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Diplomatic Priorities : Changes in the Tang Bestowal of Titles on Silla and Parhae
KIM JONGBOK 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2020 Acta Koreana Vol.23 No.1
A typical model explaining pre-modern international relationships in East Asia is the tribute system in which Chinese emperors granted office titles to monarchs of surrounding states who in turn paid tribute to the Chinese throne. This model, which depends on the historical records of the state bestowing titles, cannot fully explain the international relationships centering on China for it fails to account for the internal conditions of the surrounding states. This study examines changes in the Tang bestowal of titles to determine the position and status of Silla and Parhae in the world order for which Tang hoped. The Tang bestowal of titles reflected its intended world order and its policy for implementing that order. The bestowed titles had to be changed if Tang intentions were not realized. Changes in Tang titles reflect Silla and Parhae responses to Tang policy; Tang upgraded titles when Silla and Parhae accepted Tang policies and downgraded them when they resisted.
Biodegradable, electro-active chitin nanofiber films for flexible piezoelectric transducers
Kim, Kyungtae,Ha, Minjeong,Choi, Byeongwook,Joo, Se Hun,Kang, Han Sol,Park, Ju Hyun,Gu, Bongjun,Park, Chanho,Park, Cheolmin,Kim, Jongbok,Kwak, Sang Kyu,Ko, Hyunhyub,Jin, Jungho,Kang, Seok Ju Elsevier 2018 Nano energy Vol.48 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Since the conventional fluorine-based electro-active polymers release toxic residues into the environment during their syntheses and decomposition processes, eco-friendly piezoelectric polymers are urgently demanded in the field of energy-related soft materials. Here, we derive a high-performance biodegradable chitin polymer from squid pen material and demonstrate its utility as a flexible piezoelectric material. The readily controlled ferroelectric chitin film confers excellent piezoelectricity under external mechanical pressure, resulting in comparable performance with that of conventional fluorine-based piezoelectric polymers. In particular, the sufficient piezoelectric behavior in chitin film allows us to not only realize a high-fidelity paper-type speaker and microphone that operates over a wide frequency range without significantly deteriorating the input and output sounds but also demonstrate transparent speaker consisting of AgNWs electrodes onto freestanding chitin film which also enables to resemble the original sound. Finally, the biodegradable chitin polymer can be successfully dissolved by chitinase enzyme within eight days without any toxic residues remained.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Ferroelectric characteristic is confirmed by polarization measurement. </LI> <LI> β-chitin film enables to demonstrate high-fidelity paper-type speaker and microphone. </LI> <LI> The biodegradable nature of chitin film can be dissolved within eight days. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>We present a novel biodegradable piezoelectric material from chitin material, the second-most abundant polysaccharide biopolymer. The decent polarization arising from the chitin molecules not only facilitates the piezoelectric response upon the external pressure but also generates the harmonic frequencies of the input music source. Moreover, the environmentally friendly chitin film can be completely dissolved in a water-based solution without generating toxic products.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Jongbok Kim,Seunghan Lee 한국영어학학회 2009 영어학연구 Vol.- No.28
The generation of negative inversion (NI) has been puzzles to the English grammar. One prevalent approach for the construction is a configurational, movement one that contributes the inversion force to the so-called NEG criterion as well as to the interaction of functional projections and movement operations. This paper reviews the basic properties of NI with naturally occurring data (corpus). Our corpus examples indicate that the NI is controlled not by syntactic operations such as movement but is constructionally determined. The inversion force cannot be originated from simple lexical entries or syntactically. The constructional constraints of the NI, a subtype of other general inversion constructions, allow us to link its form and idiosyncratic semantic and pragmatic functions as well.
중국 근대의 발해사 인식: -민국시대의 渤海三書를 중심으로-
김종복(Kim Jongbok) 한국외국어대학교 역사문화연구소 2018 역사문화연구 Vol.68 No.-
중국의 동북공정을 둘러싼 한중간의 역사분쟁은 일차적으로 역사적 사실의 대한 해석의 차이에서 비롯된 것이지만, 반복적이고 소모적인 분쟁이 되풀이되고 있다. 이를 지양하려면 그 원인과 경과, 배경 등에 대한 사학사적 검토도 필요하 다. 본고는 이 점에서 근대 중국의 발해사 인식에 대해 검토하였다. 근대 중국의 중국의 발해사 저술들은 기본적으로 청대 지리학의 연장선상에 있지만 두 가지 계열로 구분된다. 하나는 曹廷杰, 丁謙, 吳承志 등과 같이 발해의 지리 고증만 다룬 것이고, 다른 하나는 唐晏, 黃維翰, 金毓黻 등과 같이 발해사에 대한 전론이다. 전자는 발해를 숙신의 후예인 말갈이 세운 나라로만 인식하고 발해의 지리 고증에 치중하였다. 후자는 숙신—발해—금--청으로 이어지는 역사 계보를 설정하고, 발해사의 대한 사료를 광범위하게 수집하고 지리 고증도 치밀해 져 갔다. 후자는 전자를 계승하면서도 일제의 만주침략에 자극받았던 것인데, 이과정에서 조선의 남북국론에 대해서는 비판적이었다. Korea-China disputes about history surrounding China s Northeast Project stemmed primarily from a difference in their interpretation of historical facts. However, repetitive, consumptive disputes are being repeated. To desist this cycle, a historical review about the cause, process and background of the issue is required. In this regard, this paper examined China s modern-time awareness of Balhae history. China s modern-time writings about Balhae history basically are an extension of the authoring of geographies of Qing times but they are divided into two categories. One category, which includes Jo Jeong Geol (曹廷杰), Jeong Gyeom (丁謙), and O Seung Ji (吳承志), deal only with the historical geographical facts of Balhae. The other category, which includes Dang An (唐晏), Hwang Yu Han (黃維翰), and Kim Yuk Bul (金毓黻), deals with the entirety of Balhae history. The former recognizes Balhae only as a state founded by Malgal, a descendant of Suksin, and focuses on the historical proofing of Balhae s geography. The latter set the historical lineage which links Suksin, Balhae, Jin dynasty and Qing, gathered a wide range of historical data about Balhae history, and closely proved the historical facts of geography. The latter inherited the former yet was prompted by Japanese colonial invasion of Manchuria.
김종복(Kim Jongbok) 역사비평사 2019 역사비평 Vol.- No.127
Silla and Tang allied with each other, thus defeating Baekje and Goguryeo. The condition was that Baekje would be taken, while Goguryeo would be taken by Tang, after defeating them. After defeating Baekje, Tang, however, installed the Ungjin Prefecture Command(熊津都督府), thus taking a part of the former Baekje territory. After defeating Goguryeo, Silla attacked the Ungjin Prefecture Command and offered support for the revival movement by the Goguryeo refugees. is caused the Silla-Tang war. Silla, as the status of the Gyerim Superior Prefecture Command(鷄林大都督府), insisted on the logic of unifying the Ungjin Prefecture Command to maintain Tang-centered world order. The last battle between Silla and Tang occurred in 676, but the truce lasted for a quite long time. So, although the Andong Protectorate(安東都護府) was relocated to Liaodong from Pyeongyang, Silla’s northwest border only reached the Imjin River, leaving the modern-day northwest region of Korean Peninsula from the Imjin River to Apnok River to serve as a buffer zone. Amid Silla-Tang relation improvement and the continued tension between Balhae and Tang, Silla was able to advance as far as the Daedong River.
김종복 ( Jongbok Kim ) 대한금속재료학회(구 대한금속학회) 2015 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.53 No.7
Three-dimensional (3D) wrinkles and folds as periodic structures allow us to improve optical and mechanical characteristics of various optoelectronic devices by controlling light propagation or by inducing stress release capability into optoelectronic devices. Here, I explore visible light diffraction by 3D wrinkles and folds with different wrinkle wavelengths and fold fractions, expecting to increase their applicability for optoelectronic devices, especially where visible light (wavelength: 400~700 nm) is most important, such as organic light emitting diodes (OLED) and organic solar cells (OSC). Contrary to unidirectional periodic structures, 3D wrinkles and folds generated diffraction rings instead of diffraction spots due to their directional randomness. Moreover, when increasing wrinkle wavelength, diffraction angle decreased and diffraction efficiency increased. Maximum diffraction efficiency achieved in this study was about 25%. Then, introducing folds into wrinkle surfaces induced additional diffraction rings with small diffraction angle, indicating folds also have periodicity. The periodicity generated by folds was 8.4-12.7 μm, depending on the fold fraction.