East Asian Business Immigration to British Columbia (BC): The Asianization of Immigration, 1997 East Asian Trade Initiatives, and Post-1997 Business Immigration Decline

Karl Froschauer(Karl Froschauer ),Simon Lee(Simon Lee) 한국캐나다학회 2006 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.12 No.1

For more than a century, Canadian economic development strategy has solicited immigrant entrepreneurs to promote both overseas trade and domestic output and employment. This paper shows how initially Canada solicited business immigrants from, and oriented its trade towards, France, the United Kingdom and the United States but latterly, since the 1980s, has increasingly sought East Asian immigrant entrepreneurs and stronger trade relations with Pacific Rim countries.1) However, at the very point that this strategy appeared to be succeeding, the financial and industrial crises in East Asia contributed to slower economic growth in Canada, to a severe reduction in the number of business immigrants from Hong Kong and East Asian Business Immigration to British Columbia (BC) : The Asianization of Immigration, 1997 East Asian Trade Initiatives, and Post-1997 Business Immigration Decline 135 Taiwan, and to a noticeable increase of such immigration from Korea and China. However, Canada’s transpacific focus may shift, once again, with the emergence of discussions about Tafta (Transatlantic free-trade area).

Color temperature tuning of white organic light-emitting diodes via spatial control of micro-cavity effects based on thin metal strips

Lee, Jonghee,Koh, Tae-Wook,Cho, Hyunsu,Hofmann, Simone,Reineke, Sebastian,Lee, Jae-Hyun,Lee, Jeong-Ik,Yoo, Seunghyup,Leo, Karl,Gather, Malte C. Elsevier 2015 Organic Electronics Vol.26 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) are one of the most promising technologies to realize future solid-state lighting with high power efficiency, broad and adjustable spectral coverage, and area emission for more effective and natural illumination. In this work, we report a new method of tuning the correlated color temperature (CCT) of WOLEDs via spatially controlling the degree of the micro-cavity effect in an OLED. Varying the width of thin Ag strips deposited on top of a transparent electrode leads to changes in both intensity and phase of reflection at the anode, hence significantly altering emission spectra of proposed WOLEDs. CCT of the implemented WOLEDs span a wide range, from 3000K to 8000K, demonstrating that our proposed approach helps to meet the need for lighting with various CCTs.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We report a correlated color temperature (CCT) tunable white OLEDs. </LI> <LI> Micro-cavity (MC) effect in an OLED was controlled with a striped thin metal layer. </LI> <LI> MC effect alters emission spectra and intensity of white OLEDs. </LI> <LI> CCT of the implemented white OLEDs span a wide range, from 3000K to 8000K. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) are one of the most promising technologies to realize future solid-state lighting with high power efficiency, broad and adjustable spectral coverage, and area emission for more effective and natural illumination. In this work, we report a new method of tuning the correlated color temperature (CCT) of WOLEDs via spatially controlling the degree of the micro-cavity effect in an OLED. Varying the width of thin Ag strips deposited on top of a transparent electrode leads to changes in both intensity and phase of reflection at the anode, hence significantly altering emission spectra of proposed WOLEDs. CCT of the implemented WOLEDs span a wide range, from 3000K to 8000K, demonstrating that our proposed approach helps to meet the need for lighting with various CCTs.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Enhanced and balanced efficiency of white bi-directional organic light-emitting diodes.

Lee, Jonghee,Cho, Hyunsu,Koh, Tae-Wook,Yun, Changhun,Hofmann, Simone,Lee, Jae-Hyun,Kim, Yong Hyun,L?ssem, Bj?rn,Lee, Jeong-Ik,Leo, Karl,Gather, Malte C,Yoo, Seunghyup Optical Society of America 2013 Optics express Vol.21 No.23

<P>We report on the characteristics of enhanced and balanced white-light emission from bi-directional organic light-emitting diodes (BiOLEDs) enabled by the introduction of micro-cavity effects. The insertion of an additional metal layer between the indium tin oxide anode and the hole transporting layer results in similar light output of our BiOLEDs in both top and bottom direction and in reduced distortion of the electroluminescence spectrum. Furthermore, we find that by utilizing MC effects, the overall current efficiency can be improved by 26.2% compared to that of a conventional device.</P>

비부착 포스트텐션 부재의 휨강도 모델

이득행(Lee, Deuck-Hang),김강수(Kim, Kang Su),갈경완(Karl, Kyoung-Wan),주현진(Ju, Hyun-Jin),강현(Kang, Hyun),이정연(Lee, Sofia) 한국콘크리트학회 2010 한국콘크리트학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.11

Revision on Material Strength of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

Karl, Kyoung-Wan,Lee, Deuck-Hang,Hwang, Jin-Ha,Kim, Kang-Su,Choi, Il-Sup Korea Concrete Institute 2011 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.5 No.2

Many studies have been performed on steel fiber-reinforced normal/high-strength concrete (SFRC, SFRHC) for years, which is to improve some of the weak material properties of concrete. Most of equations for material strengths of SFRHC, however, were proposed based on relatively limited test results. In this research, therefore, the material test results of SFR(H)C were extensively collected from literature, and material tests have conducted on SFR(H)C; compressive strength tests, splitting tensile tests, and modulus of rupture tests. Based on the extensive test data obtained from previous studies and this research, a database of SFR(H)C material strengths has been established, and improved equations for material strengths of SFR(H)C were also proposed. Test results showed that both the splitting tensile strength and the modulus of rupture of SFR(H)C increased as the volume fraction of steel fiber increased, while the effect of the steel fiber volume fraction on the compressive strength of SFR(H)C were not clearly observed. The proposed equations for the splitting tensile strength and the modulus of rupture of SFR(H)C showed better results than the previous equations examined in this study in terms of not only accuracy but also safety/reliability.

Crystal Structure of \, a Bromine Sorption Complex of Dehydrated Partially Cobalt(Ⅱ)-Exchanged Zeolite A

Lee, Suk Hee,Kim, Duk Soo,Kim, Yang,Seff, Karl 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1991 基礎科學硏究 Vol.4 No.1

The crystal structure of a bromine sorption complex of dehydrated partially Co(Ⅱ)-exchanged zeolite A(Co₄Na₄-A) has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Whether treated with bromine vapor at 24℃ for 1.5h or at 80℃ for 24h, the structure is essentially the same. Both data sets were solved and refined in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1)℃ (a=12.118 (1) Å, R₁=0.066 and R₂=0.064 with 185 reflections, and a= 12.111 (2)Å, R₁=0.072 and R₂0.074 with 241 reflections, respectively, for which I>3σ(I) A redox reaction has apparently occurred between Co(Ⅱ)and Br₂to yield Co(Ⅲ) and ?? ions. The 4 ?? and ?? ions per unit cell occupy 6-ring sites on 3-fold axes. Each ?? ion is recessed ca. 0.33 Å into the sodalite unit, whereas each ?? ion is ca. 0.54Å on the large-cavity side of the plane of its 3 coordinating oxygens. Four quite asymmetric ?? ions each bridge between a ?? ion and an 8-ring framework oxygen(Co-Br-Br = 116。, ?? and Br-Br-O = 177。 ; the corresponding Co-Br-Br-Br-O distances are 2.59(1), 2.28(1), 2.64(3), and 3.40(2) Å, respectively). The near-linear Br-Br-O angle is indicative of a charge-transfer interaction. Two other bromine molecules similary form charge-transfer complexes with 8-ring oxygens. Only with Br₂,and neither with Cl₂nor, I₂, is ?? oxidized and ?? formed

Activated Carbon-Nickel (II) Oxide Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization Process

( Karl Adrian Gandionco ),( Jin Won Kim ),( Joey D. Ocon ),( Jaeyoung Lee ) 한국공업화학회 2020 공업화학 Vol.31 No.5

Activated carbon-nickel (II) oxide (AC-NiO) electrodes were studied as materials for the capacitive deionization (CDI) of aqueous sodium chloride solution. AC-NiO electrodes were fabricated through physical mixing and low-temperature heating of precursor materials. The amount of NiO in the electrodes was varied and its effect on the deionization performance was investigated using a single-pass mode CDI setup. The pure activated carbon electrode showed the highest specific surface area among the electrodes. However, the AC-NiO electrode with approximately 10 and 20% of NiO displayed better deionization performance. The addition of a dielectric material like NiO to the carbon material resulted in the enhancement of the electric field, which eventually led to an improved deionization performance. Among all as-prepared electrodes, the AC-NiO electrode with approximately 10% of NiO gave the highest salt adsorption capacity and charge efficiency, which are equal to 7.46 mg/g and 90.1%, respectively. This finding can be attributed to the optimum enhancement of the physical and chemical characteristics of the electrode brought by the addition of the appropriate amount of NiO

Test of a Multi-Reference Many-Body Perturbation Theory for the Description of Electron Correlations in four Valence Electron States of Transition Metal Atoms

Lee, Yoon-Sup,Sun, Ho-Sung,Freed, Karl F.,Hagstrom, S. Korean Chemical Society 1986 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.7 No.4

A multi-reference many-body perturbation theory (MRMBPT) method is critically tested in second order by comparing with the corresponding configuration interaction (CI) calculations. Excitation energies of the four-valence-electron states of transition metal atoms and ions are used for the comparison. The agreement between the second order MRMBPT and CI calculations is very reasonable, confirming the reliability of the second order MRMBPT method. The reliability of calculations with the present second order MRMBPT method was only been inferred empirically in the past since most results have been gauged by the agreement with experiment and/or with other MRMBPT calculations based upon different sets of orbitals and configuration spaces. The present MRMBPT method appears to be an efficient ab initio multi-reference method for the calculation of electron correlation effects in atoms and molecules, and it is shown how MRMBPT can be used to estimate core-core and core-valence correlation effects which are often omitted in CI calculations because too many configurations and correlating electrons are involved.

Dioxygen Binding to Dirhodium(Ⅱ, Ⅱ), (Ⅱ, Ⅲ), and (Ⅲ, Ⅲ) Complexes. Spectroscopic Characterization of $[Rh_{2}(ap)_{4}(O_{2})]^{+},\;Rh_{2}(ap)_{4}(O_{2}),\;and\;[Rh_{2}(ap)_{4}(O_{2})]^-$, where ap=2-anilinopyridinate Ion

Lee, Jae-Duck,Yao, Chao-Liang,Capdevielle, Francoise J.,Han, Bao-Cheng,Bear, John L.,Kadish, Karl M. Korean Chemical Society 1993 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.14 No.2

The neutral, reduced, and oxidized 2,2-trans isomers of $Rh_2(ap)_4$ (ap=2-anilinopyridinate) were investigated with respect to dioxygen binding in $CH_2Cl_2$ containing 0.1 M tetrabutyl-ammonium perchlorate. $Rh_2(ap)_4$ binds dioxygen in nonaqueous media and forms a $Rh^{II}Rh^{III}$ superoxide complex, $Rh_2(ap)_4(O_2)$. This neutral species was isolated and is characterized by UV-visible and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry. It can be reduced by one electron at $E_{1/2}$ = -0.45 V vs. SCE in $CH_2Cl_2$ and gives ${[Rh_2(ap)_4(O_2)]}^-$ as demonstrated by the ESR spectrum of a frozen solution taken after controlled potential reduction. The superoxide ion in ${[Rh_2(ap)_4(O_2)]}^-$ is axially bound to one of the two rhodium ions, both of which are in a +2 oxidation state. $Rh_2(ap)_4(O_2)$ can also be stepwise oxidized in two one-electron transfer steps at $E_{1/2}$ = 0.21 V and 0.85 V vs. SCE in $CH_2Cl_2$ and gives ${[Rh_2(ap)_4(O_2)]}^+$ followed by ${[Rh_2(ap)_4(O_2)]}^{2+}$. ESR spectra demonstrate that the singly oxidized complex is best described as ${[Rh^{II}Rh^{III}(ap)_4(O_2)]}^+$ where the odd electron is delocalized on both of the two rhodium ions and the axial ligand is molecular oxygen.

Exchanging noble and seminoble cations into zeolites by oxygen vacancy ion exchange (OVIE)

Lee, Gwang Myeong,Heo, Nam Ho,Seff, Karl Elsevier 2017 Microporous and mesoporous materials Vol.244 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>It is proposed that cation exchanged zeolites can be prepared by reacting their decationized forms, e.g., (SiO<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>n</SUB>(Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUB>m</SUB>, n ≥ 2m, with noble or seminoble metals and oxygen or ozone. The resulting oxide ions would very exoergically occupy vacancies in the zeolite framework and the cations would go to conventional extraframework positions. The noble metals Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, and Au and the seminoble metals Ru, Ag, Re, Os, Hg, and Bi are suggested. A sample reaction using decationized zeolite LTA would be: 6Pd + 3O<SUB>2</SUB> + Si<SUB>12</SUB>Al<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>42</SUB> → Pd<SUB>6</SUB>Si<SUB>12</SUB>Al<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>48</SUB>. Decationized zeolites can be prepared by heating zeolites, especially high-Al zeolites, in their H<SUP>+</SUP> or NH<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP> forms, causing them to lose framework oxygen atoms as H<SUB>2</SUB>O. The reactions may occur by simply heating a mixture of starting materials in flowing oxygen or ozone, e.g., 6Pd + 3O<SUB>2</SUB> + (NH<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>12</SUB>Si<SUB>12</SUB>Al<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>48</SUB>.nH<SUB>2</SUB>O → Pd<SUB>6</SUB>Si<SUB>12</SUB>Al<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>48</SUB> + 12NH<SUB>3</SUB> + (6 + n)H<SUB>2</SUB>O. This method may be extended to other inorganic ion exchangers.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Cations of noble metals may be introduced into zeolites. </LI> <LI> A solid-state reaction is proposed. </LI> <LI> Decationized zeolites (with framework oxygen vacancies) are used. </LI> <LI> There are no leaving cations; this is not ion exchange. </LI> <LI> Success seen with silver may be extended to other metals. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>