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유리피데스의 『올리스의 이피지니아 Iphigenia at Aulis』에서의 여성 -고통받는 자들
김라옥 ( Kin Ra-ok ) 대한영어영문학회 1998 영어영문학연구 Vol.24 No.3
One of the main themes in Euripides's plays is woman in suffering. It is in his treatment of abused and wronged women that Euripides shows his keenest insights. In the Alcestis, Hippolytus, The Medea, The Trojan Women, his understanding of women and their situations is admirable. He has sympathy for all the victims of society, including womankind. In this point Euripides presents his uniqueness among all the Greek writers. His last and posthumous play Iphigenia in Aulis also shows his sympathy for women as the victim sufferers. The chorus are the women of Chalcis in Euboea who have crossed over to Aulis. The women surprised at the news of war and came to see the Greek ships for Troy and the heroes in the quest of Helen. They are young wives and common people who have the universal viewpoints and desires with which Euripides agrees. The songs they sing are hymns to happy home and modest passion, and prayers for joyful return. It is Clytemnestra who is the most impressive person in this play, not Iphigenia nor Agamemnon. Her anger, pain, and desperation are vividly expressed and have an appeal to the audience. She is a person who has dauntlessness and dignity. She is not a weak woman. But that she can not defend her most precious daughter proves the vulnerable status of the Greek woman. The defeat of Clytemnestra who is a queen and proud woman is more shocking than the death of Iphigenia who seems obedient and docile. Iphigenia is a symbol of an innocent victim. The why she is sacrificed is that the Greek troops want to leave for Troy at any cost. Every society has made its victims from the weak. The demand on a man to murder his brothers and children and kin with the name of love of his country, love of his people, and civilization is the act of uncivilization. Through the sacrifice of Iphigenia Euripides makes us to remind of the suffering of the innocent victims in all ages.
Individual Contribution in Brain-storming: Does Group Composition Make a Difference?
Wai-Kin Yip,Chun-Ming Chow,Kin-Wai Cheng,Chi-Ping Cheuk,Catherine McBride-Chang 대한사고개발학회 2007 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.17 No.2
Factors affecting individual performance in group tasks such as social loafing and social facilitation have been widely investigated. Past studies compared groups made up of friends or strangers based on prior acquaintance before the experiment, without directly manipulating the level of group cohesiveness. Based on Karau and William’s (1997) rationale about the effect of group cohesiveness on social facilita- tion and social loafing, we tested two hypotheses: (1) When individual members do brain-storming in high cohesiveness group, they work harder and generate more ideas (social facilitation). (2) When individual members do brain-storming in low cohesiveness group, they work less hard and generate fewer ideas (social loafing). Results supported the second hypothesis, but failed to support the first one.
An Analysis of the Conditional Volatility Dynamics of the Australian Business Cycle
Kin Yip Ho,Albert K Tsui,Zhaoyoung Zhang 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2007 Journal of Economic Development Vol.32 No.2
In this paper, we analyse the conditional variance of the Australian real gross domestic product (GDP) and the expenditure components by a variety of generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models. First, we test the plausibility of the constant-correlation assumption by employing Tse’s (2000) Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test and the Bera and Kim’s (2002) Information Matrix (IM) test. Our results indicate that the correlations among the shocks to real GDP and its various expenditure components are invariant over time. In addition, these shocks are not highly correlated with one another. Second, we examine if volatility asymmetry exists in the Australian business cycle by proposing four bivariate asymmetric GARCH specifications. Except for the case of gross fixed capital formation, the evidence of asymmetric conditional volatility in the growth rates of the Australian real GDP and the other components is weak. Despite the weak evidence of asymmetric volatility, higher volatility is generally associated with the contractionary phase of the Australian business cycle. This finding has important implications for macroeconomic policy and forecasting for business cycle.
Relay Thinking in Action: A Hong Kong Case Study
Kin Wai Michael Siu 대한사고개발학회 1998 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.8 No.2
A comparative study of "relay thinking" was conducted with design students in secondary school and university in 1997. As well as finding significant differences in the performances of the two types of students, some suggestions were made at that time for future studies in relay thinking, regarding: (a) the environment, (b) the time arrangement, (c) the sequence of team members, and (d) the possibility of adding a group discussion component at the end of the relay thinking task. In January 1998, five groups of secondary school Design and Technology students were asked to use relay thinking to solve an assigned problem under different settings and arrangements. The objective of the study was to explore the suggestions above in order to improve the structure of relay thinking. The results of this study indicate that modifications to the initial structures of relay thinking have resulted in significant differences in the students' performances, and, to a certain degree, in the final solutions.
Simultaneous Removal Of Organics And Nitrogen From Macau Wastewater Using Sequecing Batch Reactor
Kin Pong Iu,Shek Kiu Chan,Ho Jae Shim 대한환경공학회 2006 대한환경공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2006 No.12
The regulations for organics content in the effluent wastewater (40 mg/L BOD and 150 mg/L COD) currently in force in Macau are higher than those of many other developed regions. What makes the situation even worse is that the nutrient components (e.g., various nitrogen and phosphorus compounds) in the effluent wastewater being directly discharged into the open sea are not yet being monitored and regulated. Such effluent wastewater, without a proper treatment in terms of both organics and nutrients, would result in a lot of environmental problems which may take generations to resolve. In this project, the mixed liquor suspended solids collected from the Taipa wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) on Taipa Island in Macau SAR, China, were seeded into the lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The real influent wastewater obtained from the said plant was pumped into the SBR for the reactions of organics and nitrogen removal. Different operational modes and lengths of reaction periods were tested, and measures to facilitate nitrification and denitrification were derived. Furthermore, the effects of chloride concentration in the course of salinity period were also explored. Results showed that the removal efficiency of ammonium-nitrogen was up to 95% while that of organics, measured as COD, was up to around 80% for the 6-hour cycle and 95% for the 9.5-hour cycle, respectively. The external carbon source, methanol in this study, did show a positive effect on denitrification, with a little less than 30 mg/L nitrate commonly obtained in the effluent wastewater coming out of the reactor. The organics removal efficiency was not compromised after the addition of external carbon, that is, 85% removal efficiency was still maintained. This study showed that the effluent wastewater coming from the reactor met the regulations currently in force in Macau. In addition, Taipa and Coloane WWTPs are at present being operated in a so-called "UNI-Tank" system, which is comparable to the SBR process. As a result, this research would gain a better insight into the practicability of modifying the existing operational modes of the WWTPs to achieve the simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen. In Macau, 98% of the total drinking water sources come directly from the mainland China. This fact highlights Macau`s passive characteristics in terms of drinking water supply. While the high-quality water is a must if Macau is to emerge as a major leading tourists` city of the region, arranging an up-to-standard wastewater treatment, which permits a certain degree of effluent wastewater reuse, is an effective way to ease Macau`s drinking water shortage, especially during the salinity period. And this research would be a pioneering study into the feasibility of wastewater reuse in Macau in the near future and as a consequence, would right Macau onto the track of sustainable development.