managerial Military Experience Affect Corporate Innovation? : Evidence from an Emerging Market

Lang, Xiangxiang,You, Dandan,Cui, Li,Peng, Zhe Institute of Management Research 2020 Journal of East Asia Management Vol.1 No.1

Military experience has a great impact on a soldier ability to handle risks. Therefore, when those soldiers become managers, they may behave differently in making risky corporate decisions, especially in activities like the R&D investment. However, studies on how military experience affect R&D have been largely missing in the largest emerging economy, i.e. China, despite that the country hires a higher percentage of military managers than the US. In addition, it remains a question whether military managers affect the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China, as many of the corporate decisions are made by the government. This paper tries to address these questions. The imprinting theory and the upper echelon theory suggest that managers' personal experience can affect their behaviour, which in turn influences their corporate decisions. In this paper, we examine whether managers with military experience lead to higher R&D investment and whether such an effect exists in state-owned enterprises. Based on a sample of listed firms in China's A-share market over 2008-2017, we make two findings. First, companies with military managers have high R&D investment. By dividing managers' military positions into high and low rank, we find that companies tend to have higher (lower) R&D investment if their managers hold a high-rank (low-rank) position. Second, the effect of high-rank military managers on R&D investment is more pronounced if the manager is also the founder and the company is a non-state-owned enterprise. For low-ranking military managers, a stronger effect on R&D investment is also observed if they are also the founder, but whether their companies are state-owned or not has no impact on R&D investment. This study identifies managers' military experience as a contributing factors to corporate R&D investment in the largest emerging economy. This paper tests an implication of the imprinting theory and the upper echelon theory, i.e., managers' personal experience can affect their behaviour, which in turn influences their corporate decisions. Specifically, we focus on one aspect of personal experience - military experience - and look at whether it is beneficial to firms' technological innovation, therefore enriches the literature of managerial heterogeneity. Our findings on the influence of managers' military experience on firms' technological innovation can help us better understand the role of managers play in corporate decision making, and how managers' individual traits interact with the firm's characteristics.

Characterization of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides in the Scanning Electron Microscope Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry, Electron Backscatter Diffraction, and Atomic Force Microscopy

Lang, Christian,Hiscock, Matthew,Larsen, Kim,Moffat, Jonathan,Sundaram, Ravi Korean Society of Microscopy 2015 Applied microscopy Vol.20 No.1

Here we show how by processing energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) data obtained using highly sensitive, new generation EDS detectors in the AZtec LayerProbe software we can obtain data of sufficiently high quality to non-destructively measure the number of layers in two-dimensional (2D) $MoS_2$ and $MoS_2/WSe_2$ and thereby enable the characterization of working devices based on 2D materials. We compare the thickness measurements with EDS to results from atomic force microscopy measurements. We also show how we can use electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to address fabrication challenges of 2D materials. Results from EBSD analysis of individual flakes of exfoliated $MoS_2$ obtained using the Nordlys Nano detector are shown to aid a better understanding of the exfoliation process which is still widely used to produce 2D materials for research purposes.