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농약의 토양 표면 유출에 관한 연구-II 포장에서 인공강우에 의한 phorate의 유출특성
김균,염동혁,김정한,이성규,김용화,박창규 ( Kyun Kim,Dong Hyuk Yeom,Jeong Han Kim,Sung Kyu Lee,Yong Hwa Kim,Chang Kyu Park ) 한국응용생명화학회 1997 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.40 No.4
Runoff of phorate, soil insecticide, were measured under simulated rainfall conditions in field using small test plot(120×120 ㎝) at the loam area and loamy sand area. Fish acute toxicity tests were performed with runoff water to elucidate its toxicological effect on organisms in ecosystem. The average concentrations of phorate in runoff water from loam and loamy sand soil were 11.3 ppb and 4.8 ppb, respectively. However, there was no significant concentration difference between the heavy and the light rain. With loam soil, average runoff rates were 1.31 and 0.18%, while with loamy sand soil those were 0.48 and 0.012% under the heavy and the light rain conditions, respectively. Total average runoff rate was 0.50%. With killifish, no mortality was observed in runoff water from loamy sand soil, whereas half of the population was dead in runoff water from loam soil when it was diluted to 54.4% content.
농약의 물리화학적 특성 연구 (2) Flupyrazofos의 수용성 , 가수분해 , 증기압 , 옥탄올 / 물 분배계수
김균,김정한,김용화 ( Kyun Kim,Jeong Han Kim,Yong Hwa Kim ) 한국응용생명화학회 1997 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.40 No.1
Several physicochemical properties such as water solubility, vapor pressure, hydrolysis and octanol/ water partition coefficient(Kow) of flupyrazofos, the first organophosphorus insecticide developed in Korea, were measured based on EPA and OECD methods. Water solubility was low showing 0.80 ppm at 25℃ and in hydrolysis study, half-life at 25℃ was 266.5 hr(pH 4.0), 180.0 hr(pH 7.0) and 120.9 hr(pH 9.0) demonstrating instability in alkaline solution. At 40℃ hydrolysis rate was 2∼4 times higher than that at 25℃. The equation log P=0.673-(1565.4/T) was obtained from vapor pressure experiments at three different temperatures (25, 35, 45℃) and 2.81×10^(-5) torr was obtained at 25℃. This value is similar to that of diazinon and 1,000 times lower than that of DDVP suggesting it would not give environmental contamination by volatilization. High log Kow(5.24) was observed and this might result in bioconcentration through food chain. However, its possibility is not likely to be high due to its relatively rapid hydrolysis.
농약의 물리화학적 특성연구 (1) Captafol의 수용성 , 가수분해 , 증기압 , 옥탄올 / 물 분배계수
김균,김정한,이성규,김용화 ( Kyun Kim,Jeong Han Kim,Sung Kyu Lee,Yong Hwa Kim ) 한국응용생명화학회 1997 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.40 No.1
Important physicochemical properties of captafol[N-(1,1,2,2-tetrachloro- ethylthio)cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboximide], water solubility, vapor pressure, hydrolysis and octanol/water partition coefficient(Kow) were measured based on the standard EPA and OECD methods. Water solubility of the chemical was 2.24 ppm at 25℃. Half-life by hydrolysis at 25℃ in the buffer solution of pH 3.0, pH 7.0, and pH 8.0 was 77.8 hr, 6.54 hr and 0.72 hr, respectively, demonstrating instability in alkaline solution. The half-life in acid condition was not significantly different by temperature change, however, that in neutral or alkaline solution became shorter at 40℃. Hydrolysis study with a reference compound, diazinon, proved that the experimental method of the present study is reliable. Vapor pressure of captafol, 8.27×10^(-9) torr at 20℃, was calculated from the equation, log P=6.94-(4401.6/T) plotted on the experiment results under different temperature conditions, 40, 50, and 60℃. Judging from this vapor pressure of captafol, the contamination of captafol would not happen easily in environment by vaporization. High Kow value of 1,523 was observed and this might result in bioconcentration through food chain when captafol was exposed. However, affecting human health through aquatic bioaccumulation is not likely to occur due to its rapid hydrolysis in the environment.
Computer Program 을 이용한 화학물질의 환경동태 예측
김균,김용화 ( Kyun Kim,Yong Hwa Kim ) 한국환경농학회 1993 한국환경농학회지 Vol.12 No.1
Environmental hazards of a chemical could be assessed by two different approaches : toxicity test and assessment of exposure potentials to human and environmental organisms. For the prediction of environmental fate of chemicals three available computer programs were compared each other and were verified. The results obtained by using these computer programs, PCHEM, EXAMS, and E4CHEM were summarized as follows. The estimated octanol/water partition coefficients by PCHEM were similar to the experimental values in the literature. But the other factors, water solubility and vapor pressure were different from the data in the literature. The simulation results of selected compounds by EXAMS showed similar tendency to the literature results of model field environment. Therefore, this computer program could be utilized to predict the environmental fate of chemicals. E4CHEM program is very simple and this program could predict the ultimate environmental fate of stable chemicals by input of two or three parameters. However, the validity should further be verified in the future field study using more compounds. It is suggested that these approaches could be fully utilized by understanding their limitations to predict the environmental fate of new chemicals under development, to screen the potential environmental pollutants among chemicals already-in use, and to devise measures to minimize the hazards to the environment.
김균,김정한,박창규 ( Kyun Kim,Jeong Han Kim,Chang Kyu Park ) 한국환경농학회 1997 한국환경농학회지 Vol.16 No.3
Pesticide runoff from crop fields is the important concern in environment because it may affect aquatic ecosystem and human. And it is essential to find out the amount of runoff and evaluate the possible effect on aquatic organisms for the human and environmental risk assessment. However, no definite guidelines have been established and related researches are not active in Korea since too many factors were involved in pesticide runoff and it was hard to predict it by using simple data. Therefore, various runoff studies with natural field, simulated rain/field, and computer models were reviewed for the general aspect of experiments and results.
농약 Chlorothalonil 과 Command 의 수용성 및 증기압
김균,김영배,김용화,노정구,Kim, Kyun,Kim, Yong-Bae,Kim, Yong-Hwa,Roh, Jung-Koo 한국환경농학회 1987 한국환경농학회지 Vol.6 No.2
Chlorothalonil 과 Command 의 수용성과 증기압을 미국 EPA 와 OECD의 방법에 준하여 측정하였다. 두 화합물의 수용성은 문헌치와 잘 일치하였다. 그러나 chlorothalonil의 증기압은 handbook 에 나타난 수치보다 5,000배 낮았고($25^{\circ}C$에서 $2{\times}10torr$)의 Command 증기압은 100배 이상 낮음($45^{\circ}C$에서 $1{\times}10\;torr$ 이하)을 발견하였다. 따라서 handbook 류의 문헌의 물리화학적 특성치를 이용하여 환경동태를 예측하는 데는 주의를 요한다. 이상의 실험을 통하여 실험상의 난점들을 파악할 수 있었고 미국내에서 Command 가 주위작물에 준 표백현상은 증기확산에 의한 것이라기 보다는 살포시 유실에 의한 현상일 가능성이 높을 것으로 추론하였다. 이러한 접근방법은 새로운 화학물질의 개발단계에서 환경동태의 예측, 기존 화학물질의 오염가능성 예측, 오염저감 대책의 제시에 기초가 될 것으로 사료된다. The water solubilities and vapor pressures of chlorothalonil and Command were measured following the guidelines of the U.S. EPA and OECD. Water solubility of the two compounds is consistent with respective values in the literature. However, the vapor pressures of Chlorothalonil and Command were 5,000 times$(2{\times}10^{-7}\;torr\;at\;25^{\circ}C)$ and 100 times$(<1{\times}10^{-6}\;torr\;at\;45^{\circ}C)$ lower than the literature values, respectively. Courteous use of the vapor pressure values in the handbooks is suggested. With this study, experimental difficulties involved were recognized. Based on the low vapor pressure of Command, the cause of the accidental bleach of non-target plants in the United States might not be attributed to the volatilization of Command, but to the drift during the application of the herbicide. These approaches will be utilized to predict the environmental fate of new chemicals under development, to screen the potential environmental pollutants among chemicals already in use, and to assess measures to minimize the hazards.