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EFFECTS OF FRUCTO-OLIGOSACCHARIDES ON MILK-YIELD AND MILK-COMPONENTS OF DAIRY COWS
Kobayashi, S.,Eida, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1990 Animal Bioscience Vol.3 No.1
Fructo-oligosaccharides are found in many plants, such as onion, burdock and wheat. They are not well hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes in animals, but are peculiarly assimilated by Bifidobacterium and some useful bacteria. In our previous experiment (Kobayashi et al., 1987) it was suggested that they were effective in decreasing energy loss in the metabolism of dairy calves. In the present study, the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides on body weight, milk-yield and milk-components (fat, protein and solids-not-fat) were investigated in dairy cows. Lactating cows were fed a standard diet containing fructoligo saccharides at 18.70g, 9.35g and 0.0g (control) per 100kg body weight, day for three weeks. Neither treatments significantly affected any of the parameters examined. The fructo-oligosaccharides were assumed to be hydrolyzed by rumen microorganisms and hardly to affect the bacterium florae in the intestines of the lactating cows.
Search for sub-GeV dark matter by annual modulation using XMASS-I detector
Kobayashi, M.,Abe, K.,Hiraide, K.,Ichimura, K.,Kishimoto, Y.,Kobayashi, K.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Ogawa, H.,Sato, K.,Sekiya, H.,Suzuki, T.,Takeda, A.,Tasaka, S.,Yamashita, M.,Yang, B.S.,Kim, N.Y.,K North-Holland Pub. Co 2019 Physics letters. Section B Vol.795 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A search for dark matter (DM) with mass in the sub-GeV region (0.32–1 GeV) was conducted by looking for an annual modulation signal in XMASS, a single-phase liquid xenon detector. Inelastic nuclear scattering accompanied by bremsstrahlung emission was used to search down to an electron equivalent energy of 1 keV. The data used had a live time of 2.8 years (3.5 years in calendar time), resulting in a total exposure of 2.38 ton-years. No significant modulation signal was observed and 90% confidence level upper limits of 1.6 × <SUP> 10 − 33 </SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> at 0.5 GeV was set for the DM-nucleon cross section. This is the first experimental result of a search for DM mediated by the bremsstrahlung effect. In addition, a search for DM with mass in the multi-GeV region (4–20 GeV) was conducted with a lower energy threshold than previous analysis of XMASS. Elastic nuclear scattering was used to search down to a nuclear recoil equivalent energy of 2.3 keV, and upper limits of 2.9 × <SUP> 10 − 42 </SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> at 8 GeV was obtained.</P>
Examining the Effects of Metacognitive Instruction in Oral Communication for EFL Learners
Ayako Kobayashi 아시아영어교육학회 2020 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.17 No.2
This study investigated the effects of metacognitive instruction in oral communication for EFL learners over a semester. Participants (N = 58) were sampled from four oral communication classes in a private university in the western part of Japan where the researcher had been working as an English instructor. They were freshmen whose majors were not English. The treatment group (n = 28) received metacognitive instruction in oral communication (i.e., they were taught how to improve oral communication skills and how to become more autonomous learners through metacognitive processes as well as activities such as planning, monitoring, and reflecting). The contrast group (n = 30), taught by the same teacher, did not receive metacognitive instruction although they used the same textbooks and materials and had more time for interaction in English. Results of the questionnaire (SRLQ, the Self-Regulated Learning in Oral Communication Questionnaire, Kobayashi, 2016a) showed that students in the treatment group became more self-regulated learners. Moreover, it was found that the treatment group made greater gains in interactional competence, regulation of cognition, cognitive strategies and interaction strategies. Furthermore, it was verified that learners with low interactional competence in the treatment group benefited the most from such metacognitive instruction.
ALUMINUM BIAS SPUTTERING FOR FILM COVERAGE IMPROVEMENT
Kobayashi.Shigeru,Shimamura, Hideaki,Sakata, Masao,Fujita, Shouyou,Yajima, Akira,Saito, Hiroshi,Tateishi, Hideki,Sasaki, Shinji 대한전자공학회 1989 ICVC : International Conference on VLSI and CAD Vol.1 No.1
A filter was installed between the sputtering target and the substrate so as to reduce the aluminum deposition arriving with a shallow angle at the substrate in order to study the step coverage improvement by the bias application. It is deduced that the aluminum flowage occurs so that the surface energy is minimized around the via hole. Aluminum films deposited with the pulsed biasing were characterized in which the possible microstructual damage by argon bombardment is to be minimized. This biasing technique should provide with a better process for the step coverage improvement. A sputtering cathode was developed for aluminum bias sputtering which has a substrate current capability as high as 2A for a 5 inch wafer at the substrate voltage around-50V.
Self-assembly of Fine Particles Applied to the Production of Antireflective Surfaces
Kobayashi, Hayato,Moronuki, Nobuyuki,Kaneko, Arata Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2008 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.9 No.1
We introduce a new fabrication process for antireflective structured surfaces. A 4-inch silicon wafer was dipped in a suspension of 300-nm-diameter silica particles dispersed in a toluene solution. When the wafer was drawn out of the suspension, a hexagonally packed monolayer structure of particles self-assembled on almost the complete wafer surface. Due to the simple process, this could be applied to micro- and nano-patterning. The self-assembled silica particles worked as a mask for the subsequent reactive ion etching. An array of nanometer-sized pits could be fabricated since the regions that correspond to the small gaps between particles were selectively etched off. As etching progressed, the pits became deeper and combined with neighboring pits due to side-etching to produce an array of cone-like structures. We investigated the effect of etching conditions on antireflection properties, and the optimum shape was a nano-cone with height and spacing of 500 nm and 300 nm, respectively. This nano-structured surface was prepared on a $30\;{\times}\;10-mm$ area. The reflectivity of the surface was reduced 97% for wavelengths in the range 400-700 nm.
How to Apply Tricky Biological Mechanisms to Agricultural and Industrial Production
Kobayashi, Akio 한국응용생명화학회 2000 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.43 No.4
By the end of the $21^st$ century, the world population will surely far exceed the current 6.6 billion, threatening the essential requirements for life due to environmental deterioration and shortened food supply. To overcome this looming threat, we must develop new biotechnologies. There are so many known natural phenomena that we may have neglected, not perceiving them as blessings of nature. Many more remain unknown. We must examine each of them carefully since the many tricky and complicated mechanisms behind simple natural workings could provide us with attractive research targets. How then do we apply these complicated natural mechanisms to agricultural/ industrial production?.